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Wang L, Song L, Wang P, Zhang H, Li Y, Song J, Zhong L, Liu C, Zhang W, Wen P. Bioreduction of Se(IV) by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum NML21 and synthesis of selenium nanospheres Se(0). Food Chem 2024; 452:139595. [PMID: 38749143 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Selenium nanospheres (SeNPs) show less toxicity and greater bioavailability than selenite salts. This research demonstrated the substantial tolerance and efficient conversion of Se(IV) into SeNPs by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum NML21. The bioreduction process of Se(IV) and the properties of SeNPs, including their morphology, particle size, and stability, were investigated with techniques including SEM, EDX, TEM, XPS, FT-IR, dynamic light scattering, XRD, and Raman spectroscopy. Under high selenium stress, certain cells displayed significant deformation and rupture, and released SeNPs as the main product of the bioreduction of Se(IV). These SeNPs were red, amorphous, zero-valent, and spherical, with an average diameter of 160 nm. Spectroscopic analysis highlighted that the functional groups of CO and CO are key to the bioreduction of Se(IV). The study suggested preliminary mechanisms for the bioreduction of Se(IV) and the formation and release of SeNPs by lactic acid bacteria. NML21 may therefore be a promising candidate for SeNPs synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longlin Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Li Song
- Gansu Hualing DAIRY CO., LTDG, Gannan 730010, China
| | - Pengjie Wang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yiheng Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Juan Song
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Liwen Zhong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Caihong Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Weibing Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Pengcheng Wen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
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2
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Gao L, Li X, Li Y, Zhang Z, Wang J, Xu C, Wu X. Biochemical characterization, biosynthesis mechanism, and functional evaluation of selenium-enriched Aspergillus oryzae A02. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 275:133714. [PMID: 38977051 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
The synthesis mechanisms and function evaluation of selenium(Se)-enriched microorganism remain relatively unexplored. This study unveils that total Se content within A. oryzae A02 mycelium soared to an impressive 8462 mg/kg DCW, surpassing Se-enriched yeast by 2-3 times. Selenium exists in two predominant forms within A. oryzae A02: selenoproteins (SeMet 32.1 %, SeCys 14.4 %) and selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs; 53.5 %). The extensive quantitative characterization of the elemental composition, surface morphology, and size of SeNPs on A. oryzae A02 mycelium significantly differs from those reported for other microorganisms. Comparative RNA-Seq analysis revealed the upregulation of functional genes implicated in selenium transformation, activating multiple potential pathways for selenium reduction. The assimilatory and dissimilatory reductions of Se oxyanions engaged numerous parallel and interconnected pathways, manifesting a harmonious equilibrium in overall Se biotransformation in A. oryzae A02. Furthermore, selenium-enriched A. oryzae A02 was observed to primarily upregulate peroxisome activity while downregulating estrogen 2-hydroxylase activity in mice hepatocytes, suggesting its potential in fortifying antioxidant physiological functions and upholding metabolic balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Gao
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, No. 32, Xiqi Road, Tianjin Airport Economic Park, 300308 Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaolin Li
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, No. 32, Xiqi Road, Tianjin Airport Economic Park, 300308 Tianjin, China
| | - Yumeng Li
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, No. 32, Xiqi Road, Tianjin Airport Economic Park, 300308 Tianjin, China
| | - Zhaokun Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, No. 32, Xiqi Road, Tianjin Airport Economic Park, 300308 Tianjin, China
| | - Jialu Wang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, No. 32, Xiqi Road, Tianjin Airport Economic Park, 300308 Tianjin, China
| | - Chao Xu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, No. 32, Xiqi Road, Tianjin Airport Economic Park, 300308 Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, No. 32, Xiqi Road, Tianjin Airport Economic Park, 300308 Tianjin, China.
