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Shao Y, Zheng L, Jiang Y. Cadmium toxicity and autophagy: a review. Biometals 2024; 37:609-629. [PMID: 38277035 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-023-00581-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is an important environmental pollutant that poses a threat to human health and represents a critical component of air pollutants, food sources, and cigarette smoke. Cd is a known carcinogen and has toxic effects on the environment and various organs in humans. Heavy metals within an organism are difficult to biodegrade, and those that enter the respiratory tract are difficult to remove. Autophagy is a key mechanism for counteracting extracellular (microorganisms and foreign bodies) or intracellular (damaged organelles and proteins that cannot be degraded by the proteasome) stress and represents a self-protective mechanism for eukaryotes against heavy metal toxicity. Autophagy maintains cellular homeostasis by isolating and gathering information about foreign chemicals associated with other molecular events. However, autophagy may trigger cell death under certain pathological conditions, including cancer. Autophagy dysfunction is one of the main mechanisms underlying Cd-induced cytotoxicity. In this review, the toxic effects of Cd-induced autophagy on different human organ systems were evaluated, with a focus on hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, respiratory toxicity, and neurotoxicity. This review also highlighted the classical molecular pathways of Cd-induced autophagy, including the ROS-dependent signaling pathways, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathway, Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, Beclin-1 and Bcl-2 family, and recently identified molecules associated with Cd. Moreover, research directions for Cd toxicity regarding autophagic function were proposed. This review presents the latest theories to comprehensively reveal autophagy behavior in response to Cd toxicity and proposes novel potential autophagy-targeted prevention and treatment strategies for Cd toxicity and Cd-associated diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueting Shao
- Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
- School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Liting Zheng
- Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Yiguo Jiang
- Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China.
- School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China.
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Zheng L, Mao R, Liang X, Jia Y, Chen Z, Yao S, Jiang Y, Shao Y. Carbon black nanoparticles and cadmium co-exposure aggravates bronchial epithelial cells inflammation via autophagy-lysosome pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 242:117733. [PMID: 38000634 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Carbon black nanoparticles (CBNPs) and cadmium (Cd) are major components of various air pollutants and cigarette smoke. Autophagy and inflammation both play critical roles in understanding the toxicity of particles and their components, as well as maintaining body homeostasis. However, the effects and mechanisms of CBNPs and Cd (CBNPs-Cd) co-exposure on the human respiratory system remain unclear. In this study, a CBNPs-Cd exposure model was constructed to explore the respiratory toxicity and combined mechanism of these chemicals on the autophagy-lysosome pathway in the context of respiratory inflammation. Co-exposure of CBNPs and Cd significantly increased the number of autophagosomes and lysosomes in human bronchial epithelial cells (16HBE) and mouse lung tissues compared to the control group, as well as the groups exposed to CBNPs and Cd alone. Autophagic markers, LC3II and P62 proteins, were up-regulated in 16HBE cells and mouse lung tissues after CBNPs-Cd co-exposure. However, treatment with Cq inhibitor (an indicator of lysosomal acid environment) resulted in a substantial decreased co-localization fluorescence of LC3 and lysosomes in the CBNPs-Cd combination group compared with the CBNPs-Cd single and control groups. No difference in LAMP1 protein expression was observed among the exposed groups. Adding 3 MA alleviated inflammatory responses, while applying the Baf-A1 inhibitor aggravated inflammation both in vitro and in vivo following CBNPs-Cd co-exposure. Factorial analysis showed no interaction between CBNPs and Cd in their effects on 16HBE cells. We demonstrated that co-exposure to CBNPs-Cd increases the synthesis of autophagosomes and regulates the acidic environment of lysosomes, thereby inhibiting autophagy-lysosome fusion and enhancing the inflammatory response in both 16HBE cells and mouse lung. These findings provide evidence for a comprehensive understanding of the interaction between CBNPs and Cd in mixed pollutants, as well as for the prevention and control of occupational exposure to these two chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liting Zheng
- Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Rulin Mao
- Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Xiaohong Liang
- Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Yangyang Jia
- Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Zehao Chen
- Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Shuwei Yao
- Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Yiguo Jiang
- Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China; School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Yueting Shao
- Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China; School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China.
