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The Cilioprotist Cytoskeleton , a Model for Understanding How Cell Architecture and Pattern Are Specified: Recent Discoveries from Ciliates and Comparable Model Systems. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2364:251-295. [PMID: 34542858 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1661-1_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
The cytoskeletons of eukaryotic, cilioprotist microorganisms are complex, highly patterned, and diverse, reflecting the varied and elaborate swimming, feeding, reproductive, and sensory behaviors of the multitude of cilioprotist species that inhabit the aquatic environment. In the past 10-20 years, many new discoveries and technologies have helped to advance our understanding of how cytoskeletal organelles are assembled in many different eukaryotic model systems, in relation to the construction and modification of overall cellular architecture and function. Microtubule organizing centers, particularly basal bodies and centrioles, have continued to reveal their central roles in architectural engineering of the eukaryotic cell, including in the cilioprotists. This review calls attention to (1) published resources that illuminate what is known of the cilioprotist cytoskeleton; (2) recent studies on cilioprotists and other model organisms that raise specific questions regarding whether basal body- and centriole-associated nucleic acids, both DNA and RNA, should continue to be considered when seeking to employ cilioprotists as model systems for cytoskeletal research; and (3) new, mainly imaging, technologies that have already proven useful for, but also promise to enhance, future cytoskeletal research on cilioprotists.
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Turner KA, Fishman EL, Asadullah M, Ott B, Dusza P, Shah TA, Sindhwani P, Nadiminty N, Molinari E, Patrizio P, Saltzman BS, Avidor-Reiss T. Fluorescence-Based Ratiometric Analysis of Sperm Centrioles (FRAC) Finds Patient Age and Sperm Morphology Are Associated With Centriole Quality. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:658891. [PMID: 33968935 PMCID: PMC8100587 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.658891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A large proportion of infertility and miscarriage causes are unknown. One potential cause is a defective sperm centriole, a subcellular structure essential for sperm motility and embryonic development. Yet, the extent to which centriolar maladies contribute to male infertility is unknown due to the lack of a convenient way to assess centriole quality. We developed a robust, location-based, ratiometric assay to overcome this roadblock, the Fluorescence-based Ratiometric Assessment of Centrioles (FRAC). We performed a case series study with semen samples from 33 patients, separated using differential gradient centrifugation into higher-grade (pellet) and lower-grade (interface) sperm fractions. Using a reference population of higher-grade sperm from infertile men with morphologically standard sperm, we found that 79% of higher-grade sperm of infertile men with substandard sperm morphology have suboptimal centrioles (P = 0.0005). Moreover, tubulin labeling of the sperm distal centriole correlates negatively with age (P = 0.004, R = -0.66). These findings suggest that FRAC is a sensitive method and that patient age and sperm morphology are associated with centriole quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina A. Turner
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Emily L. Fishman
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Mariam Asadullah
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Brooke Ott
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Patrick Dusza
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Tariq A. Shah
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Puneet Sindhwani
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Nagalakshmi Nadiminty
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Emanuela Molinari
- Yale Fertility Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Pasquale Patrizio
- Yale Fertility Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Barbara S. Saltzman
- School of Population Health, College of Health and Human Services, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Tomer Avidor-Reiss
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
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Lee H, Kim J, Weber JA, Chung O, Cho YS, Jho S, Jun J, Kim HM, Lim J, Choi JP, Jeon S, Blazyte A, Edwards JS, Paek WK, Bhak J. Whole Genome Analysis of the Red-Crowned Crane Provides Insight into Avian Longevity. Mol Cells 2020; 43:86-95. [PMID: 31940721 PMCID: PMC6999708 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2019.0190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The red-crowned crane (Grus japonensis) is an endangered, large-bodied crane native to East Asia. It is a traditional symbol of longevity and its long lifespan has been confirmed both in captivity and in the wild. Lifespan in birds is known to be positively correlated with body size and negatively correlated with metabolic rate, though the genetic mechanisms for the red-crowned crane's long lifespan have not previously been investigated. Using whole genome sequencing and comparative evolutionary analyses against the grey-crowned crane and other avian genomes, including the long-lived common ostrich, we identified redcrowned crane candidate genes with known associations with longevity. Among these are positively selected genes in metabolism and immunity pathways (NDUFA5, NDUFA8, NUDT12, SOD3, CTH , RPA1, PHAX, HNMT , HS2ST1 , PPCDC , PSTK CD8B, GP9, IL-9R, and PTPRC). Our analyses provide genetic evidence for low metabolic rate and longevity, accompanied by possible convergent adaptation signatures among distantly related large and long-lived birds. Finally, we identified low genetic diversity in the red-crowned crane, consistent with its listing as an endangered species, and this genome should provide a useful genetic resource for future conservation studies of this rare and iconic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- HyeJin Lee
