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Rajendran J, Jeyaraman P, Sakthivel E, Almansour AI, Arumugam N, Raja PB. Chemical free, bio-Intercalation of selenium nanoparticles for highly accelerated photo-responsive of organic contaminants debasement and their in-vitro anti-bacterial agents, anti-oxidants effect, cyto-toxic analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 259:119479. [PMID: 38964575 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the use of Excoecaria agallocha leaves as a bio-template for the intercalation of Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs). The synthesized SeNPs were characterized using techniques like SEM-EDX, TEM/HR-TEM, and XRD spectroscopic studies. The study found that SeNPs showed maximum cleaning ability at a dosage of 50 μl/mL, with 95% inhibition of DPPH radicals. However, cellular absorption was limited to 55% at concentrations of 300 μg/L over a 72-h period. The synthesized SeNPs also demonstrated a strong cytotoxic effect on MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines, indicating their potential as anti-cancer agents. Further research is needed to fully explore the potential of these novel nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janani Rajendran
- PG and Research Department of Microbiology, Vivekanandha College of Arts and Sciences for Women (Autonomous), Elayampalayam, Namakkal, 637205, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Prasanna Jeyaraman
- PG and Research Department of Microbiology, Vivekanandha College of Arts and Sciences for Women (Autonomous), Elayampalayam, Namakkal, 637205, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Elamathi Sakthivel
- PG and Research Department of Microbiology, Vivekanandha College of Arts and Sciences for Women (Autonomous), Elayampalayam, Namakkal, 637205, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Abdulrahman I Almansour
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Natarajan Arumugam
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pandian Bothi Raja
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, 11800, Malaysia
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Tungare K, Gupta J, Bhori M, Garse S, Kadam A, Jha P, Jobby R, Amanullah M, Vijayakumar S. Nanomaterial in controlling biofilms and virulence of microbial pathogens. Microb Pathog 2024; 192:106722. [PMID: 38815775 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
The escalating threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a grave concern to global public health, exacerbated by the alarming shortage of effective antibiotics in the pipeline. Biofilms, intricate populations of bacteria encased in self-produced matrices, pose a significant challenge to treatment, as they enhance resistance to antibiotics and contribute to the persistence of organisms. Amid these challenges, nanotechnology emerges as a promising domain in the fight against biofilms. Nanomaterials, with their unique properties at the nanoscale, offer innovative antibacterial modalities not present in traditional defensive mechanisms. This comprehensive review focuses on the potential of nanotechnology in combating biofilms, focusing on green-synthesized nanoparticles and their associated anti-biofilm potential. The review encompasses various aspects of nanoparticle-mediated biofilm inhibition, including mechanisms of action. The diverse mechanisms of action of green-synthesized nanoparticles offer valuable insights into their potential applications in addressing AMR and improving treatment outcomes, highlighting novel strategies in the ongoing battle against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanchanlata Tungare
- School of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, D Y Patil Deemed to be University, Navi Mumbai, Plot no 50, Sector 15, CBD Belapur, 400614, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Juhi Gupta
- School of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, D Y Patil Deemed to be University, Navi Mumbai, Plot no 50, Sector 15, CBD Belapur, 400614, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mustansir Bhori
- Inveniolife Technology PVT LTD, Office No.118, Grow More Tower, Plot No.5, Sector 2, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, 410210, India
| | - Samiksha Garse
- School of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, D Y Patil Deemed to be University, Navi Mumbai, Plot no 50, Sector 15, CBD Belapur, 400614, Maharashtra, India
| | - Aayushi Kadam
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada; Anatek Services PVT LTD, 10, Sai Chamber, Near Santacruz Railway Bridge, Sen Nagar, Santacruz East, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400055, India
| | - Pamela Jha
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunandan Divatia School of Science, NMIMS Deemed to be University, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Renitta Jobby
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Maharashtra, Mumbai-Pune Expressway, Bhatan, Panvel, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, 410206, India; Amity Centre of Excellence in Astrobiology, Amity University Maharashtra, Mumbai-Pune Expressway, Bhatan, Panvel, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, 410206, India
| | - Mohammed Amanullah
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia, 61421
| | - Sekar Vijayakumar
- Center for Global Health Research (CGHR), Saveetha Medical College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209, PR China
