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Genetic background influences survival of infections with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in the Collaborative Cross. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010075. [PMID: 35417454 PMCID: PMC9067680 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella infections typically cause self-limiting gastroenteritis, but in some individuals these bacteria can spread systemically and cause disseminated disease. Salmonella Typhimurium (STm), which causes severe systemic disease in most inbred mice, has been used as a model for disseminated disease. To screen for new infection phenotypes across a range of host genetics, we orally infected 32 Collaborative Cross (CC) mouse strains with STm and monitored their disease progression for seven days by telemetry. Our data revealed a broad range of phenotypes across CC strains in many parameters including survival, bacterial colonization, tissue damage, complete blood counts (CBC), and serum cytokines. Eighteen CC strains survived to day 7, while fourteen susceptible strains succumbed to infection before day 7. Several CC strains had sex differences in survival and colonization. Surviving strains had lower pre-infection baseline temperatures and were less active during their daily active period. Core body temperature disruptions were detected earlier after STm infection than activity disruptions, making temperature a better detector of illness. All CC strains had STm in spleen and liver, but susceptible strains were more highly colonized. Tissue damage was weakly negatively correlated to survival. We identified loci associated with survival on Chromosomes (Chr) 1, 2, 4, 7. Polymorphisms in Ncf2 and Slc11a1, known to reduce survival in mice after STm infections, are located in the Chr 1 interval, and the Chr 7 association overlaps with a previously identified QTL peak called Ses2. We identified two new genetic regions on Chr 2 and 4 associated with susceptibility to STm infection. Our data reveal the diversity of responses to STm infection across a range of host genetics and identified new candidate regions for survival of STm infection.
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Davis S, Milechin L, Patel T, Hernandez M, Ciccarelli G, Samsi S, Hensley L, Goff A, Trefry J, Johnston S, Purcell B, Cabrera C, Fleischman J, Reuther A, Claypool K, Rossi F, Honko A, Pratt W, Swiston A. Detecting Pathogen Exposure During the Non-symptomatic Incubation Period Using Physiological Data: Proof of Concept in Non-human Primates. Front Physiol 2021; 12:691074. [PMID: 34552498 PMCID: PMC8451540 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.691074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Early warning of bacterial and viral infection, prior to the development of overt clinical symptoms, allows not only for improved patient care and outcomes but also enables faster implementation of public health measures (patient isolation and contact tracing). Our primary objectives in this effort are 3-fold. First, we seek to determine the upper limits of early warning detection through physiological measurements. Second, we investigate whether the detected physiological response is specific to the pathogen. Third, we explore the feasibility of extending early warning detection with wearable devices. Research Methods: For the first objective, we developed a supervised random forest algorithm to detect pathogen exposure in the asymptomatic period prior to overt symptoms (fever). We used high-resolution physiological telemetry data (aortic blood pressure, intrathoracic pressure, electrocardiograms, and core temperature) from non-human primate animal models exposed to two viral pathogens: Ebola and Marburg (N = 20). Second, to determine reusability across different pathogens, we evaluated our algorithm against three independent physiological datasets from non-human primate models (N = 13) exposed to three different pathogens: Lassa and Nipah viruses and Y. pestis. For the third objective, we evaluated performance degradation when the algorithm was restricted to features derived from electrocardiogram (ECG) waveforms to emulate data from a non-invasive wearable device. Results: First, our cross-validated random forest classifier provides a mean early warning of 51 ± 12 h, with an area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.93 ± 0.01. Second, our algorithm achieved comparable performance when applied to datasets from different pathogen exposures – a mean early warning of 51 ± 14 h and AUC of 0.95 ± 0.01. Last, with a degraded feature set derived solely from ECG, we observed minimal degradation – a mean early warning of 46 ± 14 h and AUC of 0.91 ± 0.001. Conclusion: Under controlled experimental conditions, physiological measurements can provide over 2 days of early warning with high AUC. Deviations in physiological signals following exposure to a pathogen are due to the underlying host’s immunological response and are not specific to the pathogen. Pre-symptomatic detection is strong even when features are limited to ECG-derivatives, suggesting that this approach may translate to non-invasive wearable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakti Davis
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, United States
| | - Lauren Milechin
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, United States
| | - Tejash Patel
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, United States
| | - Mark Hernandez
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, United States
| | - Greg Ciccarelli
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, United States
| | - Siddharth Samsi
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, United States
| | - Lisa Hensley
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, MD, United States
| | - Arthur Goff
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, MD, United States
| | - John Trefry
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, MD, United States
| | - Sara Johnston
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, MD, United States
| | - Bret Purcell
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, MD, United States
| | - Catherine Cabrera
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, United States
| | - Jack Fleischman
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, United States
| | - Albert Reuther
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, United States
| | - Kajal Claypool
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, United States
| | - Franco Rossi
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, MD, United States
| | - Anna Honko