- Personal Genomics Institute, Genome Research Foundation, Cheongju 28160,
Korea
| | - Jungeun Kim
- Personal Genomics Institute, Genome Research Foundation, Cheongju 28160,
Korea
| | - Jessica A. Weber
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115,
USA
| | | | | | - Sungwoong Jho
- Personal Genomics Institute, Genome Research Foundation, Cheongju 28160,
Korea
| | | | - Hak-Min Kim
- KOGIC, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919,
Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919,
Korea
| | - Jeongheui Lim
- National Science Museum, Ministry of Science and ICT, Daejeon 34143,
Korea
| | - Jae-Pil Choi
- Personal Genomics Institute, Genome Research Foundation, Cheongju 28160,
Korea
| | - Sungwon Jeon
- KOGIC, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919,
Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919,
Korea
| | - Asta Blazyte
- KOGIC, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919,
Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919,
Korea
| | - Jeremy S. Edwards
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology, UNM Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131,
USA
| | - Woon Kee Paek
- National Science Museum, Ministry of Science and ICT, Daejeon 34143,
Korea
| | - Jong Bhak
- Personal Genomics Institute, Genome Research Foundation, Cheongju 28160,
Korea
- Clinomics, Ulsan 44919,
Korea
- KOGIC, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919,
Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919,
Korea
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Coelho M, Dereli A, Haese A, Kühn S, Malinovska L, DeSantis ME, Shorter J, Alberti S, Gross T, Tolić-Nørrelykke IM. Fission yeast does not age under favorable conditions, but does so after stress. Curr Biol 2013; 23:1844-52. [PMID: 24035542 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2013.07.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 07/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many unicellular organisms age: as time passes, they divide more slowly and ultimately die. In budding yeast, asymmetric segregation of cellular damage results in aging mother cells and rejuvenated daughters. We hypothesize that the organisms in which this asymmetry is lacking, or can be modulated, may not undergo aging. RESULTS We performed a complete pedigree analysis of microcolonies of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe growing from a single cell. When cells were grown under favorable conditions, none of the lineages exhibited aging, which is defined as a consecutive increase in division time and increased death probability. Under favorable conditions, few cells died, and their death was random and sudden rather than following a gradual increase in division time. Cell death correlated with the inheritance of Hsp104-associated protein aggregates. After stress, the cells that inherited large aggregates aged, showing a consecutive increase in division time and an increased death probability. Their sisters, who inherited little or no aggregates, did not age. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that S. pombe does not age under favorable growth conditions, but does so under stress. This transition appears to be passive rather than active and results from the formation of a single large aggregate, which segregates asymmetrically at the subsequent cell division. We argue that this damage-induced asymmetric segregation has evolved to sacrifice some cells so that others may survive unscathed after severe environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Coelho
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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Chichinadze K, Lazarashvili A, Tkemaladze J. RNA in centrosomes: structure and possible functions. PROTOPLASMA 2013; 250:397-405. [PMID: 22684578 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-012-0422-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A novel RNA was detected in the centrosomes of Spisula solidissima mollusk oocytes in 2006. This RNA was named centrosomal RNA (cnRNA); five different cnRNAs were described. During the sequencing of the first transcript, cnRNA 11, it was discovered that the transcript contained a conserved structure--a reverse transcriptase domain. In a 2005 study, we speculated about several possible mechanisms for determining the most important functions of centrosomal structures and referred to one of them as an "RNA-dependent mechanism". The discovery of RNA specific to the centrosome is indirect evidence of the centrosomal hypothesis of cellular aging and differentiation. The presence of a reverse transcriptase domain in this type of RNA, together with its uniqueness and specificity, makes the centrosome a place of information storage and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Chichinadze
- I. Beritashvili Center Experimental Biomedicine, 14 Gotua Street, 0160, Tbilisi, Georgia.
