DNA profiling and in vitro cytotoxicity studies of tetrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-based copper(II) complexes

Dihydroazolopyrimidines: Past, Present and Perspectives in Synthesis, Green Chemistry and Drug Discovery

Dihydroazolopyrimidines are an important class of heterocycles that are isosteric to natural purines and are therefore of great interest primarily as drug-like molecules. In contrast to the heteroaromatic analogs, synthetic approaches to these compounds were developed much later, and their chemical properties and biological activity have not been studied in detail until recently. In the review, different ways to build dihydroazolopyrimidine systems from different building blocks are described - via the initial formation of a partially hydrogenated pyrimidine ring or an azole ring, as well as a one-pot assembly of azole and azine fragments. Special attention is given to modern approaches: multicomponent reactions, green chemistry, and the use of non-classical activation methods. Information on the chemical properties of dihydroazolopyrimidines and the prospects for their use in the design of drugs of various profiles are also summarized in this review.

Advanced applications of DNA nanostructures dominated by DNA origami in antitumor drug delivery

DNA origami is a cutting-edge DNA self-assembly technique that neatly folds DNA strands and creates specific structures based on the complementary base pairing principle. These innovative DNA origami nanostructures provide numerous benefits, including lower biotoxicity, increased stability, and superior adaptability, making them an excellent choice for transporting anti-tumor agents. Furthermore, they can considerably reduce side effects and improve therapy success by offering precise, targeted, and multifunctional drug delivery system. This comprehensive review looks into the principles and design strategies of DNA origami, providing valuable insights into this technology's latest research achievements and development trends in the field of anti-tumor drug delivery. Additionally, we review the key function and major benefits of DNA origami in cancer treatment, some of these approaches also involve aspects related to DNA tetrahedra, aiming to provide novel ideas and effective solutions to address drug delivery challenges in cancer therapy.

Synthesis, structural studies, interaction with DNA/HSA and antitumor evaluation of new Cu(ii) complexes containing 2-(1H-imidazol-2-yl)pyridine and amino acids

New Cu(ii) complexes with promising anticancer activity induce apoptosis in HepG2 cells through DNA damage and cytotoxic ROS-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction pathways.

Synthesis, DNA binding, antibacterial and anticancer properties of two novel water-soluble copper(II) complexes containing gluconate

In this paper, two new Cu(II) complexes, [Cu(Gluc)(HPB)(H₂O)]Gluc (CuG1) and [Cu(Gluc)(HPBC)(H₂O)]Gluc (CuG2) (where HPB = 2-(2'-pyridyl)benzimidazole, HPBC = 5-chloro-2-(2'-pyridyl)benzimidazole, Gluc = d-Gluconic acid), with good water solubility were synthesized and characterized. These complexes exhibited a five-coordinated tetragonal pyramidal geometry. The DNA binding and cleavage properties of the complexes were investigated using multi-spectroscopy, viscosity measurement, molecular docking and gel electrophoresis analysis methods. The results showed that the complexes could interact with DNA by insertion and groove binding, and cleave CT-DNA through a singlet oxygen-dependent pathway in the presence of ascorbic acid. The studies on antibacterial and anticancer activities in vitro demonstrated that both complexes had good inhibitory activity against three Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Listeria monocytogenes) and one Gram-negative bacterium (Escherichia coli) and good cytotoxic activity toward the tested cancer cells (A549, HeLa and SGC-7901). CuG2 showed higher antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities than CuG1, which was consistent with their binding strength and cleavage ability to DNA, indicating that their antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities may be related to the DNA interaction. Moreover, the cell-based mechanism studies have indicated that CuG1 and CuG2 could arrest the cell cycle at G2/M phase, elevate the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decrease the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). The results showed that the complexes could induce apoptosis through DNA-damaged and ROS-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction pathways. Finally, the in vivo antitumor study revealed that CuG2 inhibited tumor growth by 50.44%, which is better than that of cisplatin (40.94%).

One-Pot Multicomponent Synthesis and Cytotoxic Evaluation of Novel 7-Substituted-5-(1H-Indol-3-yl)Tetrazolo[1,5-a] Pyrimidine-6-Carbonitrile

A series of novel 7-substituted-5-(1H-indol-3-yl)tetrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-6-carbonitrile was synthesized via a one-pot, three-multicomponent reaction of appropriate aldehydes, 1H-tetrazole-5-amine and 3-cyanoacetyl indole in catalytic triethylamine. The cytotoxic activity of the new synthesized tetrazolopyrimidine-6-carbonitrile compounds was investigated against HCT-116, MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, A549 human cancer cell lines and one human healthy normal cell line (RPE-1) using the MTT cytotoxicity assay. Compounds 4h, 4b, 4c, 4i and 4a showed potent anticancer activities against human colon cancer. Additionally, all the compounds showed potent anticancer activities on human lung cancer.