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Pennone V, Rosini E, Mascheroni E, Gianola S, Castellini G, Bargeri S, Lovati AB. Revolutionizing orthopedic healthcare: a systematic review unveiling recombinant antimicrobial peptides. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1370826. [PMID: 38756724 PMCID: PMC11097975 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1370826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The increasing demand for orthopedic surgeries, including joint replacements, is driven by an aging population and improved diagnosis of joint conditions. Orthopedic surgeries carry a risk of infection, especially in patients with comorbidities. The rise of antibiotic resistance exacerbates this issue, necessitating alternatives like in vitro bioengineered antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), offering broad-spectrum activity and multiple action mechanisms. This review aimed to assess the prevalence of antimicrobial potential and the yield after purification among recombinant AMP families. The antimicrobial potential was evaluated using the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values against the most common bacteria involved in clinical infections. This systematic review adhered to PRISMA guidelines, focusing on in vitro studies of recombinant AMPs. The search strategy was run on PubMed, Scopus and Embase up to 30th March 2023. The Population, Exposure and Outcome model was used to extract the data from studies and ToxRTool for the risk of bias analysis. This review included studies providing peptide production yield data and MIC values against pathogenic bacteria. Non-English texts, reviews, conference abstracts, books, studies focusing solely on chemical synthesis, those reporting incomplete data sets, using non-standard MIC assessment methods, or presenting MIC values as ranges rather than precise concentrations, were excluded. From 370 publications, 34 studies on AMPs were analyzed. These covered 46 AMPs across 18 families, with Defensins and Hepcidins being most common. Yields varied from 0.5 to 2,700 mg/L. AMPs were tested against 23 bacterial genera, with MIC values ranging from 0.125 to >1,152 μg/mL. Arenicins showed the highest antimicrobial activity, particularly against common orthopedic infection pathogens. However, AMP production yields varied and some AMPs demonstrated limited effectiveness against certain bacterial strains. This systematic review emphasizes the critical role of bioengineered AMPs to cope infections and antibiotic resistance. It meticulously evaluates recombinant AMPs, focusing on their antimicrobial efficacy and production yields. The review highlights that, despite the variability in AMP yields and effectiveness, Arenicins and Defensins are promising candidates for future research and clinical applications in treating antibiotic-resistant orthopedic infections. This study contributes significantly to the understanding of AMPs in healthcare, underscoring their potential in addressing the growing challenge of antibiotic resistance. Systematic review registration:https://osf.io/2uq4c/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Pennone
- Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Rosini
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Elena Mascheroni
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Silvia Gianola
- Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Greta Castellini
- Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Bargeri
- Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Arianna B. Lovati
- Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
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Duarte AC, Costa EC, Filipe HAL, Saraiva SM, Jacinto T, Miguel SP, Ribeiro MP, Coutinho P. Animal-derived products in science and current alternatives. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 151:213428. [PMID: 37146527 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
More than fifty years after the 3Rs definition and despite the continuous implementation of regulatory measures, animals continue to be widely used in basic research. Their use comprises not only in vivo experiments with animal models, but also the production of a variety of supplements and products of animal origin for cell and tissue culture, cell-based assays, and therapeutics. The animal-derived products most used in basic research are fetal bovine serum (FBS), extracellular matrix proteins such as Matrigel™, and antibodies. However, their production raises several ethical issues regarding animal welfare. Additionally, their biological origin is associated with a high risk of contamination, resulting, frequently, in poor scientific data for clinical translation. These issues support the search for new animal-free products able to replace FBS, Matrigel™, and antibodies in basic research. In addition, in silico methodologies play an important role in the reduction of animal use in research by refining the data previously to in vitro and in vivo experiments. In this review, we depicted the current available animal-free alternatives in in vitro research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Duarte
- CPIRN/IPG - Centro de Potencial e Inovação em Recursos Naturais, Instituto Politécnico da Guarda (CPIRN/IPG), 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal; CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Elisabete C Costa
- CPIRN/IPG - Centro de Potencial e Inovação em Recursos Naturais, Instituto Politécnico da Guarda (CPIRN/IPG), 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal
| | - Hugo A L Filipe
- CPIRN/IPG - Centro de Potencial e Inovação em Recursos Naturais, Instituto Politécnico da Guarda (CPIRN/IPG), 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal
| | - Sofia M Saraiva