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Chichinadze K, Tkemaladze J, Lazarashvili A. A new class of RNAs and the centrosomal hypothesis of cell aging. ADVANCES IN GERONTOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s2079057012040054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Chichinadze K, Tkemaladze J, Lazarashvili A. Discovery of centrosomal RNA and centrosomal hypothesis of cellular ageing and differentiation. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2012; 31:172-83. [PMID: 22356233 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2011.648362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In 2006, a group of scientists studying centrosomes of Spisula solidissima mollusc oocytes under the leadership of Alliegro (Alliegro, M.C.; Alliegro, M.A.; Palazzo, R.E. Centrosome-associated RNA in surf clam oocytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2006, 103(24), 9034-9038) reliably demonstrated the existence of specific RNA in centrosome, called centrosomal RNA (cnRNA). In their first article, five different RNAs (cnRNAs 11, 102, 113, 170, and 184) were described. During the process of full sequencing of the first transcript (cnRNA 11), it was discovered that the transcript contained a conserved structure-a reverse transcriptase domain located together with the most important centrosomal protein, γ-tubulin. In an article published in 2005, we made assumptions about several possible mechanisms for determining the most important functions of centrosomal structures and referred to one of them as a "RNA-dependent mechanism." This idea about participation of hypothetic centrosomal small interference RNA and/or microRNA in the process was made one year prior to the discovery of cnRNA by Alliegro's group. The discovery of specific RNA in a centrosome is indirect evidence of a centrosomal hypothesis of cellular ageing and differentiation. The presence of a reverse transcriptase domain in this type of RNA, together with its uniqueness and specificity, makes the centrosome a place of information storage and reproduction.
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Lezhava T, Monaselidze J, Jokhadze T, Kakauridze N, Khodeli N, Rogava M, Bochorishvili T, Gorgoshidze M, Khachidze D, Lomidze E, Tkemaladze J, Chichinadze K, Koridze M, Khukhuneishvili R, Zosidze N, Nagervadze M, Buadze T, Gaiozishvili M. Gerontology research in Georgia. Biogerontology 2010; 12:87-91. [PMID: 20480236 PMCID: PMC3063552 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-010-9283-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Gerontology research carried out in different scientific centers of Georgia follows the basic directions of most work in this field: epidemiology, investigation of the mechanisms of aging, and finding ways to prevent senile pathologies and to prolong life. The genealogy and epidemiology of long-living peaple have been studied in areas with high occurrence of these people by considering the sex ratio and social status of the long-living, the influence of environmental factors, and the development of senile pathologies. According to the centrosome (centriole) model of aging, the centrosomes and the cytoskeleton, important structures in cellular differentiation and morphogenesis, may be involved in the initiation of the replication senescence mechanism. Our analysis of genetic studies shows that progressive chromosome heterochromatinization (condensation of eu- and heterochromatin regions) occurs in aging. Decreases in the repair processes and increases in the frequency of chromosome aberrations during aging are secondary to this progressive chromosome heterochromatinization. Chromosome heterochromatinization is a key factor in aging but may be reversible under the influence of bioregulators, some chemical substances, and heavy metal salts. The study of chromosome heterochromatinization may provide clues to the potential for prolonging the human lifespan.
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