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Ran M, Wu J, Jiao Y, Li J. Efficient removal of Sb(III) from wastewater using selenium nanoparticles synthesized by Psidium guajava plant extract. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:43781-43797. [PMID: 38907816 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34007-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Antimony (Sb) pollution in aquatic ecosystems has emerged as a critical environmental issue on a global scale, emphasizing the urgent need for cost-effective and user-friendly technologies to remove Sb compounds from water sources. In this study, a novel adsorbent, selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs), was synthesized using the aqueous extract of Psidium guajava L. leaves (AEP) for the purpose of eliminating Sb(III) from aqueous solutions. The biosynthesized SeNPs was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (XRF), Fourier Transform-Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis techniques. Additionally, the removal efficiency of the SeNPs for Sb(III) was systematic investigated under the effects of SeNPs dose, temperature, pH and re-usability. The results of this study showed that the adsorption data fitted well into pseudo-second order model, while the Sips modeling demonstrated a high adsorption capacity (62.7 mg/g) of SeNPs for Sb(III) ions at 303.15 K from aqueous solution. The exothermic enthalpy change of - 22.59 kJ/mol and negative Gibbs free energy change assured the viability of the adsorption process under the considered temperature conditions. Surface functional groups on SeNPs like carboxyl, amide, hydroxyl, carbonyl, and methylene significantly facilitate the adsorption processes. Furthermore, the removal efficiencies of Sb in the two actual Sb mine wastewater samples were remarkably high, achieving nearly to 100% with 1.5 g/L SeNPs within 48 h. This outcome underscores the potential of SeNPs as a highly promising solution for efficiently remediating Sb from aquatic environments, owing to their cost-effectiveness, ease of regeneration, and rapid uptake capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maodi Ran
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, China
| | - Jiaxing Wu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, China
| | - Ying Jiao
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, China
| | - Jiaokun Li
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, China.
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Eydelkhani M, Kiabi S, Nowruzi B. In vitro assessment of the effect of magnetic fields on efficacy of biosynthesized selenium nanoparticles by Alborzia kermanshahica. BMC Biotechnol 2024; 24:27. [PMID: 38725019 PMCID: PMC11080146 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-024-00855-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria represent a rich resource of a wide array of unique bioactive compounds that are proving to be potent sources of anticancer drugs. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have shown an increasing potential as major therapeutic platforms and led to the production of higher levels of ROS that can present desirable anticancer properties. Chitosan-SeNPs have also presented antitumor properties against hepatic cancer cell lines, especially the Cht-NP (Chitosan-NPs), promoting ROS generation and mitochondria dysfunction. It is proposed that magnetic fields can add new dimensions to nanoparticle applications. Hence, in this study, the biosynthesis of SeNPs using Alborzia kermanshahica and chitosan (CS) as stabilizers has been developed. The SeNPs synthesis was performed at different cyanobacterial cultivation conditions, including control (without magnetic field) and magnetic fields of 30 mT and 60 mT. The SeNPs were characterized by uv-visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential, and TEM. In addition, the antibacterial activity, inhibition of bacterial growth, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), as well as the antifungal activity and cytotoxicity of SeNPs, were performed. The results of uv-visible spectrometry, DLS, and zeta potential showed that 60 mT had the highest value regarding the adsorption, size, and stabilization in compared to the control. FTIR spectroscopy results showed consistent spectra, but the increased intensity of peaks indicates an increase in bond number after exposure to 30 mT and 60 mT. The results of the antibacterial activity and the inhibition zone diameter of synthesized nanoparticles showed that Staphylococcus aureus was more sensitive to nanoparticles produced under 60 mT. Se-NPs produced by Alborzia kermanshahica cultured under a 60 mT magnetic field exhibit potent antimicrobial and anticancer properties, making them a promising natural agent for use in the pharmaceutical and biomedical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melika Eydelkhani
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Converging Sciences and Technologies, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shadi Kiabi
- Department of Biology, Tonekabon branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, Iran
| | - Bahareh Nowruzi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Converging Sciences and Technologies, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