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, MD, United States
| | - William Pratt
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, MD, United States
| | - Albert Swiston
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, United States
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Fiebig K, Jourdan T, Kock MH, Merle R, Thöne-Reineke C. Evaluation of Infrared Thermography for Temperature Measurement in Adult Male NMRI Nude Mice. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE : JAALAS 2018; 57:715-724. [PMID: 30208989 PMCID: PMC6241389 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-17-000137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Temperature monitoring during critical care provides important data required to guide treatment delivery. Body temperature is an easily quantified clinical parameter that can yield much information concerning the health of an animal. In research settings, temperature has been adopted as a means to judge humane endpoints. Therefore, reliable, noninvasive, and inexpensive methods for temperature monitoring are becoming a necessity in research laboratories. This study aimed to determine the accuracy and agreement of using an infrared camera as an alternative method of temperature measurement in mice and to compare the accuracy of this noninvasive method with established subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, and rectal techniques. Measurement of body-surface temperature by using an infrared camera was compared with these 3 established methods in male NMRI nude mice (n = 10; age, 10 mo); data were obtained 3 times daily over 14 d. Subcutaneous temperatures were measured remotely by using a previously implanted subcutaneous temperature transponder, after which temperature was measured by using noncontact infrared thermometry and a rectal probe. Measurements from intraperitoneal data loggers were obtained retrospectively. The data show that using an infrared camera provides a simple, reliable method for measuring body temperature in male NMRI nu/nu mice that minimizes handling and is minimally invasive. Whether infrared thermometry is a useful method for measuring body temperature in furred mice warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Fiebig
- Animal Management-Animal Care, Bayer AG, Berlin, Germany;, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Animal Welfare, Animal Behavior and Laboratory Animal Science, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Thomas Jourdan
- Animal Management-Animal Care, Bayer AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin H Kock
- Animal Management-Animal Care, Bayer AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Roswitha Merle
- Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Animal Welfare, Animal Behavior and Laboratory Animal Science, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christa Thöne-Reineke
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Animal Welfare, Animal Behavior and Laboratory Animal Science, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Abstract
The purpose of this review is to survey current, emerging and predicted future biotechnologies which are impacting, or are likely to impact in the future on the life sciences, with a projection for the coming 20 years. This review is intended to discuss current and future technical strategies, and to explore areas of potential growth during the foreseeable future. Information technology approaches have been employed to gather and collate data. Twelve broad categories of biotechnology have been identified which are currently impacting the life sciences and will continue to do so. In some cases, technology areas are being pushed forward by the requirement to deal with contemporary questions such as the need to address the emergence of anti-microbial resistance. In other cases, the biotechnology application is made feasible by advances in allied fields in biophysics (e.g. biosensing) and biochemistry (e.g. bio-imaging). In all cases, the biotechnologies are underpinned by the rapidly advancing fields of information systems, electronic communications and the World Wide Web together with developments in computing power and the capacity to handle extensive biological data. A rationale and narrative is given for the identification of each technology as a growth area. These technologies have been categorized by major applications, and are discussed further. This review highlights: Biotechnology has far-reaching applications which impinge on every aspect of human existence. The applications of biotechnology are currently wide ranging and will become even more diverse in the future. Access to supercomputing facilities and the ability to manipulate large, complex biological datasets, will significantly enhance knowledge and biotechnological development.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Diane Williamson
- a CBR Division , Defence Science & Technology Laboratory , Porton Down , Salisbury , UK
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Pérez-Köhler B, Bayon Y, Bellón JM. Mesh Infection and Hernia Repair: A Review. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2015; 17:124-37. [PMID: 26654576 DOI: 10.1089/sur.2015.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of a prosthetic mesh to repair a tissue defect may produce a series of post-operative complications, among which infection is the most feared and one of the most devastating. When occurring, bacterial adherence and biofilm formation on the mesh surface affect the implant's tissue integration and host tissue regeneration, making preventive measures to control prosthetic infection a major goal of prosthetic mesh improvement. METHODS This article reviews the literature on the infection of prosthetic meshes used in hernia repair to describe the in vitro and in vivo models used to examine bacterial adherence and biofilm formation on the surface of different biomaterials. Also discussed are the prophylactic measures used to control implant infection ranging from meshes soaked in antibiotics to mesh coatings that release antimicrobial agents in a controlled manner. RESULTS Prosthetic architecture has a direct effect on bacterial adherence and biofilm formation. Absorbable synthetic materials are more prone to bacterial colonization than non-absorbable materials. The reported behavior of collagen biomeshes, also called xenografts, in a contaminated environment has been contradictory, and their use in this setting needs further clinical investigation. New prophylactic mesh designs include surface modifications with an anti-adhesive substance or pre-treatment with antibacterial agents or metal coatings. CONCLUSIONS The use of polymer coatings that slowly release non-antibiotic drugs seems to be a good strategy to prevent implant contamination and reduce the onset of resistant bacterial strains. Even though the prophylactic designs described in this review are mainly focused on hernia repair meshes, these strategies can be extrapolated to other implantable devices, regardless of their design, shape or dimension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Pérez-Köhler
