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Muslihati A, Septiani NLW, Gumilar G, Nugraha N, Wasisto HS, Yuliarto B. Peptide-Based Flavivirus Biosensors: From Cell Structure to Virological and Serological Detection Methods. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:2041-2061. [PMID: 38526408 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
In tropical and developing countries, mosquito-borne diseases by flaviviruses pose a serious threat to public health. Early detection is critical for preventing their spread, but conventional methods are time-consuming and require skilled technicians. Biosensors have been developed to address this issue, but cross-reactivity with other flaviviruses remains a challenge. Peptides are essentially biomaterials used in diagnostics that allow virological and serological techniques to identify flavivirus selectively. This biomaterial originated as a small protein consisting of two to 50 amino acid chains. They offer flexibility in chemical modification and can be easily synthesized and applied to living cells in the engineering process. Peptides could potentially be developed as robust, low-cost, sensitive, and selective receptors for detecting flaviviruses. However, modification and selection of the receptor agents are crucial to determine the effectiveness of binding between the targets and the receptors. This paper addresses two potential peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) and affinity peptides that can detect flavivirus from another target-based biosensor as well as the potential peptide behaviors of flaviviruses. The PNAs detect flaviviruses based on the nucleotide base sequence of the target's virological profile via Watson-Crick base pairing, while the affinity peptides sense the epitope or immunological profile of the targets. Recent developments in the functionalization of peptides for flavivirus biosensors are explored in this Review by division into electrochemical, optical, and other detection methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atqiya Muslihati
- Doctoral Program of Engineering Physics, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
- Advanced Functional Material Laboratory, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha No. 10, Bandung 41032, Indonesia
- PT Biostark Analitika Inovasi, Bandung 40375, Indonesia
| | - Ni Luh Wulan Septiani
- Advanced Functional Material Laboratory, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha No. 10, Bandung 41032, Indonesia
- Research Center for Nanotechnology Systems, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Kawasan Puspiptek, South Tangerang 15134, Indonesia
| | - Gilang Gumilar
- Research Center for Electronics, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bandung 40135, Indonesia
| | - Nugraha Nugraha
- Advanced Functional Material Laboratory, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha No. 10, Bandung 41032, Indonesia
- Research Center for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology (RCNN), Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha No. 10, Bandung 41032, Indonesia
| | | | - Brian Yuliarto
- Advanced Functional Material Laboratory, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha No. 10, Bandung 41032, Indonesia
- Research Center for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology (RCNN), Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha No. 10, Bandung 41032, Indonesia
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Wu S, Sheng L, Kou G, Tian R, Ye Y, Wang W, Sun J, Ji J, Shao J, Zhang Y, Sun X. Double phage displayed peptides co-targeting-based biosensor with signal enhancement activity for colorimetric detection of Staphylococcus aureus. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 249:116005. [PMID: 38199079 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The development of simple, fast, sensitive, and specific strategies for the detection of foodborne pathogenic bacteria is crucial for ensuring food safety and promoting human health. Currently, detection methods for Staphylococcus aureus still suffer from issues such as low specificity and low sensitivity. To address this problem, we proposed a sensitivity enhancement strategy based on double phage-displayed peptides (PDPs) co-targeting. Firstly, we screened two PDPs and analyzed their binding mechanisms through fluorescent localization, pull-down assay, and molecular docking. The two PDPs target S. aureus by binding to specific proteins on its outer membrane. Based on this phenomenon, a convenient and sensitive double PDPs colorimetric biosensor was developed. Double thiol-modified phage-displayed peptides (PDP-SH) enhance the aggregation of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), whereas the specific interaction between the double PDPs and bacteria inhibits the aggregation of AuNPs, resulting in an increased visible color change before and after the addition of bacteria. This one-step colorimetric approach displayed a high sensitivity of 2.35 CFU/mL and a wide detection range from 10-2 × 108 CFU/mL. The combination with smartphone-based image analysis improved the portability of this method. This strategy achieves the straightforward, highly sensitive and portable detection of pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang Wu
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yixing, 214200, China
| | - Lina Sheng
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yixing, 214200, China
| | - Guocheng Kou
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yixing, 214200, China
| | - Run Tian
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yixing, 214200, China
| | - Yongli Ye
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yixing, 214200, China
| | - Weiya Wang
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yixing, 214200, China
| | - Jiadi Sun
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yixing, 214200, China
| | - Jian Ji
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yixing, 214200, China
| | - Jingdong Shao
- Comprehensive Technology Center of Zhangjiagang Customs, Zhangjiagang, Jiangsu, 215600, China
| | - Yinzhi Zhang
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Xiulan Sun
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yixing, 214200, China.
