1
|
Patias NS, Sinhorin VDG, Ferneda AJLB, Ferneda JMA, Sugui MM, Ferrarini SR, Bomfim GF, Lopes JW, Antoniassi NAB, Cavalheiro L, Domingues NLDC, Sinhorin AP. Study of Liposomes Containing Extract from the Leaves of Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl.) March in Animals Submitted to a Mutagenic Model Induced by Cyclophosphamide. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:706. [PMID: 39336133 PMCID: PMC11428719 DOI: 10.3390/biology13090706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2024] [Revised: 09/01/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024]
Abstract
Cyclophosphamide (CPA) is an alkylating agent used as a chemotherapy agent in the treatment of cancer, but it has immunosuppressive effects. Protium heptaphyllum (P. heptaphyllum) is a plant rich in triterpenes and flavonoids, with some bioactive and therapeutic properties presented in the literature. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the chemoprotective potential of P. heptaphyllum extract inserted into liposomes against oxidative damage chemically induced by CPA. Male Swiss mice received 1.5 mg/kg of P. heptaphyllum liposomes as a pre-treatment for 14 consecutive days (via gavage) and 100 mg/kg of CPA in a single dose (via intraperitoneal) on the 15th day. After the experimental period, blood and organ samples were collected for histopathological and biochemical analyses, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST), reduced glutathione (GSH), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), ascorbic acid (ASA), carbonyl protein, cytokine measurement, and micronucleus testing. The results showed that liposomes containing P. heptaphyllum extract have an antimutagenic effect against damage induced to DNA by CPA, and that they also protect against oxidative stress, as verified by the increase in the antioxidant enzymes SOD and GPx. The improvement in alkaline phosphatase and creatinine markers suggests a beneficial effect on the liver and kidneys, respectively. However, the depletion of GSH in the liver and brain suggests the use of antioxidants for the metabolism of molecules generated in these tissues. In general, these data show good prospects for the use of P. heptaphyllum liposomes as a cancer chemoprotective agent, as well as possible antioxidant action, conceivably attributed to the flavonoids present in the plant extract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naiéle Sartori Patias
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology and Biodiversity of the Pro Centro-Oeste Network, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Sinop 78550-728, Brazil; (N.S.P.); (N.L.d.C.D.)
| | - Valéria Dornelles Gindri Sinhorin
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology and Biodiversity of the Pro Centro-Oeste Network, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Sinop 78550-728, Brazil; (N.S.P.); (N.L.d.C.D.)
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact and Earth Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá 78060-719, Brazil
| | - Ana Júlia Lopes Braga Ferneda
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Sinop 78550-728, Brazil; (A.J.L.B.F.); (S.R.F.); (G.F.B.)
| | - João Maurício Andrade Ferneda
- Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Sinop 78550-728, Brazil; (J.M.A.F.); (M.M.S.); (J.W.L.); (N.A.B.A.)
| | - Marina Mariko Sugui
- Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Sinop 78550-728, Brazil; (J.M.A.F.); (M.M.S.); (J.W.L.); (N.A.B.A.)
| | - Stela Regina Ferrarini
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Sinop 78550-728, Brazil; (A.J.L.B.F.); (S.R.F.); (G.F.B.)
- Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Sinop 78550-728, Brazil; (J.M.A.F.); (M.M.S.); (J.W.L.); (N.A.B.A.)
| | - Gisele Facholi Bomfim
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Sinop 78550-728, Brazil; (A.J.L.B.F.); (S.R.F.); (G.F.B.)
- Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Sinop 78550-728, Brazil; (J.M.A.F.); (M.M.S.); (J.W.L.); (N.A.B.A.)
| | - Joaz Wellington Lopes
- Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Sinop 78550-728, Brazil; (J.M.A.F.); (M.M.S.); (J.W.L.); (N.A.B.A.)
| | - Nadia Aline Bobbi Antoniassi
- Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Sinop 78550-728, Brazil; (J.M.A.F.); (M.M.S.); (J.W.L.); (N.A.B.A.)
- Animal Pathology Laboratory, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Sinop 78550-728, Brazil
| | - Larissa Cavalheiro
- Institute of Natural, Human and Social Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Sinop 78550-728, Brazil
| | - Nelson Luís de Campos Domingues
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology and Biodiversity of the Pro Centro-Oeste Network, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Sinop 78550-728, Brazil; (N.S.P.); (N.L.d.C.D.)
| | - Adilson Paulo Sinhorin
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology and Biodiversity of the Pro Centro-Oeste Network, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Sinop 78550-728, Brazil; (N.S.P.); (N.L.d.C.D.)