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3
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Ruiz-Fresneda MA, Morales-Hidalgo M, Povedano-Priego C, Jroundi F, Hidalgo-Iruela J, Cano-Cano M, Pérez-Muelas E, Merroun ML, Martín-Sanchez I. Unlocking the key role of bentonite fungal isolates in tellurium and selenium bioremediation and biorecovery: Implications in the safety of radioactive waste disposal. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169242. [PMID: 38072256 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Research on eco-friendly bioremediation strategies for mitigating the environmental impact of toxic metals has gained attention in the last years. Among all promising solutions, bentonite clays, to be used as artificial barriers to isolate radioactive wastes within the deep geological repository (DGR) concept, have emerged as effective reservoir of microorganisms with remarkable bioremediation potential. The present study aims to investigate the impact of bentonite fungi in the speciation and mobility of selenium (Se) and tellurium (Te), as natural analogues 79Se and 132Te present in radioactive waste, to screen for those strains with bioremediation potential within the context of DGR. For this purpose, a multidisciplinary approach combining microbiology, biochemistry, and microscopy was performed. Notably, Aspergillus sp. 3A demonstrated a high tolerance to Te(IV) and Se(IV), as evidenced by minimal inhibitory concentrations of >16 and >32 mM, respectively, along with high tolerance indexes. The high metalloid tolerance of Aspergillus sp. 3A is mediated by its capability to reduce these mobile and toxic elements to their elemental less soluble forms [Te(0) and Se(0)], forming nanostructures of various morphologies. Advanced electron microscopy techniques revealed intracellular Te(0) manifesting as amorphous needle-like nanoparticles and extracellular Te(0) forming substantial microspheres and irregular accumulations, characterized by a trigonal crystalline phase. Similarly, Se(0) exhibited a diverse array of morphologies, including hexagonal, irregular, and needle-shaped structures, accompanied by a monoclinic crystalline phase. The formation of less mobile Te(0) and Se(0) nanostructures through novel and environmentally friendly processes by Aspergillus sp. 3A suggests it would be an excellent candidate for bioremediation in contaminated environments, such as the vicinity of deep geological repositories. It moreover holds immense potential for the recovery and synthesis of Te and Se nanostructures for use in numerous biotechnological and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mar Morales-Hidalgo
- University of Granada, Department of Microbiology, Campus Fuentenueva, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | | | - Fadwa Jroundi
- University of Granada, Department of Microbiology, Campus Fuentenueva, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Javier Hidalgo-Iruela
- University of Granada, Department of Microbiology, Campus Fuentenueva, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Mónica Cano-Cano
- University of Granada, Department of Microbiology, Campus Fuentenueva, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Eduardo Pérez-Muelas
- University of Granada, Department of Microbiology, Campus Fuentenueva, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Mohamed Larbi Merroun
- University of Granada, Department of Microbiology, Campus Fuentenueva, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Inés Martín-Sanchez
- University of Granada, Department of Microbiology, Campus Fuentenueva, 18071 Granada, Spain
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4
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Xu M, Zhu S, Wang Q, Chen L, Li Y, Xu S, Gu Z, Shi G, Ding Z. Pivotal biological processes and proteins for selenite reduction and methylation in Ganoderma lucidum. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 444:130409. [PMID: 36435045 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Microbial transformations, especially the reduction and methylation of Se oxyanion, have gained significance in recent years as effective detoxification methods. Ganoderma lucidum is a typical Se enrichment resource that can reduce selenite to elemental Se and volatile Se metabolites under high selenite conditions. However, the detailed biological processes and reduction mechanisms are unclear. In this study, G. lucidum reduced selenite to elemental Se and further aggregated it into Se nanoparticles with a diameter of < 200 nm, simultaneously accompanied by the production of pungent, odorous, and volatile methyl-selenium metabolites. Tandem mass tag-based quantitative proteomic analysis revealed thioredoxin 1, thioredoxin reductase (NADPH), glutathione reductase, 5-methyltetrahydropteroyltriglutamate-homocysteine methyltransferase, and cystathionine gamma-lyase as proteins involved in selenite reduction and methylation. Furthermore, the high expression of proteins associated with cell structures that prompted cell lysis may have facilitated Se release. The upregulation of proteins involved in the defense reactions was also detected, reflecting their roles in the self-defense mechanism. This study provides novel insights into the vital role of G. lucidum in mediating Se transformation in the biogeochemical Se cycle and contributes to the application of fungi in Se bioremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Song Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Youran Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Sha Xu
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhenghua Gu
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Guiyang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhongyang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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5
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Li Z, Wang Q, Dai F, Li H. Reduction of selenite to selenium nanospheres by Se(IV)-resistant Lactobacillus paralimentarius JZ07. Food Chem 2022; 393:133385. [PMID: 35751225 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Elemental selenium nanosphere is considered to exhibit high bioavailability compared to its salts. In this study, a Se(IV)-resistant Lactobacillus paralimentarius strain JZ07 with great selenium biotransformation ability was screened and the red elemental selenium biosynthesized by it was characterized. The results indicated that Se(0) occurred as major accumulated species and the S atom content of the cells increased significantly in the presence of selenite. The reduced amorphous selenium nanospheres (150 to 300 nm in diameter) deposited in the extracellular space of JZ07 and the cells exhibited altered morphology under selenium stress. The macromolecules containing carboxylate bands and amide groups played an important role in Se(IV) bioaccumulation. The findings of present study indicate that JZ07 can be a promising SeNPs producing probiotic LAB and has the potential to be explored as an alternative source of Se supplements for human or animal consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZhiJian Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - QingQing Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - FuJuan Dai
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - HaiFeng Li
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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Negi BB, Sinharoy A, Pakshirajan K. Selenite removal from wastewater using fungal pelleted airlift bioreactor. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:992-1003. [PMID: 31820239 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06946-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the removal of selenite from wastewater using the fungus Asergillus niger KP isolated from a laboratory scale inverse fluidized bed bioreactor. The effect of different carbon sources and initial selenite concentration on fungal growth, pellet formation and selenite removal was first examined in a batch system. The fungal strain showed a maximum selenite removal efficiency of 86% in the batch system. Analysis of the fungal pellets by field-emission scanning electron microscopy, field-emission transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy revealed the formation of spherical-shaped elemental selenium nanoparticles of size 65-100 nm. An increase in the initial selenite concentration in the media resulted in compact pellets with smooth hyphae structure, whereas the fungal pellets contained hair like hyphae structure when grown in the absence of selenite. Besides, a high initial selenite concentration reduced biomass growth and selenite removal from solution. Using an airlift reactor with fungal pellets, operated under continuous mode, a maximum selenite removal of 94.3% was achieved at 10 mg L-1 of influent selenite concentration and 72 h HRT (hydraulic retention time). Overall, this study demonstrated very good potential of the fungal-pelleted airlift bioreactor system for removal of selenite from wastewater. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Bhushan Negi
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Arindam Sinharoy
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Kannan Pakshirajan
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India.
