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Gao H, Yang J, Pan W, Yang M. Iron Overload and the Risk of Diabetes in the General Population: Results of the Chinese Health and Nutrition Survey Cohort Study. Diabetes Metab J 2022; 46:307-318. [PMID: 35249273 PMCID: PMC8987685 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2020.0287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have found that there are significant associations between body iron status and the development of diabetes. In the present study, we aimed to analyze the association among iron overload (IO), insulin resistance (IR), and diabetes in Chinese adults, and to explore the sex difference. METHODS Men and women (age >19 years) who participated in the Chinese Health and Nutrition Survey and did not have diabetes at baseline were followed between 2009 and 2015 (n=5,779). Over a mean of 6 years, 75 participants were diagnosed with incident diabetes. Logistic regression was used to assess the risk factors associated with IO. Cox proportional hazard regression was used to estimate the risk of incident diabetes and to determine whether the risk differed among subgroups. Causal mediation analysis (CMA) was used to explore the mechanism linking IO and diabetes. RESULTS According to sex-stratified multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression, IO increased the risk of incident diabetes. Women with IO had a higher risk of diabetes than men. Subgroup analysis with respect to age showed that the association between IO and diabetes was stronger in older women and younger men (P<0.001). CMA showed that liver injury (alanine transaminase) and lipid metabolism abnormalities (triglyceride, apolipoprotein B) contributed to the association between IO and diabetes. CONCLUSION IO is associated with diabetes and this association is sex-specific. IO may indirectly induce IR via liver injury and lipid metabolism abnormalities, resulting in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Gao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Zhejiang University School of Public Health, and Center of Clinical Big Data and Analytics of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinying Yang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Zhejiang University School of Public Health, and Center of Clinical Big Data and Analytics of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenfei Pan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Zhejiang University School of Public Health, and Center of Clinical Big Data and Analytics of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Yang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Zhejiang University School of Public Health, and Center of Clinical Big Data and Analytics of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Corresponding author: Min Yang https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9487-6828 Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Zhejiang University School of Public Health, 866 Yu-hang-tang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China E-mail:
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Golan MP, Piłsyk S, Muszewska A, Wawrzyniak A. Ferritins in Chordata: Potential evolutionary trajectory marked by discrete selective pressures: History and reclassification of ferritins in chordates and geological events' influence on their evolution and radiation. Bioessays 2020; 43:e2000207. [PMID: 33226145 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Ferritins (FTs) are iron storage proteins that are involved in managing iron-oxygen balance. In our work, we present a hypothesis on the putative effect of geological changes that have affected the evolution and radiation of ferritin proteins. Based on sequence analysis and phylogeny reconstruction, we hypothesize that two significant factors have been involved in the evolution of ferritin proteins: fluctuations of atmospheric oxygen concentrations, altering redox potential, and changing availability of water rich in bioavailable ferric ions. Fish, ancient amphibians, reptiles, and placental mammals developed the broadest repertoire of singular FTs, attributable to embryonic growth in aquatic environments containing low oxygen levels and abundant forms of soluble iron. In contrast, oviparous land vertebrates, like reptiles and birds, that have developed in high oxygen levels and limited levels of environmental Fe2+ exhibit a lower diversity of singular FTs, but display a broad repertoire of subfamilies, particularly notable in early reptiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej P Golan
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Sebastian Piłsyk
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Anna Muszewska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Agata Wawrzyniak
- Morphological Sciences Department, College for Medical Sciences of University of Rzeszów, Rzeszów, Poland
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3
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Analysis of the binding of bovine and human fibrinogen to ferritin: evidence that fibrinogen is a common ferritin-binding protein in mammals. Biometals 2015; 28:679-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-015-9853-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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4
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Jaafari M, Ashrafi Kooshk MR, Asghari SM, Moosavi-Movahedi AA, Ghobadi S, Khodarahmi R. Direct evidence for non-specific peroxidase activity of ‘‘ferritin–heme” complex: possible role in the development of neurodegenerative diseases. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-014-0538-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Shibuya N, Yoshikawa Y, Watanabe K, Ohtsuka H, Orino K. Iron-dependent binding of bovine milk α-casein with holo-lactoferrin, but not holo-transferrin. Biometals 2012; 25:1083-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-012-9573-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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7