- Institute of Natural, Human and Social Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Sinop 78550-728, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hernández-Franco P, Maldonado-Vega M, Calderón-Salinas JV, Rojas E, Valverde M. Role of Ape1 in Impaired DNA Repair Capacity in Battery Recycling Plant Workers Exposed to Lead. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:7961. [PMID: 35805621 PMCID: PMC9265680 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19137961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to lead in environmental and occupational settings continues to be a serious public health problem. At environmentally relevant doses, two mechanisms may underlie lead exposition-induced genotoxicity, disruption of the redox balance and an interference with DNA repair systems. The aim of the study was to evaluate the ability of lead exposition to induce impaired function of Ape1 and its impact on DNA repair capacity of workers chronically exposed to lead in a battery recycling plant. Our study included 53 participants, 37 lead exposed workers and 16 non-lead exposed workers. Lead intoxication was characterized by high blood lead concentration, high lipid peroxidation and low activity of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (δ-ALAD). Relevantly, we found a loss of DNA repair capacity related with down-regulation of a set of specific DNA repair genes, showing specifically, for the first time, the role of Ape1 down regulation at transcriptional and protein levels in workers exposed to lead. Additionally, using a functional assay we found an impaired function of Ape1 that correlates with high blood lead concentration and lipid peroxidation. Taken together, these data suggest that occupational exposure to lead could decrease DNA repair capacity, inhibiting the function of Ape1, as well other repair genes through the regulation of the ZF-transcription factor, promoting the genomic instability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Hernández-Franco
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
| | - María Maldonado-Vega
- Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad del Bajío, Dirección de Planeación, Enseñanza e Investigación, Blvd. Milenio #130, Colonia San Carlos La Roncha, León 37660, Mexico;
| | - José Víctor Calderón-Salinas
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. IPN #2508, Colonia San Pedro Zacatenco, Mexico City 07480, Mexico;
| | - Emilio Rojas
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
| | - Mahara Valverde
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
de Lima EM, Cazelli DSP, Pinto FE, Mazuco RA, Kalil IC, Lenz D, Scherer R, de Andrade TU, Endringer DC. Essential Oil from the Resin of Protium heptaphyllum: Chemical Composition, Cytotoxicity, Antimicrobial Activity, and Antimutagenicity. Pharmacogn Mag 2016; 12:S42-6. [PMID: 27041857 PMCID: PMC4791998 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.176113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl.) March is popularly used as an analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the chemical composition of P. heptaphyllum essential oil, its cytotoxicity in a breast cancer cell line (MCF-7), antimicrobial activity, and its antimutagenicity in vivo. Materials and Methods: The chemical composition of the essential oil collected in three 3 years was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The cytotoxicity was evaluated using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Annexin V conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate, caspase-3, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) assays were performed to evaluate apoptosis and inflammatory events. The antimutagenic activity at doses of 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg was determined using a micronucleus test in murine bone marrow. Results: The essential oil showed a predominance of monoterpene compounds, being the terpinolene, p-cymene-8-ol, and p-cymene, present in the essential oil extracted in the 3 years. The essential oil showed a protection against cyclophosphamide-induced genotoxicity, and the cytotoxicity index polychromatic erythrocytes/normochromatic erythrocytes ratio in animals treated with oil at all doses (1.34 ± 0.33; 1.15 ± 0.1; 1.11 ± 0.13) did not differ from the negative control animal (1.31 ± 0.33), but from the cyclophosphamide group (0.61 ± 0.12). Cytotoxicity, at a concentration of 40.0 μg/mL, and antimicrobial activity were not observed for the essential oil (minimum inhibitory concentration ≥0.5 mg/mL). The essential oil did not change the levels of caspase-3 in the TNF-α level. Conclusion: The essential oil showed antimutagenic activity due to its chemical composition. SUMMARY Terpinolene, p-cymene-8-ol, and p-cymene are the main constituents of the essential oil of P. heptaphyllum collected within 3-years The essential oil of P. heptaphyllum did not show antimicrobial activity (MIC >0.5 mg/mL) against E. coli, S. aureus, E. faecalis, and C. albicans The essential oil of P. heptaphyllum has activity against S. mutans (MIC = 0.5 mg/mL) The essential oil showed a protection against cyclophosphamide-induced genotoxicity in the micronuclei assay.