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Rasheed R, Bhat A, Singh B, Tian F. Biogenic Synthesis of Selenium and Copper Oxide Nanoparticles and Inhibitory Effect against Multi-Drug Resistant Biofilm-Forming Bacterial Pathogens. Biomedicines 2024; 12:994. [PMID: 38790956 PMCID: PMC11117875 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12050994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR), caused by microbial infections, has become a major contributor to morbid rates of mortality worldwide and a serious threat to public health. The exponential increase in resistant pathogen strains including Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) poses significant hurdles in the health sector due to their greater resistance to traditional treatments and medicines. Efforts to tackle infectious diseases caused by resistant microbes have prompted the development of novel antibacterial agents. Herein, we present selenium and copper oxide monometallic nanoparticles (Se-MMNPs and CuO-MMNPs), characterized using various techniques and evaluated for their antibacterial potential via disc diffusion, determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), antibiofilm, and killing kinetic action. Dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM/EDX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques confirmed the size-distribution, spherical-shape, stability, elemental composition, and structural aspects of the synthesized nanoparticles. The MIC values of Se-MMNPs and CuO-MMNPs against S. aureus and E. coli were determined to be 125 μg/mL and 100 μg/mL, respectively. Time-kill kinetics studies revealed that CuO-MMNPs efficiently mitigate the growth of S. aureus and E. coli within 3 and 3.5 h while Se-MMNPs took 4 and 5 h, respectively. Moreover, CuO-MMNPs demonstrated better inhibition compared to Se-MMNPs. Overall, the proposed materials exhibited promising antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rida Rasheed
- University of Wah, Wah Cantonment 47040, Pakistan;
| | - Abhijnan Bhat
- School of Food Science & Environmental Health, Technological University Dublin (TU Dublin), Grangegorman, D07 ADY7 Dublin, Ireland; (A.B.); (B.S.)
| | - Baljit Singh
- School of Food Science & Environmental Health, Technological University Dublin (TU Dublin), Grangegorman, D07 ADY7 Dublin, Ireland; (A.B.); (B.S.)
- MiCRA Biodiagnostics Technology Gateway and Health, Engineering & Materials Sciences (HEMS) Hub, Technological University Dublin (TU Dublin), D24 FKT9 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Furong Tian
- School of Food Science & Environmental Health, Technological University Dublin (TU Dublin), Grangegorman, D07 ADY7 Dublin, Ireland; (A.B.); (B.S.)
- Nanolab Research Centre, FOCAS Research Institute, Technological University Dublin (TU Dublin), Camden Row, D08 CKP1 Dublin, Ireland
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Behera A, Dharmalingam Jothinathan MK, Saravanan S, Tamil Selvan S, Rajan Renuka R, Srinivasan GP. Green Synthesis of Selenium Nanoparticles From Clove and Their Toxicity Effect and Anti-angiogenic, Antibacterial and Antioxidant Potential. Cureus 2024; 16:e55605. [PMID: 38586722 PMCID: PMC10995455 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.55605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Nanoparticles, owing to their minuscule size, have become pivotal in diverse scientific endeavors, presenting unique characteristics with applications spanning medicine to environmental science. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) exhibit potential in diverse biomedical uses. Aim This research investigates the potential anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties of SeNPs, which are synthesized using the green synthesis method. This eco-friendly approach aligns with sustainable practices and utilizes clove extract (Syzygium aromaticum). Materials and methods Clove extract facilitates SeNP synthesis via sodium selenite reduction. The characterization methods comprised Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, UV-VIS spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Assessments covered antioxidant properties, chorioallantoic membrane assay (CAM) assay for antiangiogenic effects, toxicity evaluation, and antibacterial assays. Results Successful synthesis of SeNPs was verified by a UV-visible absorption peak at 256 nm and FTIR peaks around 3500-500 cm -1, and the spherical morphology was confirmed by SEM analysis with EDAX, which indicated the presence of SeNPs and their unique properties. Phytochemical substances are active chemicals that contribute to the properties of SeNPs. The SeNPs exhibited antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 0.437 µg/mL and antibacterial properties against bacterial pathogen Salmonella species, with a zone of inhibition measuring 19 mm. The CAM assay demonstrated possible antiangiogenic actions, and toxicity testing on Artemia nauplii showed biocompatibility. Conclusion This study underscores the efficient synthesis of SeNPs using clove extract, emphasizing their potential applications. The notable properties of SeNPs emphasize their promise for diverse biomedical and environmental uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Behera
- Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, IND
| | | | - Saantosh Saravanan
- Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, IND
| | - Silambarasan Tamil Selvan
- Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, IND
| | - Remya Rajan Renuka
- Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, IND
| | - Guru Prasad Srinivasan
- Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, IND
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Baluken P, Kamiloglu A, Kutlu N. Green Synthesis of Selenium Nanoparticles using Green Coffee Beans: An Optimization Study. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202301250. [PMID: 38359016 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202301250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
