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Wang TSA, Chen PL, Chen YCS, Chiu YW, Lin ZJ, Kao CY, Hung HM. Evaluation of the Stereochemistry of Staphyloferrin A for Developing Staphylococcus-Specific Targeting Conjugates. Chembiochem 2024:e202400480. [PMID: 38965052 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202400480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Bacteria in the genus Staphylococcus are pathogenic and harmful to humans. Alarmingly, some Staphylococcus, such as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA) have spread worldwide and become notoriously resistant to antibiotics, threatening and concerning public health. Hence, the development of new Staphylococcus-targeting diagnostic and therapeutic agents is urgent. Here, we chose the S. aureus-secreted siderophore staphyloferrin A (SA) as a guiding unit. We developed a series of Staphyloferrin A conjugates (SA conjugates) and showed the specific targeting ability to Staphylococcus bacteria. Furthermore, among the structural factors we evaluated, the stereo-chemistry of the amino acid backbone of SA conjugates is essential to efficiently target Staphylococci. Finally, we demonstrated that fluorescent Staphyloferrin A probes (SA-FL probes) could specifically target Staphylococci in complex bacterial mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Shing Andrew Wang
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Emerging Material and Advanced Devices, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan (R.O.C
| | - Pin-Lung Chen
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Emerging Material and Advanced Devices, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan (R.O.C
| | - Yi-Chen Sarah Chen
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Emerging Material and Advanced Devices, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan (R.O.C
| | - Yu-Wei Chiu
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Emerging Material and Advanced Devices, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan (R.O.C
| | - Zih-Jheng Lin
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Emerging Material and Advanced Devices, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan (R.O.C
| | - Chih-Yao Kao
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Emerging Material and Advanced Devices, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan (R.O.C
| | - Hsuan-Min Hung
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Emerging Material and Advanced Devices, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan (R.O.C
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Fazary AE, Ju YH, Al-Shihri AS, Alfaifi MY, Alshehri MA. Biodegradable siderophores: survey on their production, chelating and complexing properties. REV INORG CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/revic-2016-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe academic and industrial research on the interactions of complexing agents with the environment has received more attention for more than half a century ago and has always been concerned with the applications of chelating agents in the environment. In contrast, in recent years, an increasing scholarly interest has been demonstrated in the chemical and biological degradation of chelating agents. This is reflected by the increasing number of chelating agents-related publications between 1950 and middle of 2016. Consequently, the discovery of new green biodegradable chelating agents is of great importance and has an impact in the non-biodegradable chelating agent’s replacement with their green chemistry analogs. To acquire iron, many bacteria growing aerobically, including marine species, produce siderophores, which are low-molecular-weight compounds produced to facilitate acquisition of iron. To date and to the best of our knowledge, this is a concise and complete review article of the current and previous relevant studies conducted in the field of production, purification of siderophore compounds and their metal complexes, and their roles in biology and medicine.
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The Legionella pneumophila Siderophore Legiobactin Is a Polycarboxylate That Is Identical in Structure to Rhizoferrin. Infect Immun 2015. [PMID: 26195554 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00808-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila, the agent of Legionnaires' disease, secretes a siderophore (legiobactin) that promotes bacterial infection of the lung. In past work, we determined that cytoplasmic LbtA (from Legiobactin gene A) promotes synthesis of legiobactin, inner membrane LbtB aids in export of the siderophore, and outer membrane LbtU and inner membrane LbtC help mediate ferrilegiobactin uptake and assimilation. However, the past studies examined legiobactin contained within bacterial culture supernatants. By utilizing high-pressure liquid chromatography that incorporates hydrophilic interaction-based chemistry, we have now purified legiobactin from supernatants of virulent strain 130b that is suitable for detailed chemical analysis. High-resolution mass spectrometry (MS) revealed that the molecular mass of (protonated) legiobactin is 437.140 Da. On the basis of the results obtained from both MS analysis and various forms of nuclear magnetic resonance, we found that legiobactin is composed of two citric acid residues linked by a putrescine bridge and thus is identical in structure to rhizoferrin, a polycarboxylate-type siderophore made by many fungi and several unrelated bacteria. Both purified legiobactin and rhizoferrin obtained from the fungus Cunninghamella elegans were able to promote Fe(3+) uptake by wild-type L. pneumophila as well as enhance growth of iron-starved bacteria. These results did not occur with 130b mutants lacking lbtU or lbtC, indicating that both endogenously made legiobactin and exogenously derived rhizoferrin are assimilated by L. pneumophila in an LbtU- and LbtC-dependent manner.