- CPIRN/IPG - Centro de Potencial e Inovação em Recursos Naturais, Instituto Politécnico da Guarda (CPIRN/IPG), 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal
| | - Telma Jacinto
- CPIRN/IPG - Centro de Potencial e Inovação em Recursos Naturais, Instituto Politécnico da Guarda (CPIRN/IPG), 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal
| | - Sónia P Miguel
- CPIRN/IPG - Centro de Potencial e Inovação em Recursos Naturais, Instituto Politécnico da Guarda (CPIRN/IPG), 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal; CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Maximiano P Ribeiro
- CPIRN/IPG - Centro de Potencial e Inovação em Recursos Naturais, Instituto Politécnico da Guarda (CPIRN/IPG), 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal; CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Paula Coutinho
- CPIRN/IPG - Centro de Potencial e Inovação em Recursos Naturais, Instituto Politécnico da Guarda (CPIRN/IPG), 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal; CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal.
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Schäfer S, Aavani F, Köpf M, Drinic A, Stürmer EK, Fuest S, Grust ALC, Gosau M, Smeets R. Silk proteins in reconstructive surgery: Do they possess an inherent antibacterial activity? A systematic review. Wound Repair Regen 2023; 31:99-110. [PMID: 36106818 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.13049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The field of reconstructive surgery encompasses a wide range of surgical procedures and regenerative approaches to treat various tissue types. Every surgical procedure is associated with the risk of surgical site infections, which are not only a financial burden but also increase patient morbidity. The surgical armamentarium in this area are biomaterials, particularly natural, biodegradable, biocompatible polymers, including the silk proteins fibroin (SF) and sericin (SS). Silk is known to be derived from silkworms and is mainly composed of 60-80% fibroin, which provides the structural form, and 15-35% sericin, which acts as a glue-like substance for the SF threads. Silk proteins possess most of the desired properties for biomedical applications, including biocompatibility, biodegradability, minimal immunogenicity, and tunable biomechanical behaviour. In an effort to alleviate or even prevent infections associated with the use of biomaterials in surgery, antibacterial/antimicrobial properties have been investigated in numerous studies. In this systematic review, the following question was addressed: Do silk proteins, SF and SS, possess an intrinsic antibacterial property and how could these materials be tailored to achieve such a property?
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Affiliation(s)
- Sogand Schäfer
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Division of Regenerative Orofacial Medicine, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Farzaneh Aavani
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Division of Regenerative Orofacial Medicine, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Ewa K Stürmer
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University Heart Centre, Translational Wound Research, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Fuest
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Division of Regenerative Orofacial Medicine, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Audrey Laure Céline Grust
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Division of Regenerative Orofacial Medicine, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Gosau
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Smeets
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Division of Regenerative Orofacial Medicine, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Gonzalez-Obeso C, Jane Hartzell E, Albert Scheel R, Kaplan DL. Delivering on the promise of recombinant silk-inspired proteins for drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 192:114622. [PMID: 36414094 PMCID: PMC9812964 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Effective drug delivery is essential for the success of a medical treatment. Polymeric drug delivery systems (DDSs) are preferred over systemic administration of drugs due to their protection capacity, directed release, and reduced side effects. Among the numerous polymer sources, silks and recombinant silks have drawn significant attention over the past decade as DDSs. Native silk is produced from a variety of organisms, which are then used as sources or guides of genetic material for heterologous expression or engineered designs. Recombinant silks bear the outstanding properties of natural silk, such as processability in aqueous solution, self-assembly, drug loading capacity, drug stabilization/protection, and degradability, while incorporating specific properties beneficial for their success as DDS, such as monodispersity and tailored physicochemical properties. Moreover, the on-demand inclusion of sequences that customize the DDS for the specific application enhances efficiency. Often, inclusion of a drug into a DDS is achieved by simple mixing or diffusion and stabilized by non-specific molecular interactions; however, these interactions can be improved by the incorporation of drug-binding peptide sequences. In this review we provide an overview of native sources for silks and silk sequences, as well as the design and formulation of recombinant silk biomaterials as drug delivery systems in a variety of formats, such as films, hydrogels, porous sponges, or particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constancio Gonzalez-Obeso
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
| | - Emily Jane Hartzell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
| | - Ryan Albert Scheel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA.