In this study, ultrasonication extraction of some bioactive compounds from green coffee beans was optimized with the response surface method using Box-Behnken experimental design. The best condition was selected as 90.90 W ultrasonic power, 33.63 min sonication time and 30 % solid concentration. The responses obtained under optimum conditions had TPC, DPPH and CUPRAC values identified as 6603.33±2025.94 ppm GAE, 9638.31±372.17 ppm TE and 98.83 mmol, respectively. Microwave-assisted selenium nanoparticle production was carried out using the extract obtained under optimized conditions. The produced selenium nanoparticles showed absorbance between 350-400 nm. The surface morphology and size of the nanoparticles were determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and spherical nanoparticles of about 100 nm were produced. Functional groups affecting the reduction were determined by FTIR analysis. In addition, the produced selenium nanoparticles had amorphous (non-uniform) structure and could maintain their stability at high temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pınar Baluken
- Department of Food Engineering, Bayburt University, Bayburt, 69000, Turkiye
| | - Aybike Kamiloglu
- Department of Food Engineering, Bayburt University, Bayburt, 69000, Turkiye
| | - Naciye Kutlu
- Department of Food Processing, Bayburt University, Aydintepe, Bayburt, 69500, Turkiye
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Thirupathi B, Pongen YL, Kaveriyappan GR, Dara PK, Rathinasamy S, Vinayagam S, Sundaram T, Hyun BK, Durairaj T, Sekar SKR. Padina boergesenii mediated synthesis of Se-ZnO bimetallic nanoparticles for effective anticancer activity. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1358467. [PMID: 38468852 PMCID: PMC10925794 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1358467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Evaluating the anticancer property of Padina boergesenii mediated bimetallic nanoparticles. Methods The present study focuses on synthesizing Se-ZnO bimetallic nanoparticles from an aqueous algal extract of brown algae Padina boergesenii.Synthesized Se-ZnO NPs were characterized by UV, FTIR, SEM-EDS and HRTEM for confirmation along with the anticancer activity by MTT assay. Results The UV gave an absorbance peak at 342 and 370 nm, and the FTIR showed functional groups involved in synthesizing Se-ZnO NPs. The TEM micrographs indicated the crystalline nature and confirmed the size of the Se-ZnO NPs to be at an average size of 26.14 nm. Anticancer efficacy against the MCF-7 breast and HepG2 (hepatoblastoma) cell lines were also demonstrated, attaining an IC50 value of 67.9 µg and 74.9 µg/ml respectively, which caused 50% cell death. Discussion This work aims to highlight an effective method for delivering bioactive compounds extracted from brown algae and emphasize its future therapeutic prospects. The potential of Selenium-Zinc oxide nanoparticles is of great interest due to the biocompatibility and low toxicity aspects of selenium combined with the cost-effectiveness and sustainability of zinc metal. The presence of bioactive compounds contributed to the stability of the nanoparticles and acted as capping properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Thirupathi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India
| | - Yimtar Lanutoshi Pongen
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India
| | | | - Pavan Kumar Dara
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India
| | - Suresh Rathinasamy
- Research and Development Centre, Greensmed Labs, Thoraipakkam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Saranya Vinayagam
- Department of Biosciences, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India
| | - Thanigaivel Sundaram
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India
| | - Baek Kwang Hyun
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Thirumurugan Durairaj
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India
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Ran M, Wu T, Jiao Y, Wu J, Li J. Selenium bio-nanocomposite based on extracellular polymeric substances (EPS): Synthesis, characterization and application in alleviating cadmium toxicity in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 258:129089. [PMID: 38161017 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.129089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have gained significant attention owing to their favorable bioavailability and low toxicity, making them widely applications in the fields of medicine, food and agriculture. In this study, bacterial extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) were used as a novel stabilizer and capping agent to prepare dispersed SeNPs. Results show that EPS-SeNPs presented negative potential (-38 mV), spherical morphologies with average particle size about 100-200 nm and kept stable at room temperature for a long time. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis demonstrated that the synthesized nanoparticles were pure amorphous nanoparticles, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectrum showed a spike at 55.6 eV, indicating the presence of zero-valent nano‑selenium. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix (3D-EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy analysis confirmed proteins and polysaccharides in EPS played a crucial role in the synthesis of EPS-SeNPs. Compared to EPS or sodium selenite (Na2SeO3), EPS-SeNPs showed a relatively moderate result in terms of scavenging free radicals in vitro. In contrast, EPS-SeNPs demonstrated lower toxicity to rice seeds than Na2SeO3. Notably, the exogenous application of EPS-SeNPs effectively alleviated the growth inhibition and oxidative damaged caused by cadmium (Cd), and significantly reduced Cd accumulation in rice plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maodi Ran
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Tingting Wu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Ying Jiao
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Jiaxing Wu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Jiaokun Li
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China.