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7
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He H, Liu J, Dong Y, Li H, Zhao S, Wang J, Jia M, Zhang H, Liao J, Yang J, Yang Y, Liu N. Sorption of selenite on Tamusu clay in simulated groundwater with high salinity under aerobic/anaerobic conditions. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2019; 203:210-219. [PMID: 30927564 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2019.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The sorption behavior of selenite onto the Tamusu clay from a preselected high-level radioactive waste disposal site in Inner Mongolia, China, was first investigated in simulated groundwater with high salinity by batch sorption experiments under aerobic/anaerobic conditions. The results demonstrated that the Kd values rapidly decreased and then remained steady in the pH range of 2.0-8.0. However, selenite sorption was promoted when pH exceeded 8.0, which might be attributed to the coprecipitation between Ca2+ and SeO32-. Besides, the change trend of the Kd values as functions of various parameters was not affected by oxygen. The sorption kinetics and isotherms could be well fitted by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Freundlich model for both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, and the calculated thermodynamic parameters (△G and △H) suggested that the selenite sorption process was a spontaneous and endothermic process. Additionally, the XPS results revealed that Se(IV) could be reduced to Se (0) only in anaerobic conditions and that the different amounts of Fe on the clay surface led to the discrepancy of the Se(IV) Kd values under aerobic and anaerobic conditions even in high-salt simulated groundwater. Overall, our findings in this study are significant in regards to the retardation of selenite on the host rock under high salinity conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyi He
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, PR China
| | - Jun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, PR China
| | - Yang Dong
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, PR China
| | - Honghui Li
- China Institute for Radiation Protection, Taiyuan, 030006, PR China
| | - Shuaiwei Zhao
- China Institute for Radiation Protection, Taiyuan, 030006, PR China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, PR China
| | - Meilan Jia
- China Institute for Radiation Protection, Taiyuan, 030006, PR China
| | - Han Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, PR China
| | - Jiali Liao
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, PR China.
| | - Jijun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, PR China
| | - Yuanyou Yang
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, PR China
| | - Ning Liu
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, PR China.
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Yu Q, Boyanov MI, Liu J, Kemner KM, Fein JB. Adsorption of Selenite onto Bacillus subtilis: The Overlooked Role of Cell Envelope Sulfhydryl Sites in the Microbial Conversion of Se(IV). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:10400-10407. [PMID: 30130956 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Microbial activities play a central role in the global cycling of selenium. Microorganisms can reduce, methylate, and assimilate Se, controlling the transport and fate of Se in the environment. However, the mechanisms controlling these microbial activities are still poorly understood. In particular, it is unknown how the negatively charged Se(IV) and Se(VI) oxyanions that dominate the aqueous Se speciation in oxidizing environments bind to negatively charged microbial cell surfaces in order to become bioavailable. Here, we show that the adsorption of selenite onto Bacillus subtilis bacterial cells is controlled by cell envelope sulfhydryl sites. Once adsorbed onto the bacteria, selenite is reduced and forms reduced organo-Se compounds (e.g., R1S-Se-SR2). Because sulfhydryl sites are present within cell envelopes of a wide range of bacterial species, sulfhydryl-controlled adsorption of selenite likely represents a general mechanism adopted by bacteria to make selenite bioavailable. Therefore, sulfhydryl binding of selenite likely occurs in a wide range of oxidized Se-bearing environments, and because it is followed by microbial conversion of selenite to other Se species, the process represents a crucial step in the global cycling of Se.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Yu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , Indiana 46556 , United States
| | - Maxim I Boyanov
- Bulgarian Academy of Sciences , Institute of Chemical Engineering , Sofia , 1113 , Bulgaria
- Biosciences Division , Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne , Illinois 60439 , United States
| | - Jinling Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , Indiana 46556 , United States
- School of Earth Science , China University of Geoscience , Wuhan 430074 , China
| | - Kenneth M Kemner
- Biosciences Division , Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne , Illinois 60439 , United States
| | - Jeremy B Fein
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , Indiana 46556 , United States
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