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Mancone C, Montaldo C, Santangelo L, Di Giacomo C, Costa V, Amicone L, Ippolito G, Pucillo LP, Alonzi T, Tripodi M. Ferritin heavy chain is the host factor responsible for HCV-induced inhibition of apoB-100 production and is required for efficient viral infection. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:2786-97. [PMID: 22443280 DOI: 10.1021/pr201128s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic fat export occurs by apolipoprotein B-100-containing lipoprotein production, whereas impaired production leads to liver steatosis. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is associated to dysregulation of apoB-100 secretion and steatosis; however, the molecular mechanism by which HCV affects the apoB-100 secretion is not understood. Here, combining quantitative proteomics and computational biology, we propose ferritin heavy chain (Fth) as being the cellular determinant of apoB-100 production inhibition. By means of molecular analyses, we found that HCV nonstructural proteins and NS5A appear to be sufficient for inducing Fth up-regulation. Fth in turn was found to inhibit apoB-100 secretion leading to increased intracellular degradation via proteasome. Notably, intracellular Fth down-regulation by siRNA restores apoB-100 secretion. The inverse correlation between ferritin and plasma apoB-100 concentrations was also found in JFH-1 HCV cell culture systems (HCVcc) and HCV-infected patients. Finally, Fth expression was found to be required for robust HCV infection. These observations provide a further molecular explanation for the onset of liver steatosis and allow for hypothesizing on new therapeutic and antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmine Mancone
- L. Spallanzani National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, via Portuense 292, 00149, Rome, Italy
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8
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Watanabe M, Yuge M, Uda A, Yoshikawa Y, Watanabe K, Orino K. Structural and functional analyses of chicken liver ferritin. Poult Sci 2011; 90:1489-95. [PMID: 21673164 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2010-01307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterization of ferritins from different species has provided insight into iron regulation mechanisms and evolutionary relationships. Here, we examined chicken liver ferritin, which comprises only H subunit and has 14.8 µg of Fe/100 µg of protein. The chicken H subunit apo homopolymer showed the same iron uptake rate as bovine H subunit homopolymer expressed with a baculovirus expression system (0.31 and 0.28 mmol of Fe/min per micromole of protein for chicken and bovine H subunit, respectively). Chicken H subunit apo homopolymer showed a significantly higher biotinylated hemin-binding activity than liver holoferritin. Although bovine spleen apoferritin, which has an L (liver or light):H (heart or heavy) subunit ratio of 1:1, also shows a significantly higher biotinylated hemin-binding activity than its holoferritin, these biotinylated hemin-binding activities were markedly lower than those of both chicken holo- and apoferritins. Binding of chicken holo- and apoferritin with biotinylated hemin was strongly inhibited by hemin but not iron-free hemin, protoporphyrin IX, or Zn-protoporphyrin. These findings demonstrate that chicken ferritin comprises only an H subunit, possesses ferroxidase activity as in mammalian ferritin H subunits, and binds heme more strongly than mammalian ferritins.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Watanabe
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
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9
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Heme-mediated binding of α-casein to ferritin: evidence for preferential α-casein binding to ferrous iron. Biometals 2011; 24:1217-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-011-9470-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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10
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The many faces of the octahedral ferritin protein. Biometals 2011; 24:489-500. [PMID: 21267633 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-011-9415-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Iron is an essential trace nutrient required for the active sites of many enzymes, electron transfer and oxygen transport proteins. In contrast, to its important biological roles, iron is a catalyst for reactive oxygen species (ROS). Organisms must acquire iron but must protect against oxidative damage. Biology has evolved siderophores, hormones, membrane transporters, and iron transport and storage proteins to acquire sufficient iron but maintain iron levels at safe concentrations that prevent iron from catalyzing the formation of ROS. Ferritin is an important hub for iron metabolism because it sequesters iron during times of iron excess and releases iron during iron paucity. Ferritin is expressed in response to oxidative stress and is secreted into the extracellular matrix and into the serum. The iron sequestering ability of ferritin is believed to be the source of the anti-oxidant properties of ferritin. In fact, ferritin has been used as a biomarker for disease because it is synthesized in response to oxidative damage and inflammation. The function of serum ferritin is poorly understood, however serum ferritin concentrations seem to correlate with total iron stores. Under certain conditions, ferritin is also associated with pro-oxidant activity. The source of this switch from anti-oxidant to pro-oxidant has not been established but may be associated with unregulated iron release from ferritin. Recent reports demonstrate that ferritin is involved in other aspects of biology such as cell activation, development, immunity and angiogenesis. This review examines ferritin expression and secretion in correlation with anti-oxidant activity and with respect to these new functions. In addition, conditions that lead to pro-oxidant conditions are considered.