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Hariharan S, Chauhan S, Marcharla E, Alphonse CRW, Rajaretinam RK, Ganesan S. Developmental toxicity and neurobehavioral effects of sodium selenite and selenium nanoparticles on zebrafish embryos. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2024; 266:106791. [PMID: 38070396 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/02/2024]
Abstract
Selenium, a trace mineral, is essential for several physiological processes in humans and animals. It is an antioxidant vital for the immunological response, DNA synthesis, thyroid hormone metabolism, and antioxidant defense enzymes. Zebrafish embryos and larvae were exposed to different concentrations of sodium selenite (SodSe) and selenium nanoparticles (SeNs) at various developmental stages. The study evaluated the impact of SodSe and SeNs on larvae survival, hatching rate, and morphological abnormalities. Also, acridine orange staining was used to analyze the apoptotic cell death, and behavioral tests were conducted to assess anxiety-like behaviors. The results showed that both SodSe and SeNs influence the development and neurobehavior of zebrafish larvae in a concentration-dependent manner. SodSe at high concentration causes low survival rates, delayed hatching, and increased morphological defects in zebrafish larvae. In addition, exposure to SodSe resulted in elevated apoptosis in different larval tissues. Zebrafish larvae treated with SodSe and SeNs exhibited anxiety-like behaviour, increased thigmotaxis, less exploratory behaviour, and less swimming patterns. The nerve conductions and stimuli responses evaluated through acetylcholine esterase (AChE) and cortisol assays, revealed a decrease in the activity in a dose-dependent manner of SodSe and SeNs. Interestingly, the effects of SeNs were lower even at higher concentrations when compared with SodSe at lower concentrations on zebrafish embryos. This shows that SeNs synthesized through biological methods may be less toxic and may have lower effect on the development and neurobehavior of zebrafish larvae. Thus, our study confirms the cytotoxic and neurobehavioral effects of SodSe and suggests the use of SeNs at lower concentration to provide insights into better understanding of developmental stages and metabolic pathways in zebrafish larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Hariharan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Smarika Chauhan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Eswar Marcharla
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Carlton Ranjith Wilson Alphonse
- Neuroscience Lab, Molecular and Nanomedicine Research Unit, Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajesh Kannan Rajaretinam
- Neuroscience Lab, Molecular and Nanomedicine Research Unit, Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India; Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, Galgotias University, Yamuna Expressway, Gautam Buddh Nagar, Greater Noida-203201 NCR India
| | - Swamynathan Ganesan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India.