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Milner SJ, Snelling AM, Kerr KG, Abd-El-Aziz A, Thomas GH, Hubbard RE, Routledge A, Duhme-Klair AK. Probing linker design in citric acid-ciprofloxacin conjugates. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:4499-505. [PMID: 24794750 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of structurally related citric acid-ciprofloxacin conjugates was synthesised to investigate the influence of the linker between citric acid and ciprofloxacin on antibacterial activities. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined against a panel of reference strains and clinical isolates of bacteria associated with infection in humans and correlated with the DNA gyrase inhibitory activity. The observed trend was rationalised by computational modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Milner
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Anna M Snelling
- Bradford Infection Group, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Kevin G Kerr
- Department of Microbiology, Fewston Wing, Harrogate District Hospital, Harrogate HG2 7SX, UK; Department of Biology (Area 10), University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK; Hull York Medical School, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Ahmad Abd-El-Aziz
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK; Department of Biology (Area 10), University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Gavin H Thomas
- Department of Biology (Area 10), University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Roderick E Hubbard
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK; Vernalis (R&D) Ltd, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GB, UK
| | - Anne Routledge
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK.
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Milner SJ, Seve A, Snelling AM, Thomas GH, Kerr KG, Routledge A, Duhme-Klair AK. Staphyloferrin A as siderophore-component in fluoroquinolone-based Trojan horse antibiotics. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:3461-8. [PMID: 23575952 DOI: 10.1039/c3ob40162f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of fluoroquinolone conjugates was synthesised by linking the carboxylic acid functionality of the carboxylate-type siderophore staphyloferrin A and its derivatives to the piperazinyl nitrogen of ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin via amide bond formation. Four siderophore-drug conjugates were screened against a panel of bacteria associated with infection in humans. Whilst no activity was found against ciprofloxacin- or norfloxacin-resistant bacteria, one of the conjugates retained antibacterial activity against fluoroquinolone-susceptible strains although the structure of its lysine-based siderophore component differs from that of the natural siderophore staphyloferrin A. In contrast, three ornithine-based siderophore conjugates showed significantly reduced activity against strains that are susceptible to their respective parent fluoroquinolones, regardless of the type of fluoroquinolone attached or chirality at the ornithine Cα-atom. The loss of potency observed for the (R)- and (S)-ornithine-based ciprofloxacin conjugates correlates with their reduced inhibitory activity against the target enzyme DNA gyrase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Milner
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
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Tohyama S, Tomura A, Ikeda N, Hatano M, Odanaka J, Kubota Y, Umekita M, Igarashi M, Sawa R, Morino T. Discovery and Characterization of NK13650s, Naturally Occurring p300-Selective Histone Acetyltransferase Inhibitors. J Org Chem 2012; 77:9044-52. [DOI: 10.1021/jo301534b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shigehiro Tohyama
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry, Tokyo, 3-14-23 Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo
141-0021, Japan
| | - Arihiro Tomura
- Pharmaceuticals Research Laboratories, Research & Development Group, Nippon Kayaku, 3-31-12 Shimo, Kita-ku, Tokyo 115-8588, Japan
| | - Noriko Ikeda
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry, Tokyo, 3-14-23 Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo
141-0021, Japan
| | - Masaki Hatano
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry, Tokyo, 3-14-23 Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo
141-0021, Japan
| | - Junko Odanaka
- Pharmaceuticals Research Laboratories, Research & Development Group, Nippon Kayaku, 3-31-12 Shimo, Kita-ku, Tokyo 115-8588, Japan
| | - Yumiko Kubota
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry, Tokyo, 3-14-23 Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo
141-0021, Japan
| | - Maya Umekita
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry, Tokyo, 3-14-23 Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo
141-0021, Japan
| | - Masayuki Igarashi
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry, Tokyo, 3-14-23 Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo
141-0021, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Sawa
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry, Tokyo, 3-14-23 Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo
141-0021, Japan
| | - Tomio Morino
- Pharmaceuticals Research Laboratories, Research & Development Group, Nippon Kayaku, 3-31-12 Shimo, Kita-ku, Tokyo 115-8588, Japan
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Purification and structural characterization of siderophore (corynebactin) from Corynebacterium diphtheriae. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34591. [PMID: 22514641 PMCID: PMC3326035 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
During infection, Corynebacterium diphtheriae must compete with host iron-sequestering mechanisms for iron. C. diphtheriae can acquire iron by a siderophore-dependent iron-uptake pathway, by uptake and degradation of heme, or both. Previous studies showed that production of siderophore (corynebactin) by C. diphtheriae is repressed under high-iron growth conditions by the iron-activated diphtheria toxin repressor (DtxR) and that partially purified corynebactin fails to react in chemical assays for catecholate or hydroxamate compounds. In this study, we purified corynebactin from supernatants of low-iron cultures of the siderophore-overproducing, DtxR-negative mutant strain C. diphtheriae C7(β) ΔdtxR by sequential anion-exchange chromatography on AG1-X2 and Source 15Q resins, followed by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) on Zorbax C8 resin. The Chrome Azurol S (CAS) chemical assay for siderophores was used to detect and measure corynebactin during purification, and the biological activity of purified corynebactin was shown by its ability to promote growth and iron uptake in siderophore-deficient mutant strains of C. diphtheriae under iron-limiting conditions. Mass spectrometry and NMR analysis demonstrated that corynebactin has a novel structure, consisting of a central lysine residue linked through its α- and ε- amino groups by amide bonds to the terminal carboxyl groups of two different citrate residues. Corynebactin from C. diphtheriae is structurally related to staphyloferrin A from Staphylococcus aureus and rhizoferrin from Rhizopus microsporus in which d-ornithine or 1,4-diaminobutane, respectively, replaces the central lysine residue that is present in corynebactin.