Abbreviations used: GC–MS: Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry, MTT: 3-(4,5dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, Annexin V-FITC: Annexin V conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate, TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor alpha, MIC: Minimum Inhibitory Concentration
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ewelyne Miranda de Lima
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Vila Velha, Av. Comissário José Dantas de Melo, n°21, Boa Vista Vila Velha - Espírito Santo. CEP 29102-920. Brazil
| | - Didley Sâmia Paiva Cazelli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Vila Velha, Av. Comissário José Dantas de Melo, n°21, Boa Vista Vila Velha - Espírito Santo. CEP 29102-920. Brazil
| | - Fernanda Endringer Pinto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Vila Velha, Av. Comissário José Dantas de Melo, n°21, Boa Vista Vila Velha - Espírito Santo. CEP 29102-920. Brazil
| | - Renata Alves Mazuco
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Vila Velha, Av. Comissário José Dantas de Melo, n°21, Boa Vista Vila Velha - Espírito Santo. CEP 29102-920. Brazil
| | - Ieda Carneiro Kalil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Vila Velha, Av. Comissário José Dantas de Melo, n°21, Boa Vista Vila Velha - Espírito Santo. CEP 29102-920. Brazil
| | - Dominik Lenz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Vila Velha, Av. Comissário José Dantas de Melo, n°21, Boa Vista Vila Velha - Espírito Santo. CEP 29102-920. Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Scherer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Vila Velha, Av. Comissário José Dantas de Melo, n°21, Boa Vista Vila Velha - Espírito Santo. CEP 29102-920. Brazil
| | - Tadeu Uggere de Andrade
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Vila Velha, Av. Comissário José Dantas de Melo, n°21, Boa Vista Vila Velha - Espírito Santo. CEP 29102-920. Brazil
| | - Denise Coutinho Endringer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Vila Velha, Av. Comissário José Dantas de Melo, n°21, Boa Vista Vila Velha - Espírito Santo. CEP 29102-920. Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gribble MO, Voruganti VS, Cole SA, Haack K, Balakrishnan P, Laston SL, Tellez-Plaza M, Francesconi KA, Goessler W, Umans JG, Thomas DC, Gilliland F, North KE, Franceschini N, Navas-Acien A. Linkage Analysis of Urine Arsenic Species Patterns in the Strong Heart Family Study. Toxicol Sci 2015. [PMID: 26209557 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic toxicokinetics are important for disease risks in exposed populations, but genetic determinants are not fully understood. We examined urine arsenic species patterns measured by HPLC-ICPMS among 2189 Strong Heart Study participants 18 years of age and older with data on ~400 genome-wide microsatellite markers spaced ~10 cM and arsenic speciation (683 participants from Arizona, 684 from Oklahoma, and 822 from North and South Dakota). We logit-transformed % arsenic species (% inorganic arsenic, %MMA, and %DMA) and also conducted principal component analyses of the logit % arsenic species. We used inverse-normalized residuals from multivariable-adjusted polygenic heritability analysis for multipoint variance components linkage analysis. We also examined the contribution of polymorphisms in the arsenic metabolism gene AS3MT via conditional linkage analysis. We localized a quantitative trait locus (QTL) on chromosome 10 (LOD 4.12 for %MMA, 4.65 for %DMA, and 4.84 for the first principal component of logit % arsenic species). This peak was partially but not fully explained by measured AS3MT variants. We also localized a QTL for the second principal component of logit % arsenic species on chromosome 5 (LOD 4.21) that was not evident from considering % arsenic species individually. Some other loci were suggestive or significant for 1 geographical area but not overall across all areas, indicating possible locus heterogeneity. This genome-wide linkage scan suggests genetic determinants of arsenic toxicokinetics to be identified by future fine-mapping, and illustrates the utility of principal component analysis as a novel approach that considers % arsenic species jointly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew O Gribble
- *Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California;
| | - Venkata Saroja Voruganti
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; UNC Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, North Carolina
| | - Shelley A Cole
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Karin Haack
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Poojitha Balakrishnan
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sandra L Laston
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio-Regional Academic Health Center, Brownsville, Texas
| | - Maria Tellez-Plaza
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital Clinic de Valencia-INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Kevin A Francesconi
- Institute of Chemistry-Analytical Chemistry, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Walter Goessler
- Institute of Chemistry-Analytical Chemistry, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Jason G Umans
- Georgetown-Howard Universities Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Washington, District of Columbia; MedStar Health Research Institute, Hyattsville, Maryland
| | - Duncan C Thomas
- *Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Frank Gilliland
- *Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kari E North
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Nora Franceschini
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Ana Navas-Acien