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Mikhailova EO. Selenium Nanoparticles: Green Synthesis and Biomedical Application. Molecules 2023; 28:8125. [PMID: 38138613 PMCID: PMC10745377 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28248125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) are extremely popular objects in nanotechnology. "Green" synthesis has special advantages due to the growing necessity for environmentally friendly, non-toxic, and low-cost methods. This review considers the biosynthesis mechanism of bacteria, fungi, algae, and plants, including the role of various biological substances in the processes of reducing selenium compounds to SeNPs and their further packaging. Modern information and approaches to the possible biomedical use of selenium nanoparticles are presented: antimicrobial, antiviral, anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and other properties, as well as the mechanisms of these processes, that have important potential therapeutic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina O Mikhailova
- Institute of Innovation Management, Kazan National Research Technological University, K. Marx Street 68, 420015 Kazan, Russia
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Nowruzi B, Jalil BS, Metcalf JS. Antifungal screening of selenium nanoparticles biosynthesized by microcystin-producing Desmonostoc alborizicum. BMC Biotechnol 2023; 23:41. [PMID: 37759248 PMCID: PMC10538242 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-023-00807-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Metal nanoparticles exhibit excellent antifungal abilities and are seen as a good substitute for controlling different kinds of fungi. Of all known taxa, cyanobacteria have received significant consideration as nanobiofactories, as a result of the cellular assimilation of heavy metals from the environment. The cellular bioactive enzymes, polysaccharides and pigments can be used as reducers and coatings during biosynthesis. The probability of the antifungal activity of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) to prevent plant fungi that can affect humans was evaluated and a toxic Iranian cyanobacterial strain of Desmonostoc alborizicum was used to study the biotechnology of SeNP synthesis for the first time. Characterization of nanoparticles with a UV-Vis spectrophotometer showed the formation of SeNPs in the range of 271-275 nm with the appearance of an orange color. Morphological examination of nanoparticles with Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), revealed the spherical shape of nanoparticles. The results of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) showed 7 peaks and a hexagonal structure of average crystal size equal to 58.8 nm. The dispersion index of SeNPs was reported as 0.635, which indicated the homogeneity of the nanoparticle droplet size. The zeta potential of the nanoparticles was + 22.7. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis exhibited a sharp and intense peak located at the wave number of 404 cm- 1, related to the SeNPs synthesized in this research. The results of the antifungal activity of SeNPs showed among the investigated fungi, Pythium ultimum had the highest resistance to SeNPs (14.66 ± 0.52 µg/ml), while Alternaria alternata showed the highest sensitivity (9.66 ± 0.51 µg/ml) (p < 0.05). To the best of our knowledge this is the first report concerning the characterization and antifungal screening of SeNPs biosynthesized by Iranian cyanobacteria, which could be used as effective candidates in medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Nowruzi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Converging Sciences and Technologies, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran city, Iran.
| | - Bilal Saad Jalil
- Iraqi ministry of higher education and scientific research, Karbala University, Karbala city, Iraq
| | - James S Metcalf
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green city, OH, 43403, USA
- Brain Chemistry Labs, Box 3464, Jackson, WY, 83001 city, USA
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Madkhali OA. A comprehensive review on potential applications of metallic nanoparticles as antifungal therapies to combat human fungal diseases. Saudi Pharm J 2023; 31:101733. [PMID: 37649674 PMCID: PMC10463261 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2023.101733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human pathogenic fungi are responsible for causing a range of infection types including mucosal, skin, and invasive infections. Life-threatening and invasive fungal infections (FIs) are responsible for mortality and morbidity, especially for individuals with compromised immune function. The number of currently available therapeutic agents against invasive FIs is limited compared to that against bacterial infections. In addition, the increased mortality and morbidity caused by FIs are linked to the limited number of available antifungal agents, antifungal resistance, and the increased toxicity of these agents. Currently available antifungal agents have several drawbacks in efficiency, efficacy, toxicity, activity spectrum, and selectivity. It has already been demonstrated with numerous metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) that these nanoparticles can serve as an effective and alternative solution as fungicidal agents. MNPs have great potential owing to their intrinsic antifungal properties and potential to deliver antifungal drugs. For instance, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have the capacity to disturb mitochondrial calcium homeostasis induced AuNP-mediated cell death in Candida albicans. In addition, both copper nanoparticles and copper oxide nanoparticles exerted significant suppressive properties against pathogenic fungi. Silver nanoparticles showed strong antifungal properties against numerous pathogenic fungi, such as Stachybotrys chartarum, Mortierella alpina, Chaetomium globosum, A. fumigatus, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Penicillium brevicompactum, Trichophyton rubrum, C. tropicalis, and C. albicans. Iron oxide nanoparticles showed potent antifungal activities against A. niger and P. chrysogenum. It has also been reported that zinc oxide nanoparticles can significantly inhibit fungal growth. These NPs have already exerted potent antifungal properties against a number of pathogenic fungal species including Candida, Aspergillus, Fusarium, and many others. Several strategies are currently used for the research and development of antifungal NPs including chemical modification of NPs and combination with the available drugs. This review has comprehensively presented the current and innovative antifungal approach using MNPs. Moreover, different types of MNPs, their physicochemical characteristics, and production techniques have been summarized in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama A. Madkhali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45124, Saudi Arabia