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Grigg JC, Cooper JD, Cheung J, Heinrichs DE, Murphy MEP. The Staphylococcus aureus siderophore receptor HtsA undergoes localized conformational changes to enclose staphyloferrin A in an arginine-rich binding pocket. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:11162-71. [PMID: 20147287 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.097865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus uses several efficient iron acquisition strategies to overcome iron limitation. Recently, the genetic locus encoding biosynthetic enzymes for the iron chelating molecule, staphyloferrin A (SA), was determined. S. aureus synthesizes and secretes SA into its environment to scavenge iron. The membrane-anchored ATP binding cassette-binding protein, HtsA, receives the ferric-chelate for import into the cell. Recently, we determined the apoHtsA crystal structure, the first siderophore receptor from gram-positive bacteria to be structurally characterized. Herein we present the x-ray crystal structure of the HtsA-ferric-SA complex. HtsA adopts a class III binding protein fold composed of separate N- and C-terminal domains bridged by a single alpha-helix. Recombinant HtsA can efficiently sequester ferric-SA from S. aureus culture supernatants where it is bound within the pocket formed between distinct N- and C-terminal domains. A basic patch composed mainly of six Arg residues contact the negatively charged siderophore, securing it within the pocket. The x-ray crystal structures from two different ligand-bound crystal forms were determined. The structures represent the first structural characterization of an endogenous alpha-hydroxycarboxylate-type siderophore-receptor complex. One structure is in an open form similar to apoHtsA, whereas the other is in a more closed conformation. The conformational change is highlighted by isolated movement of three loops within the C-terminal domain, a domain movement unique to known class III binding protein structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason C Grigg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
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Sullivan JT, Jeffery EF, Shannon JD, Ramakrishnan G. Characterization of the siderophore of Francisella tularensis and role of fslA in siderophore production. J Bacteriol 2006; 188:3785-95. [PMID: 16707671 PMCID: PMC1482922 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00027-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We determined that LVS and Schu S4 strains of the human pathogen Francisella tularensis express a siderophore when grown under iron-limiting conditions. We purified this siderophore by conventional column chromatography and high-pressure liquid chromatography and used mass spectrometric analysis to demonstrate that it is structurally similar to the polycarboxylate siderophore rhizoferrin. The siderophore promoted the growth of LVS and Schu S4 strains in iron-limiting media. We identified a potential siderophore biosynthetic gene cluster encoded by fslABCD in the F. tularensis genome. The first gene in the cluster, fslA, encodes a member of the superfamily of nonribosomal peptide synthetase-independent siderophore synthetases (NIS synthetases) characterized by the aerobactin synthetases IucA and IucC. We determined that fslA is transcribed as part of an operon with downstream gene fslB and that the expression of the locus is induced by iron starvation. A targeted in-frame nonpolar deletion of fslA in LVS resulted in the loss of siderophore expression and in a reduced ability of F. tularensis to grow under conditions of iron limitation. Siderophore activity and the ability to grow under iron limitation could be regained by introducing the fslA(+) gene on a complementing plasmid. Our results suggest that the fslA-dependent siderophore is important for survival of F. tularensis in an iron-deficient environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Tabb Sullivan
- University of Virginia Health System, MR4 Bldg., Rm. 2126, P.O. Box 801367, Charlottesville, VA 22908-5621, USA
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