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland; Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rodríguez-Mercado JJ, Hernández-de la Cruz H, Felipe-Reyes M, Jaramillo-Cruz E, Altamirano-Lozano MA. Evaluation of cytogenetic and DNA damage caused by thallium(I) acetate in human blood cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2015; 30:572-580. [PMID: 24318865 DOI: 10.1002/tox.21934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Although thallium is detrimental to all living organisms, information regarding the mutagenic and genotoxic effects of this element and its compounds remains scarce. Therefore, we tested the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of thallium(I) acetate on human peripheral blood cells in vitro using structural chromosomal aberrations (SCAs), sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs), and single-cell gel electrophoresis (at pH >13 or 12.1) analysis. Whole blood samples were incubated with 0.5, 1, 5, 10, 50, or 100 µg/mL thallium salt. Exposure to this metal compound resulted in a clear dose-dependent reduction in the mitotic and replicative indices. An increase in SCAs was evident in the treated group compared with the control group, and significant differences were observed in the percentage of cells with SCAs when metaphase cells were treated with 0.5-10 µg/mL of thallium(I). The SCE test did not reveal any significant differences. We observed that a 1-h treatment with thallium(I) at pH > 13 significantly increased the comet length for all the concentrations tested; however, at pH 12.1, only the two highest concentrations affected the comet length. These results suggested that thallium(I) acetate induces cytotoxic, cytostatic, and clastogenic effects, as well as DNA damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Rodríguez-Mercado
- Unidad de Investigación en Genética y Toxicología Ambiental (UIGTA), Laboratorio L5 PA, Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Investigación Experimental (UMIE-Z), Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Zaragoza, Campus II, UNAM, AP 9-020, CP 15000, Ciudad de México, México
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tong D, Ortega J, Kim C, Huang J, Gu L, Li GM. Arsenic Inhibits DNA Mismatch Repair by Promoting EGFR Expression and PCNA Phosphorylation. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:14536-41. [PMID: 25907674 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.641399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Both genotoxic and non-genotoxic chemicals can act as carcinogens. However, while genotoxic compounds lead directly to mutations that promote unregulated cell growth, the mechanism by which non-genotoxic carcinogens lead to cellular transformation is poorly understood. Using a model non-genotoxic carcinogen, arsenic, we show here that exposure to arsenic inhibits mismatch repair (MMR) in human cells, possibly through its ability to stimulate epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of proliferating cellular nuclear antigen (PCNA). HeLa cells exposed to exogenous arsenic demonstrate a dose- and time-dependent increase in the levels of EGFR and tyrosine 211-phosphorylated PCNA. Cell extracts derived from arsenic-treated HeLa cells are defective in MMR, and unphosphorylated recombinant PCNA restores normal MMR activity to these extracts. These results suggest a model in which arsenic induces expression of EGFR, which in turn phosphorylates PCNA, and phosphorylated PCNA then inhibits MMR, leading to increased susceptibility to carcinogenesis. This study suggests a putative novel mechanism of action for arsenic and other non-genotoxic carcinogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Tong
- From the College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China 430072, Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, and Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing, China 100084
| | - Janice Ortega
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, and
| | - Christine Kim
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, and
| | - Jian Huang
- From the College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China 430072
| | - Liya Gu
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, and
| | - Guo-Min Li
- From the College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China 430072, Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, and Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing, China 100084
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Martins M, Costa PM. The comet assay in Environmental Risk Assessment of marine pollutants: applications, assets and handicaps of surveying genotoxicity in non-model organisms. Mutagenesis 2014; 30:89-106. [DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geu037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
|
8
|
Selenium supranutrition: are the potential benefits of chemoprevention outweighed by the promotion of diabetes and insulin resistance? Nutrients 2013; 5:1349-65. [PMID: 23603996 PMCID: PMC3705352 DOI: 10.3390/nu5041349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Selenium was considered a toxin until 1957, when this mineral was shown to be essential in the prevention of necrotic liver damage in rats. The hypothesis of selenium chemoprevention is principally formulated by the observations that cancer incidence is inversely associated with selenium status. However, recent clinical and epidemiological studies demonstrate a role for some selenoproteins in exacerbating or promoting other disease states, specifically type 2 diabetes, although other data support a role of selenium in stimulating insulin sensitivity. Therefore, it is clear that our understanding in the role of selenium in glucose metabolism and chemoprevention is inadequate and incomplete. Research exploring the role of selenium in individual healthcare is of upmost importance and possibly will help explain how selenium is a double-edged sword in the pathologies of chronic diseases.