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Garza-García JJO, Hernández-Díaz JA, León-Morales JM, Velázquez-Juárez G, Zamudio-Ojeda A, Arratia-Quijada J, Reyes-Maldonado OK, López-Velázquez JC, García-Morales S. Selenium nanoparticles based on Amphipterygium glaucum extract with antibacterial, antioxidant, and plant biostimulant properties. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:252. [PMID: 37537575 PMCID: PMC10399041 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-02027-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, crop production has expanded due to the variety of commercially available species. This increase in production has led to global competition and the search for biostimulant products that improve crop quality and yield. At the same time, agricultural products that protect against diseases caused by phytopathogenic microorganisms are needed. Thus, the green synthesis of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) is a proposal for achieving these needs. In this research, SeNPs were synthesized from methanolic extract of Amphipterygium glaucum leaves, and chemically and biologically characterized. RESULTS The characterization of SeNPs was conducted by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron microscopy transmission (TEM), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), energy dispersion X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and infrared spectrophotometry (FTIR) techniques. SeNPs with an average size of 40-60 nm and spherical and needle-shaped morphologies were obtained. The antibacterial activity of SeNPs against Serratia marcescens, Enterobacter cloacae, and Alcaligenes faecalis was evaluated. The results indicate that the methanolic extracts of A. glaucum and SeNPs presented a high antioxidant activity. The biostimulant effect of SeNPs (10, 20, 50, and 100 µM) was evaluated in vinca (Catharanthus roseus), and calendula (Calendula officinalis) plants under greenhouse conditions, and they improved growth parameters such as the height, the fresh and dry weight of roots, stems, and leaves; and the number of flowers of vinca and calendula. CONCLUSIONS The antibacterial, antioxidant, and biostimulant properties of SeNPs synthesized from A. glaucum extract demonstrated in this study support their use as a promising tool in crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge J. O. Garza-García
- Plant Biotechnology, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Camino Arenero 1227, 45019 Zapopan, Mexico
| | - José A. Hernández-Díaz
- Plant Biotechnology, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Camino Arenero 1227, 45019 Zapopan, Mexico
| | - Janet M. León-Morales
- Coordinación Académica Región Altiplano Oeste, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Carretera Salinas-Santo Domingo 200, 78600 Salinas de Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - Gilberto Velázquez-Juárez
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Boulevard Gral. Marcelino García Barragán 1421, 44430 Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Adalberto Zamudio-Ojeda
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Boulevard Gral. Marcelino García Barragán 1421, 44430 Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Jenny Arratia-Quijada
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Tonalá, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Nuevo Periférico Oriente 555, 45425 Tonalá, Mexico
| | - Oscar K. Reyes-Maldonado
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Boulevard Gral. Marcelino García Barragán 1421, 44430 Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Julio C. López-Velázquez
- Plant Biotechnology, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Camino Arenero 1227, 45019 Zapopan, Mexico
| | - Soledad García-Morales
- Plant Biotechnology, CONAHCYT-Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Camino Arenero 1227, 45019 Zapopan, Mexico
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Pescuma M, Aparicio F, Zysler RD, Lima E, Zapata C, Marfetán JA, Vélez M, Ordoñez OF. Biogenic selenium nanoparticles with antifungal activity against the wood-rotting fungus Oligoporus pelliculosus. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 37:e00787. [PMID: 36818378 PMCID: PMC9929205 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2023.e00787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have antimicrobial and antifungal activity. SeNPs using Se resistant bacteria is a low cost and eco-friendly technology. Fungal contamination of wood during drying is one of the main causes of economic losses in the wood industry. The bacterium Delftia sp. 5 resistance to Se and its ability to produce SeNPs able to inhibit the growth of the wood brown-rotting fungus Oligoporus pelliculosus was analyzed. The strain showed an optimal SeNPs production when selenite concentration was 160 mg L -1. The SeNPs were spherical with an average size 192.33 ± 8.6 nm and a zeta potential of -41.4 ± 1.3 nm. The SeNPs produced by Delftia sp. 5 (33.6 ± 0.1 mg L -1 Se) inhibited the growth of O. pelliculosus in agar plates and in Nothofagus pumilio (Lenga) wood samples. Delftia sp. 5 SeNPs could be used for embedding lenga wood prior to drying for preventing the growth of the deteriorating fungi O. pelliculosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela Pescuma
- Centro de Investigación y Extensión Forestal Andino Patagónico (CIEFAP), Esquel, Chubut, Argentina
- CONICET Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas
| | - Francisca Aparicio
- Centro de Investigación y Extensión Forestal Andino Patagónico (CIEFAP), Esquel, Chubut, Argentina
- CONICET Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas
| | - Roberto D. Zysler
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología, CNEA-CONICET, San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Enio Lima
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología, CNEA-CONICET, San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Claudia Zapata
- Centro de Investigación y Extensión Forestal Andino Patagónico (CIEFAP), Esquel, Chubut, Argentina
- Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco (UNPSJB), Esquel, Chubut, Argentina
| | - Jorge A. Marfetán
- Centro de Investigación y Extensión Forestal Andino Patagónico (CIEFAP), Esquel, Chubut, Argentina
- CONICET Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas
- Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco (UNPSJB), Esquel, Chubut, Argentina
| | - M.Laura Vélez
- Centro de Investigación y Extensión Forestal Andino Patagónico (CIEFAP), Esquel, Chubut, Argentina
- CONICET Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas
- Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco (UNPSJB), Esquel, Chubut, Argentina
| | - Omar F. Ordoñez
- Centro de Investigación y Extensión Forestal Andino Patagónico (CIEFAP), Esquel, Chubut, Argentina
- CONICET Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas
- Corresponding author.