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Orihuela R, Fernández B, Palacios Ò, Valero E, Atrian S, Watt RK, Domínguez-Vera JM, Capdevila M. Ferritin and metallothionein: dangerous liaisons. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:12155-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc14819b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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12
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Nakai M, Murata N, Yoda T, Yoshikawa Y, Watanabe K, Orino K. Binding of mammalian and avian ferritins with biotinylated hemin: demonstration of preferential binding of the H subunit to heme. J Vet Med Sci 2010; 73:313-8. [PMID: 21041989 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.10-0375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The binding of ferritin to heme has been well studied using commercial horse spleen apoferritin, which is almost entirely composed of the L subunit, suggesting that mammalian ferritins bind heme. The present study revealed that both mammalian holoferritins (commercial horse spleen ferritin and purified horse spleen, bovine spleen and canine liver ferritins with L/H subunit ratios of 4.0, 1.1, and 2.3, respectively) and their apoferritins bound biotinylated hemin; apoferritins had higher binding activity than holoferritins, except for canine holo- and apoferritins, which showed the same binding. Bovine ferritin H subunit homopolymers expressed by a baculovirus expression system showed heme binding and had higher binding activity to biotinylated hemin than the L subunit homopolymer expressed by the same system. These bindings were inhibited by heme but not by iron-free or Zn-protoporphyrin IX (Zn-PPIX). Purified chicken liver holoferritin was found to be composed of only H subunits and showed the highest binding activity with biotinylated hemin compared with mammalian holoferritins. The binding of chicken liver holoferritin to biotinylated hemin was also inhibited by heme but not by PPIX or Zn-PPIX. These results indicate that mammalian and avian ferritins bind heme and that the H subunit preferentially recognizes heme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Nakai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University
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Watt RK, Hilton RJ, Graff DM. Oxido-reduction is not the only mechanism allowing ions to traverse the ferritin protein shell. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2010; 1800:745-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2010.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2009] [Revised: 02/20/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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14
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Sugawara G, Inoue R, Watanabe K, Ohtsuka H, Orino K. Short communication: Bovine α-casein is a ferritin-binding protein and inhibitory factor of milk ferritin immunoassay. J Dairy Sci 2009; 92:3810-4. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2008-1948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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15
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Sakamoto H, Kuboi T, Nagakura T, Hayashi S, Hoshi F, Mutoh K, Watanabe K, Orino K. Characterization of feline serum ferritin-binding proteins: the presence of a novel ferritin-binding protein as an inhibitory factor in feline ferritin immunoassay. Biometals 2009; 22:793-802. [PMID: 19326051 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-009-9226-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2009] [Accepted: 03/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Ferritin-binding proteins (FBPs) such as anti-ferritin antibody, alpha-2-macroglobulin, apolipoprotein B are expected to interact with circulating ferritin to eliminate it from circulation. However, we found that feline serum more strongly inhibits the detection of canine liver ferritin by immunoassay than its apoferritin; putative FBPs probably conceal ferritin epitopes detected by anti-ferritin antibodies. After complex formation between affinity-purified FBPs and canine liver ferritin, co-immunoprecipitates of the complex by anti-bovine spleen ferritin antibody were found to contain autoantibodies (IgG, IgM, and IgA) to ferritin by immunoblot analysis with antibodies specific for feline IgG, IgM, and IgA. On the other hand, affinity-purified samples did not show any inhibitory effect in the ferritin immunoassay. This result shows that feline serum has another FBP, which inhibits ferritin immunoassays, but not anti-ferritin autoantibody. A feline FBP was partially purified from feline serum by (NH(4))(2)SO(4) fractionation (33-50%), gel filtration chromatography, and anion exchange chromatography. After binding of the partially purified sample with canine liver ferritin coupled-Sepharose gel, the FBP was separated and purified from complexes formed in a native-PAGE gel. SDS-PAGE analysis showed that the purified FBP is a homomultimer composed of 31 kDa monomeric subunits connected by intermolecular disulfide bonds. Detection of feline liver ferritin by immunoassay was inhibited by FBP in a dose-dependent manner. The purified protein molecules appeared to be conglomerate of pentraxin-like molecules by its electron micrographic appearance. These results demonstrate that feline serum contains a novel FBP as inhibitory factor of ferritin immunoassay with different molecular properties from those of other mammalian FBPs, in addition to auto-antibodies (IgG, IgM, and IgA) to ferritin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Sakamoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, Kitasato University, Aomori, Japan