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3
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Xing W, Wang L, Gu W, Liang M, Wang Z, Fan D, Zhang B. Association of blood cadmium and metabolic syndrome: a cross-sectional analysis of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2017-2020. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:27150-27162. [PMID: 36378388 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24177-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Previous findings have reported the role of different types of heavy metals in cardiometabolic diseases. In the present research, we aim to evaluate the association between blood cadmium levels and Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) based on the large-sample NHANES data. Public availably data from NHANES 2017-2020 cycle was obtained. Participants were divided into MetS and non-MetS groups according to waist circumference (WC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), blood pressure (BP) and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels based on the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) criteria. Student's t test, Mann-Whitney U test, and Chi-square test were performed for univariate analysis. Multivariate logistic analysis was performed to explore the relationship between blood cadmium and MetS and research findings were presented in forest plot. We also investigated the association of blood cadmium and MetS in subgroups stratified by age, gender and race. Population with MetS had significantly higher levels of blood [0.30 (0.18-0.54) vs. 0.24 (0.15-0.46) ug/L, p < 0.001] and urinary cadmium levels [0.29 (0.17-0.52) vs. 0.20 (0.09-0.42) ug/L, p < 0.001] compared with those without MetS. Higher blood cadmium concentrations were also observed in participants with elevated WC (0.28 vs. 023 ug/L, p < 0.001], TG (0.28 vs. 0.26 ug/L, p = 0.029), BP (0.33 vs. 0.23 ug/L, p < 0.001) and FPG (0.29 vs. 0.24 ug/L, p < 0.001) compared with those with normal metabolic parameters. Multivariate logistic regression showed that one-unit increasement of blood cadmium was associated with 1.25 times higher prevalence ratios for MetS after adjusting potential confounders (95% CI: 1.06-1.48, p = 0.0083). The associations between serum cadmium concentrations and MetS components were then evaluated, and the results showed higher blood cadmium levels were associated with higher risk for elevated TG, low HDL and elevated BP when treated as continuous variable. When treated as categorical variable, only BP was found positively associated with blood cadmium. Stratified multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that the positive association between blood cadmium and MetS remained significant in subjects less than 60 years old and female subgroup. In conclusion, the cross-sectional survey suggested the positive association between blood cadmium levels and risk for MetS, prospective research need to be conducted for further evaluation of the causal relationship between blood cadmium and MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilong Xing
- Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE), Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Nanjing, 210042, People's Republic of China.
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Pesticide Environmental Assessment and Pollution Control Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing, 210042, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lei Wang
- Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE), Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Nanjing, 210042, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Gu
- Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE), Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Nanjing, 210042, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengyuan Liang
- Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE), Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Nanjing, 210042, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE), Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Nanjing, 210042, People's Republic of China
| | - Deling Fan
- Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE), Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Nanjing, 210042, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE), Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Nanjing, 210042, People's Republic of China
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Zhao M, Yin G, Xu J, Ge X, Li A, Mei Y, Wu J, Liu X, Wei L, Xu Q. Independent, combine and interactive effects of heavy metal exposure on dyslipidemia biomarkers: A cross-sectional study in northeastern China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 250:114494. [PMID: 36608569 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Dyslipidemia is a common disease in the older population and represents a considerable disease burden worldwide. Epidemiological and experimental studies have indicated associations between heavy metal exposure and dyslipidemia; few studies have investigated the effects of heavy metal mixture and interactions between metals on dyslipidemia. We recruited 1121 participants living in heavy metal-contaminated and control areas in northeast China from a cross-sectional survey (2017-2019). Urinary metals including chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and manganese (Mn) and dyslipidemia biomarkers, namely triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels, were measured. The generalized linear model (GLM) was used to explore the association of a single metal with dyslipidemia biomarkers. Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) and multivariable linear regression were performed to explore the overall effect of metal mixture and the interaction between metals on dyslipidemia. Heavy metal mixture was positively associated with LDL-C, TC, and TG and negatively with HDL-C. In multivariable linear regression, Pb and Cd exhibited a synergistic association with LDL-C in the participants without hyperlipemia. Mn-Cd and Pb-Cr also showed a synergistic association with increasing the level of LDL-C in subjects without hyperlipemia. Cd-Cr showed an antagonistic association with HDL-C, respectively. Cr-Mn exhibited an antagonistic association with decreased HDL-C and TG levels. No significant interaction was noted among the three metals. Our study indicated that exposure to heavy metals is associated with dyslipidemia biomarkers and the presence of potential synergistic or antagonistic interactions between the heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiduo Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China; Center of Environmental and Health Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Guohuan Yin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China; Center of Environmental and Health Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Xiaoyu Ge
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China; Center of Environmental and Health Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Ang Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China; Center of Environmental and Health Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Yayuan Mei
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China; Center of Environmental and Health Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Jingtao Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China; Center of Environmental and Health Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Xiaolin Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, Liaoning, China
| | - Lanping Wei
- Jinzhou Central Hospital, Jinzhou 121001, Liaoning, China
| | - Qun Xu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China; Center of Environmental and Health Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China.