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Almuqrin A, Kaur IP, Walsh LJ, Seneviratne CJ, Zafar S. Amelioration Strategies for Silver Diamine Fluoride: Moving from Black to White. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12020298. [PMID: 36830209 PMCID: PMC9951939 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12020298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Topical cariostatic agents have become a reasonable alternative for managing dental caries in young children. Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) is a practical topical approach to arrest caries and avoid extensive and risky dental treatment. However, the literature demonstrates a parental hesitation towards accepting SDF because of black unaesthetic tooth discolouration following application. The rapid oxidation of ionic silver darkens demineralised tooth structure permanently. In this regard, nano-metallic antimicrobials could augment or substitute for silver, and thereby enhance SDF aesthetic performance. Recently, biomedical research has drawn attention to selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) due to their antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antiviral potencies. Various in vitro studies have examined the effect of SeNPs on the virulence of bacteria. This narrative review explores practical issues when using SDF and suggests future directions to develop it, focusing on antimicrobial metals. Several methods are described that could be followed to reduce the discolouration concern, including the use of nanoparticles of silver, of silver fluoride, or of selenium or other metals with antimicrobial actions. There could also be value in using remineralising agents other than fluoride, such as NPs of hydroxyapatite. There could be variations made to formulations in order to lower the levels of silver and fluoride in the SDF or even to replace one or both of the silver and fluoride components completely. Moreover, since oxidation processes appear central to the chemistry of the staining, adding SeNPs which have antioxidant actions could have an anti-staining benefit; SeNPs could be used for their antimicrobial actions as well. Future research should address the topic of selenium chemistry to optimise how SeNPs would be used with or in place of ionic silver. Incorporating other antimicrobial metals as nanoparticles should also be explored, taking into account the optimal physicochemical parameters for each of these.
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An Overview of Herbal-Based Antidiabetic Drug Delivery Systems: Focus on Lipid- and Inorganic-Based Nanoformulations. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14102135. [PMID: 36297570 PMCID: PMC9610297 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14102135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a metabolic pathology with chronic high blood glucose levels that occurs when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or the body does not properly use the insulin it produces. Diabetes management is a puzzle and focuses on a healthy lifestyle, physical exercise, and medication. Thus far, the condition remains incurable; management just helps to control it. Its medical treatment is expensive and is to be followed for the long term, which is why people, especially from low-income countries, resort to herbal medicines. However, many active compounds isolated from plants (phytocompounds) are poorly bioavailable due to their low solubility, low permeability, or rapid elimination. To overcome these impediments and to alleviate the cost burden on disadvantaged populations, plant nanomedicines are being studied. Nanoparticulate formulations containing antidiabetic plant extracts or phytocompounds have shown promising results. We herein aimed to provide an overview of the use of lipid- and inorganic-based nanoparticulate delivery systems with plant extracts or phytocompounds for the treatment of diabetes while highlighting their advantages and limitations for clinical application. The findings from the reviewed works showed that these nanoparticulate formulations resulted in high antidiabetic activity at low doses compared to the corresponding plant extracts or phytocompounds alone. Moreover, it was shown that nanoparticulate systems address the poor bioavailability of herbal medicines, but the lack of enough preclinical and clinical pharmacokinetic and/or pharmacodynamic trials still delays their use in diabetic patients.
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