Collapse
|
9
|
Kumar A, Kesari VP, Khan PK. Fish micronucleus assay to assess genotoxic potential of arsenic at its guideline exposure in aquatic environment. Biometals 2013; 26:337-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-013-9620-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
10
|
Khan PK, Kesari VP, Kumar A. Mouse micronucleus assay as a surrogate to assess genotoxic potential of arsenic at its human reference dose. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 90:993-997. [PMID: 22906486 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Revised: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to high contents of arsenic (a genotoxic carcinogen) in humans through drinking water is one of the most serious concerns in many parts of the world including India. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has recommended a permissible limit of daily exposure in humans to arsenic as its reference dose (0.3 μg kg(-1) d(-1)) with almost no likelihood of any adverse effect. The present work was a quantitative assessment of the genotoxic potential of arsenic at the exposure level of its human reference dose through micronucleus (MN) assay in mice. The animals were exposed to various doses of arsenic through oral gavaging for 15 consecutive days. Significant increases in the frequency of micronucleated erythrocytes were observed in mice upon exposure to arsenic which occurred even at its human reference dose and in a dose-dependent manner. The study of the genotoxic potential of arsenic in humans at lower exposure levels (including its human reference dose) is, therefore, highly desirable for risk assessment and hazard identification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parimal K Khan
- Toxicogenetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Patna University, Patna 800 005, India.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bailey KA, Wallace K, Smeester L, Thai SF, Wolf DC, Edwards SW, Fry RC. Transcriptional Modulation of the ERK1/2 MAPK and NF-κB Pathways in Human Urothelial Cells After Trivalent Arsenical Exposure: Implications for Urinary Bladder Cancer. JOURNAL OF CANCER RESEARCH UPDATES 2012; 1:57-68. [PMID: 23487506 PMCID: PMC3593739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to drinking water contaminated with inorganic arsenic (iAs) is associated with an increased risk of urinary bladder (UB) cancers in humans. The exact role of specific iAs metabolite(s) in As-mediated carcinogenesis remains largely unknown. Experimental evidence suggests that trivalent arsenicals, namely arsenite (iAsIII) and two of its metabolites, monomethylarsonous acid (MMAIII) and dimethylarsinous acid (DMAIII), are possible proximate UB carcinogens. Here, we used a transcriptomics approach to examine perturbed molecular pathways in a human urothelial cell line (UROtsa) after short-term exposure to iAsIII, MMAIII and DMAIII. Molecular pathways containing genes that encode proteins implicated in UB cancer development were perturbed by both MMAIII and DMAIII. These pathways included those of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK 1/2 MAPK) and nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-κB). Together, these results may inform the current understanding of effects in the UB induced by acute As exposure and the relationship of these effects with As-mediated carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A. Bailey
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kathleen Wallace
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Lisa Smeester
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Sheau-Fung Thai
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Douglas C. Wolf
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Stephen W. Edwards
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Rebecca C. Fry
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kesari VP, Kumar A, Khan PK. Genotoxic potential of arsenic at its reference dose. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2012; 80:126-131. [PMID: 22421451 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2011] [Revised: 02/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic, a highly hazardous contaminant in our drinking water, accounts for various toxic effects (including cancer) in human. However, intake of arsenic @0.3 μg kg(-1)day(-1) through drinking water, containing arsenic at its guideline value or maximum contaminant limit (10 μg L(-1)), has been estimated to pose very little or no measurable risk to cancer in humans. The value also appears to be equal to the human reference dose (or index dose) of arsenic based on human skin toxicity data. The present work was a quantitative assessment of the genotoxic potential of arsenic in mice at doses equivalent to its human reference dose as well as its multiples. Significant increases in the frequencies of chromosome abnormalities in the bone marrow cells were registered over the control level upon exposure to all the doses of arsenic including its reference dose (or index dose). The assessment of arsenic genotoxicity in humans at low doses will therefore be highly instrumental in establishing a permissible limit of arsenic in drinking water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V P Kesari
- Toxicogenetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Patna University, Patna 800 005, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