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Knovich MA, Storey JA, Coffman LG, Torti SV, Torti FM. Ferritin for the clinician. Blood Rev 2008; 23:95-104. [PMID: 18835072 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2008.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 392] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ferritin, a major iron storage protein, is essential to iron homeostasis and is involved in a wide range of physiologic and pathologic processes. In clinical medicine, ferritin is predominantly utilized as a serum marker of total body iron stores. In cases of iron deficiency and overload, serum ferritin serves a critical role in both diagnosis and management. Elevated serum and tissue ferritin are linked to coronary artery disease, malignancy, and poor outcomes following stem cell transplantation. Ferritin is directly implicated in less common but potentially devastating human diseases including sideroblastic anemias, neurodegenerative disorders, and hemophagocytic syndrome. Additionally, recent research describes novel functions of ferritin independent of iron storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ann Knovich
- Section on Hematology and Oncology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1082, USA.
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Ferritins: a family of molecules for iron storage, antioxidation and more. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2008; 1790:589-99. [PMID: 18929623 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2008.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 616] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2008] [Revised: 08/28/2008] [Accepted: 09/09/2008] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Ferritins are characterized by highly conserved three-dimensional structures similar to spherical shells, designed to accommodate large amounts of iron in a safe, soluble and bioavailable form. They can have different architectures with 12 or 24 equivalent or non-equivalent subunits, all surrounding a large cavity. All ferritins readily interact with Fe(II) to induce its oxidation and deposition in the cavity in a mineral form, in a reaction that is catalyzed by a ferroxidase center. This is an anti-oxidant activity that consumes Fe(II) and peroxides, the reagents that produce toxic free radicals in the Fenton reaction. The mechanism of ferritin iron incorporation has been characterized in detail, while that of iron release and recycling has been less thoroughly studied. Generally ferritin expression is regulated by iron and by oxidative damage, and in vertebrates it has a central role in the control of cellular iron homeostasis. Ferritin is mostly cytosolic but is found also in mammalian mitochondria and nuclei, in plant plastids and is secreted in insects. In vertebrates the cytosolic ferritins are composed of H and L subunit types and their assembly in a tissues specific ratio that permits flexibility to adapt to cell needs. The H-ferritin can translocate to the nuclei in some cell types to protect DNA from iron toxicity, or can be actively secreted, accomplishing various functions. The mitochondrial ferritin is found in mammals, it has a restricted tissue distribution and it seems to protect the mitochondria from iron toxicity and oxidative damage. The various functions attributed to the cytosolic, nuclear, secretory and mitochondrial ferritins are discussed.
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Alonzi T, Mancone C, Amicone L, Tripodi M. Elucidation of lipoprotein particles structure by proteomic analysis. Expert Rev Proteomics 2008; 5:91-104. [PMID: 18282126 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.5.1.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Lipoproteins are responsible for lipid packaging and transport through the bloodstream, and for their delivery to target tissues. Their participation in process, such as inflammation and innate immunity has also been suggested recently. Lipoprotein particles have very complex biochemical structures, which result from intricate processes involving coordinated mechanisms of protein and lipid synthesis, intracellular assembling and trafficking, and intra- and extracellular metabolism. Alterations in these mechanisms cause several negative effects on human health. The ability of current proteomic approaches to dissect the dynamic nature of complex particles revealing protein composition and post-translational modifications is shedding further light on lipoprotein structures and functions. This review summarizes lipoprotein classification, biogenesis and metabolism as well as discussing how the results of 20 proteomics-based reports integrate our knowledge on both their biochemical composition and their effects on target cells, thus contributing to reveal the possible functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonino Alonzi
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases, L. Spallanzani, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
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