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Roca-Pinilla R, Lisowski L, Arís A, Garcia-Fruitós E. The future of recombinant host defense peptides. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:267. [PMID: 36544150 PMCID: PMC9768982 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01991-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The antimicrobial resistance crisis calls for the discovery and production of new antimicrobials. Host defense peptides (HDPs) are small proteins with potent antibacterial and immunomodulatory activities that are attractive for translational applications, with several already under clinical trials. Traditionally, antimicrobial peptides have been produced by chemical synthesis, which is expensive and requires the use of toxic reagents, hindering the large-scale development of HDPs. Alternatively, HDPs can be produced recombinantly to overcome these limitations. Their antimicrobial nature, however, can make them toxic to the hosts of recombinant production. In this review we explore the different strategies that are used to fine-tune their activities, bioengineer them, and optimize the recombinant production of HDPs in various cell factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Roca-Pinilla
- grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XTranslational Vectorology Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Children’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145 Australia
| | - Leszek Lisowski
- grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XTranslational Vectorology Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Children’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145 Australia ,grid.415641.30000 0004 0620 0839Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Innovative Therapies, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Arís
- grid.8581.40000 0001 1943 6646Department of Ruminant Production, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries IRTA, 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Spain
| | - Elena Garcia-Fruitós
- grid.8581.40000 0001 1943 6646Department of Ruminant Production, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries IRTA, 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Spain
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Manoharan C, Thomas DS, Yashwant RS, Mudagal MP, Janadri S, Roy G, Kunjupillai V, Mishra RK, Gopalapillai R. Bioengineered and functionalized silk proteins accelerate wound healing in rat and human dermal fibroblasts. INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY : QUANTITATIVE BIOSCIENCES FROM NANO TO MACRO 2022; 14:151-161. [PMID: 36314040 DOI: 10.1093/intbio/zyac014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Wound healing is an intrinsic process directed towards the restoration of damaged or lost tissue. The development of a dressing material having the ability to control the multiple aspects of the wound environment would be an ideal strategy to improve wound healing. Though natural silk proteins, fibroin, and sericin have demonstrated tissue regenerative properties, the efficacy of bioengineered silk proteins on wound healing is seldom assessed. Furthermore, silk proteins sans contaminants, having low molecular masses, and combining with other bioactive factors can hasten the wound healing process. Herein, recombinant silk proteins, fibroin and sericin, and their fusions with cecropin B were evaluated for their wound-healing effects using in vivo rat model. The recombinant silk proteins demonstrated accelerated wound closure in comparison to untreated wounds and treatment with Povidone. Among all groups, the treatment with recombinant sericin-cecropin B (RSC) showed significantly faster healing, greater than 90% wound closure by Day 12 followed by recombinant fibroin-cecropin B (RFC) (88.86%). Furthermore, histological analysis and estimation of hydroxyproline showed complete epithelialization, neovascularization, and collagenisation in groups treated with recombinant silk proteins. The wound healing activity was further verified by in vitro scratch assay using HADF cells, where the recombinant silk proteins induced cell proliferation and cell migration to the wound area. Additionally, wound healing-related gene expression showed recombinant silk proteins stimulated the upregulation of EGF and VEGF and regulated the expression of TGF-β1 and TGF-β3. Our results demonstrated the enhanced healing effects of the recombinant silk fusion proteins in facilitating complete tissue regeneration with scar-free healing. Therefore, the recombinant silks and their fusion proteins have great potential to be developed as smart bandages for wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitra Manoharan
- Seri-biotech Research Laboratory, Central Silk Board, Bengaluru, India
| | - Dyna Susan Thomas
- Seri-biotech Research Laboratory, Central Silk Board, Bengaluru, India
| | | | | | - Suresh Janadri
- Department of Pharmacology, Acharya & BM Reddy College of Pharmacy, Bengaluru, India
| | - Gourab Roy