García-Montalvo EA, Valenzuela OL, Sánchez-Peña LC, Albores A, Del Razo LM. Dose-dependent urinary phenotype of inorganic arsenic methylation in mice with a focus on trivalent methylated metabolites. Toxicol Mech Methods 2012; 21:649-55. [PMID: 22003923 DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2011.603765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic arsenic (iAs) exposure has been associated with the increased risk of various forms of cancer and of non-cancerous diseases. Metabolic conversions of iAs that yield highly toxic and genotoxic methylarsonite (MAsIII) and dimethylarsinite (DMAsIII) may play a significant role in determining the extent and character of toxic and cancer-promoting effects of iAs exposure. However, in vivo research involving the production of MAsIII and DMAsIII remains an area of ongoing investigation and debate. The results of metabolic and toxicity studies using mice have been entirely applicable to other species including humans. The goal of this study was to investigate the phenotype for the trivalent and pentavalent arsenic metabolites in relation to arsenite dose via immediate analysis of fresh urine samples, while preventing the oxidation of unstable methylated AsIII-containing metabolites. Female mice (C57BL/6) received sodium arsenite by gavage at doses of 0, 3, 6 or 10 mg As/kg/day for 9 days, after which trivalent methylated arsenicals were detected in 100% of urine samples; these arsenicals were not detected in the urine of control mice. The amount of DMAsIII detected in urine depended on the dose of arsenite administered and was determined to be 50.2%, 31.4% and 16.5% of the total urinary arsenic in mice exposed to 3, 6, or 10 mg/kg/day, respectively. This relationship is consistent with the hypothesis of inhibition or saturation of iAs methylation. Understanding the in vivo production of MAsIII and DMAsIII in mice exposed to iAs could aid in developing a biologically based dose-response model for iAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eliud A García-Montalvo
- Departamento de Toxicología Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav), México, D.F., Mexico
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Induction of oxidative stress by low doses of lead in human hepatic cell line WRL-68. Biometals 2011; 24:951-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-011-9453-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
15
|
Bailey KA, Hester SD, Knapp GW, Owen RD, Thai SF. Gene expression of normal human epidermal keratinocytes modulated by trivalent arsenicals. Mol Carcinog 2011; 49:981-98. [PMID: 20886546 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to inorganic arsenic (iAs) is associated with the development of benign and malignant human skin lesions including nonmelanoma skin cancers. The precise arsenical form(s) responsible for this carcinogenic effect are unknown, although trivalent inorganic arsenic (iAs(III)) and two of its toxic metabolites, monomethylarsonous acid (MMA(III)) and methylarsinous acid (DMA(III)), are attractive candidates. In an effort to better understand and compare their toxic effects in the skin, we compared the global gene expression profiles of normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs) exposed to varying noncytotoxic/slightly cytotoxic concentrations of iAs(III), MMA(III), and DMA(III) for 24 h. Exposure to each arsenical treatment group exhibited a dose effect in the number of altered genes and the magnitude of expression change in NHEKs. The most significant gene expression changes associated with iAs(III) and MMA(III) exposure were consistent with several key events believed to be important to As-driven skin carcinogenesis, namely induction of oxidative stress, increased transcript levels of keratinocyte growth factors, and modulation of MAPK and NF-κB pathways. At both comparable arsenical concentrations and comparable NHEK toxicity, greater potential carcinogenic effects were observed in MMA(III)-exposed NHEKs than those exposed to iAs(III), including involvement of more proinflammatory signals and increased transcript levels of more growth factor genes. In contrast, none of these above-mentioned transcriptional trends were among the most significantly altered functions in the DMA(III) treatment group. This study suggests the relative capacity of each of the tested arsenicals to drive suspected key events in As-mediated skin carcinogenesis is MMA(III) > iAs(III) with little contribution from DMA(III).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Bailey
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Costa PM, Neuparth TS, Caeiro S, Lobo J, Martins M, Ferreira AM, Caetano M, Vale C, DelValls TA, Costa MH. Assessment of the genotoxic potential of contaminated estuarine sediments in fish peripheral blood: laboratory versus in situ studies. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2011; 111:25-36. [PMID: 20965503 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2010.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2010] [Revised: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile Senegalese soles (Solea senegalensis) were exposed to estuarine sediments through 28-day laboratory and in situ (field) bioassays. The sediments, collected from three distinct sites (a reference plus two contaminated) of the Sado Estuary (W Portugal) were characterized for total organic matter, redox potential, fine fraction and for the levels of metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organochlorines, namely polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dichloro diphenyl tricholoethane plus its main metabolites (DDTs). Genotoxicity was determined in whole peripheral blood by the single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE or "comet") assay and by scoring erythrocytic nuclear abnormalities (ENA). Analysis was complemented with the determination of lipid peroxidation in blood plasma by the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) protocol and cell type sorting. The results showed that exposure to contaminated sediments induced DNA fragmentation and clastogenesis. Still, laboratory exposure to the most contaminated sediment revealed a possible antagonistic effect between metallic and organic contaminants that might have been enhanced by increased bioavailability. The laboratory assay caused a more