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Xiao Y, Zhang T, Zhang H. Recent advances in the peptide-based biosensor designs. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2023; 231:113559. [PMID: 37738870 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Biosensors have rapidly emerged as a high-sensitivity and convenient detection method. Among various types of biosensors, optical and electrochemical are the most commonly used. Conventionally, antibodies have been employed to ensure specific interaction between the transmission material and analytes. However, there has been increasing recognition of peptides as a promising recognition element for biosensor development in recent years. The use of peptides as recognition elements provides high level of specificity, sensitivity, and stability for the detection process. The combination of peptide designs and optical or electrochemical detection methods has significantly improved biosensor efficacy. These advancements present opportunities for developing biosensors with diverse functions that can be used to lay a strong scientific foundation for the development of personalized medicine and various other fields. This paper reviews the recent advancements in the development and application of peptide-based optical and electrochemical biosensors, as well as their prospects as a sensor type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Xiao
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Houjin Zhang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Wuhan 430074, China.
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Pierzynowska K, Morcinek-Orłowska J, Gaffke L, Jaroszewicz W, Skowron PM, Węgrzyn G. Applications of the phage display technology in molecular biology, biotechnology and medicine. Crit Rev Microbiol 2023:1-41. [PMID: 37270791 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2023.2219741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The phage display technology is based on the presentation of peptide sequences on the surface of virions of bacteriophages. Its development led to creation of sophisticated systems based on the possibility of the presentation of a huge variability of peptides, attached to one of proteins of bacteriophage capsids. The use of such systems allowed for achieving enormous advantages in the processes of selection of bioactive molecules. In fact, the phage display technology has been employed in numerous fields of biotechnology, as diverse as immunological and biomedical applications (in both diagnostics and therapy), the formation of novel materials, and many others. In this paper, contrary to many other review articles which were focussed on either specific display systems or the use of phage display in selected fields, we present a comprehensive overview of various possibilities of applications of this technology. We discuss an usefulness of the phage display technology in various fields of science, medicine and the broad sense of biotechnology. This overview indicates the spread and importance of applications of microbial systems (exemplified by the phage display technology), pointing to the possibility of developing such sophisticated tools when advanced molecular methods are used in microbiological studies, accompanied with understanding of details of structures and functions of microbial entities (bacteriophages in this case).
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Pierzynowska
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Lidia Gaffke
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Weronika Jaroszewicz
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Piotr M Skowron
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Węgrzyn
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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Kabiraz MP, Majumdar PR, Mahmud MC, Bhowmik S, Ali A. Conventional and advanced detection techniques of foodborne pathogens: A comprehensive review. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15482. [PMID: 37151686 PMCID: PMC10161726 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Foodborne pathogens are a major public health concern and have a significant economic impact globally. From harvesting to consumption stages, food is generally contaminated by viruses, parasites, and bacteria, which causes foodborne diseases such as hemorrhagic colitis, hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), typhoid, acute, gastroenteritis, diarrhea, and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). Hence, early detection of foodborne pathogenic microbes is essential to ensure a safe food supply and to prevent foodborne diseases. The identification of foodborne pathogens is associated with conventional (e.g., culture-based, biochemical test-based, immunological-based, and nucleic acid-based methods) and advances (e.g., hybridization-based, array-based, spectroscopy-based, and biosensor-based process) techniques. For industrial food applications, detection methods could meet parameters such as accuracy level, efficiency, quickness, specificity, sensitivity, and non-labor intensive. This review provides an overview of conventional and advanced techniques used to detect foodborne pathogens over the years. Therefore, the scientific community, policymakers, and food and agriculture industries can choose an appropriate method for better results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meera Probha Kabiraz
- Department of Biotechnology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Priyanka Rani Majumdar
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Department of Fisheries and Marine Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh
| | - M.M. Chayan Mahmud
- CASS Food Research Centre, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Shuva Bhowmik
- Department of Fisheries and Marine Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh
- Centre for Bioengineering and Nanomedicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Division of Health Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
- Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
- Corresponding author. Centre for Bioengineering and Nanomedicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Division of Health Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand.
| | - Azam Ali
- Centre for Bioengineering and Nanomedicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Division of Health Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
- Corresponding author.