- Seri-biotech Research Laboratory, Central Silk Board, Bengaluru, India
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Sonnleitner D, Sommer C, Scheibel T, Lang G. Approaches to inhibit biofilm formation applying natural and artificial silk-based materials. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 131:112458. [PMID: 34857315 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of penicillin started a new era of health care since it allowed the effective treatment of formerly deadly infections. As a drawback, its overuse led to a growing number of multi-drug resistant pathogens. Challenging this arising threat, material research focuses on the development of microbe-killing or microbe repellent agents implementing such functions directly into materials. Due to their biocompatibility, non-immunogenicity and mechanical strength, silk-based materials are attractive candidates for applications in the biomedical field. Furthermore, it has been observed that silks display high persistency in their natural environment giving reason to suspect that they might be attractive candidates to prevent microbial infestation. The current review describes the process of biofilm formation on medical devices and the most common strategies to prevent it, divided into effects of surface topography, material modification and integrated additives. In this context, recent state of the art developments in the field of natural and artificial silk-based materials with microbe-repellant or antimicrobial properties are addressed. These silk properties are controversially discussed and conclusions are drawn as to which parameters will be decisive for the successful design of new bio-functional materials based on the blueprint of silk proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sonnleitner
- Biopolymer Processing, Faculty of Engineering Science, University of Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Christoph Sommer
- Chair of Biomaterials, Faculty of Engineering Science, University of Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Thomas Scheibel
- Chair of Biomaterials, Faculty of Engineering Science, University of Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Gregor Lang
- Biopolymer Processing, Faculty of Engineering Science, University of Bayreuth, Germany.
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Thomas DS, Manoharan C, Rasalkar S, Mishra RK, Gopalapillai R. Enhanced antioxidant properties of sericin-cecropin fusion protein against oxidative stress in human adult dermal fibroblasts. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0883911520973238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to UVB radiation causes photoaging, immunosuppression, and ultimately photocarcinogenisis through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The ability of natural compounds in neutralizing the effects of oxidative stress is being explored with increased interest. Silk sericin, a biopolymer is reported to have diverse biological properties. In an effort to make the silk sericin pure, more effective and multifunctional, we have recombinantly expressed both functional sericin as well as sericin-cecropin B fusion proteins. Herein, we studied the antioxidant and anti-UVB potential of recombinant sericin and sericin-cecropin B proteins against oxidative stress using human primary dermal fibroblast cells. Treating the cells with recombinant sericin (RS) or sericin-cecropin B (RSC) prior to exposure to UVB and H2O2, effectively increased the cell viability by approximately 30% and 50%, respectively, in comparison to non-treated control. The protective effects were further evident in terms of significant reduction of LDH in oxidatively challenged cells treated with RS and RSC. A reduction in LDH release of at least 16 and 33% was observed with RS and RSC treatments, respectively, in comparison to exposed control. Further, elevated levels of catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were observed. Importantly, the RSC fusion protein exhibited enhanced protective effects than cells treated with RS alone. Our results demonstrate that the functional attributes of cecropin B along with sericin activity in the fusion protein conferred enhanced protection against UVB- and H2O2-induced oxidative damage in human dermal fibroblasts. The improved antioxidant activity of recombinant sericin fusion biopolymer has great potential as a promising therapeutic agent for ROS-induced skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dyna Susan Thomas
- Seri-biotech Research Laboratory, Central Silk Board, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Chitra Manoharan
- Seri-biotech Research Laboratory, Central Silk Board, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Sandhya Rasalkar
- Seri-biotech Research Laboratory, Central Silk Board, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Mishra
- Seri-biotech Research Laboratory, Central Silk Board, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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