pronounced increase in ENA whereas a very significant increase in DNA fragmentation was observed in field-tested fish exposed to the reference sediment, which is likely linked to increased lipid peroxidation that probably occurred due to impaired access to food. Influence of natural pathogens was ruled out by unaltered leukocyte counts. The statistical integration of data correlated lipid peroxidation with biological variables such as fish length and weight, whereas the genotoxicity biomarkers were more correlated to sediment contamination. It was demonstrated that laboratory and field bioassays for the risk assessment of sediment contamination may yield different genotoxicity profiles although both provided results that are in overall accordance with sediment contamination levels. While field assays may provide more ecologically relevant data, the multiple environmental variables may produce sufficient background noise to mask the true effects of contamination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro M Costa
- IMAR-Instituto do Mar, Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kligerman AD, Malik SI, Campbell JA. Cytogenetic insights into DNA damage and repair of lesions induced by a monomethylated trivalent arsenical. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2010; 695:2-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2009.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2009] [Revised: 09/22/2009] [Accepted: 09/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
18
|
Amaral AFS, Cymbron T, Gärtner F, Lima M, Rodrigues AS. Trace metals and over-expression of metallothioneins in bladder tumoral lesions: a case-control study. BMC Vet Res 2009; 5:24. [PMID: 19615096 PMCID: PMC2725354 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-5-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2009] [Accepted: 07/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have provided some evidence of a possible association between cancer and metallothioneins. Whether this relates to an exposure to carcinogenic metals remains unclear. METHODS In order to examine the association between the expression of metallothioneins and bladder tumors, and to compare the levels of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead and nickel in animals with bladder tumors and animals without bladder tumors, 37 cases of bovine bladder tumors and 17 controls were collected. The detection and quantification of metallothioneins in bladder tissue of both cases and controls was performed by immunohistochemistry. And the quantification of metals in tissue and hair was assessed by inductively coupled plasma - mass spectrometry. RESULTS Increased expression of metallothioneins was associated with bladder tumors when compared with non-tumoral bladder tissue (OR = 9.3, 95% CI: 1.0 - 480). The concentrations of cadmium, chromium, lead and nickel in hair of cases were significantly higher than those of controls. However, as for the concentration of metals in bladder tissue, the differences were not significant. CONCLUSION Though the sample size was small, the present study shows an association between bladder tumors and metallothioneins. Moreover, it shows that concentrations of metals such as cadmium, chromium, lead and nickel in hair may be used as a biomarker of exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- André F S Amaral
- Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Group, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Association of oxidative stress with arsenic methylation in chronic arsenic-exposed children and adults. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2008; 232:142-9. [PMID: 18640141 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2008.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2008] [Revised: 05/22/2008] [Accepted: 06/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Though oxidative stress is recognized as an important pathogenic mechanism of arsenic, and arsenic methylation capacity is suggested to be highly involved in arsenic-related diseases, the association of arsenic methylation capacity with arsenic-induced oxidative stress remains unclear. To explore oxidative stress and its association with arsenic methylation, cross-sectional studies were conducted among 208 high and 59 low arsenic-exposed subjects. Levels of urinary arsenic species [inorganic arsenic (iAs), monomethylated arsenic (MMA) and dimethylated arsenic (DMA)] were determined by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry. Proportions of urinary arsenic species, the first methylation ratio (FMR) and the secondary methylation ratio (SMR) were used as indicators for arsenic methylation capacity. Urinary 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) concentrations were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Reduced glutathione (GSH) levels and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in whole blood were determined to reflect anti-oxidative status. The high arsenic-exposed children and adults were significantly increased in urinary 8-OHdG concentrations but decreased in blood GSH levels compared with the low exposed children and adults. In multiple linear regression models, blood GSH levels and urinary 8-OHdG concentrations of arsenic-exposed children and adults showed strong associations with the levels of urinary arsenic species. Arsenic-exposed subjects in the lower and the upper quartiles of proportions of urinary arsenic species, FMR or SMR were significantly different in urinary 8-OHdG, blood GSH and SOD. The associations of arsenic methylation capacity with 8-OHdG, GSH and SOD were also observed in multivariate regression analyses. These results may provide linkage between arsenic methylation capacity and oxidative stress in humans and suggest that adverse health effects induced by arsenic are related to arsenic methylation through oxidative stress.