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Escobar V, Scaramozzino N, Vidic J, Buhot A, Mathey R, Chaix C, Hou Y. Recent Advances on Peptide-Based Biosensors and Electronic Noses for Foodborne Pathogen Detection. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:bios13020258. [PMID: 36832024 PMCID: PMC9954637 DOI: 10.3390/bios13020258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Foodborne pathogens present a serious issue around the world due to the remarkably high number of illnesses they cause every year. In an effort to narrow the gap between monitoring needs and currently implemented classical detection methodologies, the last decades have seen an increased development of highly accurate and reliable biosensors. Peptides as recognition biomolecules have been explored to develop biosensors that combine simple sample preparation and enhanced detection of bacterial pathogens in food. This review first focuses on the selection strategies for the design and screening of sensitive peptide bioreceptors, such as the isolation of natural antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) from living organisms, the screening of peptides by phage display and the use of in silico tools. Subsequently, an overview on the state-of-the-art techniques in the development of peptide-based biosensors for foodborne pathogen detection based on various transduction systems was given. Additionally, limitations in classical detection strategies have led to the development of innovative approaches for food monitoring, such as electronic noses, as promising alternatives. The use of peptide receptors in electronic noses is a growing field and the recent advances of such systems for foodborne pathogen detection are presented. All these biosensors and electronic noses are promising alternatives for the pathogen detection with high sensitivity, low cost and rapid response, and some of them are potential portable devices for on-site analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Escobar
- Grenoble Alpes University, CEA, CNRS, IRIG-SyMMES, 17 Rue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
- Grenoble Alpes University, CNRS, LIPhy, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Jasmina Vidic
- INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Arnaud Buhot
- Grenoble Alpes University, CEA, CNRS, IRIG-SyMMES, 17 Rue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Raphaël Mathey
- Grenoble Alpes University, CEA, CNRS, IRIG-SyMMES, 17 Rue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Carole Chaix
- Institute of Analytical Sciences, University of Lyon, CNRS, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, UMR 5280, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Yanxia Hou
- Grenoble Alpes University, CEA, CNRS, IRIG-SyMMES, 17 Rue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
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Ultrasensitive detection of pathogenic bacteria by primer exchange reaction coupled with PGM. Microchem J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2023.108401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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8
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Nesakumar N, Lakshmanakumar M, Srinivasan S, Jayalatha JBB A, Balaguru Rayappan JB. Principles and Recent Advances in Biosensors for Pathogens Detection. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202101062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noel Nesakumar
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB) SASTRA Deemed University Thanjavur 613 401 Tamil Nadu India
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology SASTRA Deemed University Thanjavur 613 401 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Muthaiyan Lakshmanakumar
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB) SASTRA Deemed University Thanjavur 613 401 Tamil Nadu India
- School of Electrical & Electronics Engineering SASTRA Deemed University Thanjavur 613 401 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Soorya Srinivasan
- School of Electrical & Electronics Engineering SASTRA Deemed University Thanjavur 613 401 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Arockia Jayalatha JBB
- School of Electrical & Electronics Engineering SASTRA Deemed University Thanjavur 613 401 Tamil Nadu India
| | - John Bosco Balaguru Rayappan
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB) SASTRA Deemed University Thanjavur 613 401 Tamil Nadu India
- School of Electrical & Electronics Engineering SASTRA Deemed University Thanjavur 613 401 Tamil Nadu India
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Özcan B, Sezgintürk MK. Highly Sensitive and Single-Use Biosensing System Based on a GP Electrode for Analysis of Adiponectin, an Obesity Biomarker. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:3658-3668. [PMID: 34260213 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This study presents a disposable, novel, and sensitive biosensing system to determine adiponectin, an obesity biomarker, in real human serum. The graphite paper (GP) working electrode is a new material for impedimetric biosensors. In the literature, there is no study in which this electrode is used in impedance-based biosensors for adiponectin detection. Sensitive and useful techniques, such as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry, were utilized for investigation of the modification of the GP electrode surface and optimization and characterization of the constructed biosensor. The single frequency impedance technique was used to study the interactions between antiadiponectin and adiponectin. The morphology of the electrode surface for each immobilization step was examined with scanning electron microscopy. All experimental parameters were optimized to fabricate a rapid and sensitive biosensing system. The designed biosensor presents excellent performance with a wide detection range (0.05-25 pg mL-1) and a low limit of detection (0.0033 pg mL-1) for adiponectin determination. Also, it has been demonstrated that the biosensor sensitively allows for the detection of adiponectin in human serum. The affinity of the designed immunosensor toward other proteins and components was examined in the presence of the target protein (adiponectin), leptin (100 pg mL-1), creatine kinase (50 pg mL-1), parathyroid hormone (50 pg mL-1), and d-glucose (0.5 M). The selectivity of the adiponectin biosensor resulted in high capacity to neglect the interference effect. The constructed biosensor showed good linearity, long-term storage life (10 weeks), high reusability (18 times regenerability), and high ability to detect adiponectin concentrations at picogram levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Özcan
- Faculty of Engineering, Bioengineering Department, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, 17020 Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Kemal Sezgintürk
- Faculty of Engineering, Bioengineering Department, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, 17020 Çanakkale, Turkey
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Xu P, Ghosh S, Gul AR, Bhamore JR, Park JP, Park TJ. Screening of specific binding peptides using phage-display techniques and their biosensing applications. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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de Castro ACH, Alves LM, Siquieroli ACS, Madurro JM, Brito-Madurro AG. Label-free electrochemical immunosensor for detection of oncomarker CA125 in serum. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.104746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Surface Display Technology for Biosensor Applications: A Review. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20102775. [PMID: 32414189 PMCID: PMC7294428 DOI: 10.3390/s20102775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Surface display is a recombinant technology that expresses target proteins on cell membranes and can be applied to almost all types of biological entities from viruses to mammalian cells. This technique has been used for various biotechnical and biomedical applications such as drug screening, biocatalysts, library screening, quantitative assays, and biosensors. In this review, the use of surface display technology in biosensor applications is discussed. In detail, phage display, bacterial surface display of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, and eukaryotic yeast cell surface display systems are presented. The review describes the advantages of surface display systems for biosensor applications and summarizes the applications of surface displays to biosensors.
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