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Gu J, Kong A, Guo C, Liu J, Li K, Ren Z, Zhou Y, Tang M, Shi H. Cadmium perturbed lipid profile and induced liver dysfunction in mice through phosphatidylcholine remodeling and promoting arachidonic acid synthesis and metabolism. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 247:114254. [PMID: 36334344 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium ion (Cd2+) exposure has been reported to associate with the prevalence of dyslipidemia, and contribute to the initiation and progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, Cd2+ exposure perturbed specific metabolic pathways and underlying mechanisms are still unclear. In the present study, through lipidomics analyses of differential metabolites in serum between the Cd2+-exposed mice and the control group, 179 differential metabolites were identified, among which phosphatidylcholines (PCs) accounted for 49 % metabolites. Moreover, the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment assay indicates that PCs participate in the metabolic pathways, including the Arachidonic Acid (AA) metabolism, which also could be potential NAFLD biomarkers. Moreover, in vivo and in vitro results suggested that Cd2+ exposure induced PC synthesis and remodeling, and increased AA level by promoting fatty acid desaturase 1 (FADS1) to catalyze synthesis process instead of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) mediated release pathway. Inhibition of FADS1 by T3364366 could reverse Cd-induced AA, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and triglyceride (TAG) levels, and it also reduce cisplatin resistance in HepG2 cells. This study provides new evidence of Cd2+-induced dyslipidemia and reveals underlying molecular mechanism involved in liver dysfunction of Cd2+ exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212000, China
| | - Anqi Kong
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212000, China
| | - Chuanzhi Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212000, China
| | - Junlin Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212000, China
| | - Kongdong Li
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212000, China
| | - Zhen Ren
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212000, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212000, China
| | - Min Tang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212000, China
| | - Haifeng Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212000, China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212000, China.
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Zhang Y, Gao H, Zheng W, Xu H. Current understanding of the interactions between metal ions and Apolipoprotein E in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 172:105824. [PMID: 35878744 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common type of dementia in the elderly, is a chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disorder with no effective disease-modifying treatments to date. Studies have shown that an imbalance in brain metal ions, such as zinc, copper, and iron, is closely related to the onset and progression of AD. Many efforts have been made to understand metal-related mechanisms and therapeutic strategies for AD. Emerging evidence suggests that interactions of brain metal ions and apolipoprotein E (ApoE), which is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset AD, may be one of the mechanisms for neurodegeneration. Here, we summarize the key points regarding how metal ions and ApoE contribute to the pathogenesis of AD. We further describe the interactions between metal ions and ApoE in the brain and propose that their interactions play an important role in neuropathological alterations and cognitive decline in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Zhang
- Department of Tissue Engineering, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Huiling Gao
- Institute of Neuroscience, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - He Xu
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
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Ma S, Zhang J, Xu C, Da M, Xu Y, Chen Y, Mo X. Increased serum levels of cadmium are associated with an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease in adults. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:1836-1844. [PMID: 34363163 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15732-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have determined the effects of exposure to certain heavy metals on cardiovascular disease (CVD); however, the association between cadmium exposure and CVD in adults remains unclear. The relationship between serum levels of cadmium and the risk of CVD was studied by analyzing available data from 38,223 different participants of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 1999 to 2016. After adjusting for all covariates, we found that higher serum cadmium concentrations were positively related to both the overall risk of CVD (odds ratio (OR): 1.45; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.22, 1.72; p for trend <0.001) and the risks of its subtypes, including congestive heart failure, coronary heart disease, heart attack, and stroke. Elevated cadmium levels were associated with increased levels of lipids and inflammatory factors, including blood triglycerides, total cholesterol, white blood cells (WBCs), and C-reactive protein (CRP). Our study provided epidemiological evidence that cadmium may increase the risk of CVD by elevating blood lipids and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Ma
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 72 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Cheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Da
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 72 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 72 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 72 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Xuming Mo
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 72 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210008, China.
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Kong A, Zhang Y, Ning B, Li K, Ren Z, Dai S, Chen D, Zhou Y, Gu J, Shi H. Cadmium induces triglyceride levels via microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTTP) accumulation caused by lysosomal deacidification regulated by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca 2+ homeostasis. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 348:109649. [PMID: 34516972 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) exposure induced lipid metabolic disorder with changes in lipid composition, as well as triglyceride (TG) levels. Liver is the main organ maintaining body TG level and previous studies suggested that Cd exposure might increase TG synthesis but reduce TG uptake in liver. However, the effects of Cd exposure on TG secretion from liver and underlying mechanism are still unclear. In the present study, the data revealed that Cd exposure increased TG levels in the HepG2 cells and the cultured medium by increasing the expression of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTTP), which was abrogated by siRNA knockdown of MTTP. MTTP was synergistically accumulated after Cd exposure or treated with proteasome inhibitor MG132 and lysosome inhibitor chloroquine (CQ), which suggested the Cd increased MTTP protein stability by inhibiting both the proteasome and the lysosomal protein degradation pathways. In addition, our results demonstrated that Cd exposure inhibited the lysosomal acidic degradation pathway through disrupting endoplastic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ homeostasis. Cd-induced MTTP protein and TG levels were significantly reduced by pretreatments of BAPTA/AM chelation of intracellular Ca2+, 2-APB inhibition of ER Ca2+ release channel inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) and CDN1163 activation of ER Ca2+ reuptake pump sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA). These results suggest that Cd-induced ER Ca2+ release impaired the lysosomal acidity, which associated with MTTP protein accumulation and contributed to increased TG levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Kong
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China
| | - Bo Ning
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China
| | - Kongdong Li
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China
| | - Zhen Ren
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China
| | - Shuya Dai
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China
| | - Dongfeng Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China
| | - Jie Gu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China.
| | - Haifeng Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China.
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