Collapse
|
20
|
Genotoxic damage in Solea senegalensis exposed to sediments from the Sado Estuary (Portugal): Effects of metallic and organic contaminants. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2008; 654:29-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2008.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2007] [Revised: 03/14/2008] [Accepted: 04/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
21
|
Xu YY, Wang Y, Li X, He M, Xue P, Fu JQ, Wang HH, Sun GF. Variations in arsenic methylation capacity and oxidative DNA lesions over a 2-year period in a high arsenic-exposed population. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2008; 82:251-8. [PMID: 18481077 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-008-0329-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2008] [Accepted: 04/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess long-term variations in arsenic methylation and oxidative DNA lesions of chronic high arsenic-exposed populations. METHODS A follow-up study was conducted in 64 chronic high arsenic-exposed subjects from 2004 to 2006. Urinary arsenic species and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanine were measured. RESULTS Percentages of urinary inorganic arsenic, monomethylarsonate and urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanine (8-OHdG) level were significantly higher, but the percentage of dimethylarsinate, the primary methylation index (PMI) and secondary methylation index (SMI) was lower in the ninth year of arsenic exposure compared with the seventh year. Substantial differences in relative arsenic methylation capacity were observed between the seventh and ninth year. Percentages of arsenic species, PMI and SMI were significantly correlated between siblings, and between parents and children. CONCLUSIONS Arsenic methylation may decrease, but oxidative DNA lesions may increase with the increase of cumulative arsenic exposure level. Both genetic and environmental factors may contribute to variability in arsenic methylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-yuan Xu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Klein CB, Leszczynska J, Hickey C, Rossman TG. Further evidence against a direct genotoxic mode of action for arsenic-induced cancer. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2007; 222:289-97. [PMID: 17316729 PMCID: PMC1986829 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2006.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2006] [Revised: 12/26/2006] [Accepted: 12/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic in drinking water, a mixture of arsenite and arsenate, is associated with increased skin and other cancers in Asia and Latin America, but not the United States. Arsenite alone in drinking water does not cause skin cancers in experimental animals; therefore, it is not a complete carcinogen in skin. We recently showed that low concentrations of arsenite enhanced the tumorigenicity of solar UV irradiation in hairless mice, suggesting arsenic cocarcinogenesis with sunlight in skin cancer and perhaps with different carcinogenic partners for lung and bladder tumors. Cocarcinogenic mechanisms could include blocking DNA repair, stimulating angiogenesis, altering DNA methylation patterns, dysregulating cell cycle control, induction of aneuploidy and blocking apoptosis. Arsenicals are documented clastogens but not strong mutagens, with weak mutagenic activity reported at highly toxic concentrations of inorganic arsenic. Previously, we showed that arsenite, but not monomethylarsonous acid (MMA[III]), induced delayed mutagenesis in HOS cells. Here, we report new data on the mutagenicity of the trivalent methylated arsenic metabolites MMA(III) and dimethylarsinous acid [DMA(III)] at the gpt locus in Chinese hamster G12 cells. Both methylated arsenicals seemed mutagenic with apparent sublinear dose responses. However, significant mutagenesis occurred only at highly toxic concentrations of MMA(III). Most mutants induced by MMA(III) and DMA(III) exhibited transgene deletions. Some non-deletion mutants exhibited altered DNA methylation. A critical discussion of cell survival leads us to conclude that clastogenesis occurs primarily at highly cytotoxic arsenic concentrations, casting further doubt as to whether a genotoxic mode of action (MOA) for arsenicals is supportable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine B. Klein
- The Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 57 Old Forge Road, Tuxedo, NY 10987
| | - Joanna Leszczynska
- The Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 57 Old Forge Road, Tuxedo, NY 10987
| | - Christina Hickey
- The Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 57 Old Forge Road, Tuxedo, NY 10987
| | - Toby G. Rossman
- The Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 57 Old Forge Road, Tuxedo, NY 10987
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kovacic P, Somanathan R. Mechanism of teratogenesis: Electron transfer, reactive oxygen species, and antioxidants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 78:308-25. [PMID: 17315244 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.20081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Teratogenesis has been a topic of increasing interest and concern in recent years, generating controversy in association with danger to humans and other living things. A veritable host of chemicals is known to be involved, encompassing a wide variety of classes, both organic and inorganic. Contact with these chemicals is virtually unavoidable due to contamination of air, water, ground, food, beverages, and household items, as well as exposure to medicinals. The resulting adverse effects on reproduction are numerous. There is uncertainty regarding the mode of action of these chemicals, although various theories have been advanced, e.g., disruption of the central nervous system (CNS), DNA attack, enzyme inhibition, interference with hormonal action, and insult to membranes, proteins, and mitochondria. This review provides extensive evidence for involvement of oxidative stress (OS) and electron transfer (ET) as a unifying theme. Successful application of the mechanistic approach is made to all of the main classes of toxins, in addition to large numbers of miscellaneous types. We believe it is not coincidental that the vast majority of these substances incorporate ET functionalities (quinone, metal complex, ArNO2, or conjugated iminium) either per se or in metabolites, potentially giving rise to reactive oxygen species (ROS) by redox cycling. Some categories, e.g., peroxides and radiation, appear to generate ROS by non-ET routes. Other mechanisms are briefly addressed; a multifaceted approach to mode of action appears to be the most logical. Our framework should increase understanding and contribute to preventative measures, such as use of antioxidants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kovacic
- Department of Chemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|