- 1 Department of Surgery, Medical and Social Sciences. Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. University of Alcalá . Madrid, Spain .,2 Networking Research Center on Bioengineering , Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Yves Bayon
- 3 Covidien - Sofradim Production , Trévoux, France
| | - Juan Manuel Bellón
- 1 Department of Surgery, Medical and Social Sciences. Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. University of Alcalá . Madrid, Spain .,2 Networking Research Center on Bioengineering , Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
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Yee N, Plaßmann K, Fuchs E. Juvenile stress impairs body temperature regulation and augments anticipatory stress-induced hyperthermia responses in rats. Physiol Behav 2011; 104:408-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Revised: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Nelson M, Lever MS, Savage VL, Salguero FJ, Pearce PC, Stevens DJ, Simpson AJH. Establishment of lethal inhalational infection with Francisella tularensis (tularaemia) in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Int J Exp Pathol 2009; 90:109-18. [PMID: 19335549 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2613.2008.00631.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Susceptibility and lethality studies of inhalational tularaemia were undertaken using the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) to determine its suitability as a non-human primate model. Pairs of marmosets were exposed to varying challenge doses of Francisella tularensis by the airborne route and monitored for up to 14 days postchallenge (p.c.). Lethal infection was achieved following a retained dose of less than 10 bacterial colony-forming units (CFU). However, precise LD(50) determination was not possible. The model was characterized using a target challenge dose of approximately 100 CFU. Increased core body temperature was the first indicator of disease, at approximately 2.5 days p.c. Overt clinical signs were first observed 12-18 h after the temperature increase. Significantly decreased activity was observed after approximately 3 days. All animals succumbed to infection between 4.5 and 7 days p.c. At postmortem examination, gross pathology was evident in the liver, spleen and lungs of all animals and high bacterial numbers were detected in all the organs assessed. Bacteraemia was demonstrated in all animals postmortem. Histopathological observations included severe suppurative bronchopneumonia, severe multifocal pyogranulomatous hepatitis, splenitis and lymphadenitis. Tularaemia disease progression in the common marmoset therefore appears to be consistent with the disease seen in humans and other animal models. The common marmoset may therefore be considered a suitable model for further studies of inhalational tularaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Nelson
- Biomedical Sciences, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK.
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Chronic social instability stress in female rats: a potential animal model for female depression. Neuroscience 2009; 159:982-92. [PMID: 19356682 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2009] [Revised: 01/25/2009] [Accepted: 01/27/2009] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies demonstrate that affective disorders are at least twice as common in women as in men, but surprisingly, very few preclinical studies have been conducted on female experimental animals. Therefore, the necessity of developing valid animal models for studying the pathophysiology of stress-related disorders in women is obvious. Chronic social stress has the potential to induce depression in humans and therefore we characterize here a chronic social instability stress paradigm in female rats. This consists of a 4-week period with alternating stressful social situations, including phases of isolation and crowding, in an unpredictable manner. At the physiological level, increased adrenal weight and plasma corticosterone levels indicated hyperactivity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis. Elevated plasma luteinizing hormone and disruption of the estrus cycle together with increased serum prolactin levels revealed disrupted regulation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis. Body temperature regulation was affected during the last week of stress such that stressed rats reduced their body temperature less during the rest phase than the controls, thus exhibiting a flattened temperature curve. Behaviorally, chronically stressed rats showed reduced sucrose preference and food intake. However, we did not observe any effect of stress on performance in the forced swim test and hippocampal neurotrophin levels were similarly unaffected. Our results indicate that, by using this social instability paradigm, female rats can be kept under chronic stress for weeks without habituation, and that ultimately the animals develop a depressive-like phenotype. This model may provide a valuable tool for further analyses of the neurobiology of stress-related disorders in women and has the potential to serve as a paradigm for screening novel antidepressant drugs with special efficacy in women.
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Cunningham C, Campion S, Teeling J, Felton L, Perry VH. The sickness behaviour and CNS inflammatory mediator profile induced by systemic challenge of mice with synthetic double-stranded RNA (poly I:C). Brain Behav Immun 2007; 21:490-502. [PMID: 17321719 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2006.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2006] [Revised: 12/19/2006] [Accepted: 12/21/2006] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly inosinic:poly cytidylic acid (poly I:C) is a synthetic double-stranded RNA and is a ligand for the Toll like receptor-3. This receptor is involved in the innate immune response to viral infection and poly I:C has been used to mimic the acute phase of a viral infection. The effects of TLR3 activation on brain function have not been widely studied. In the current study we investigate the spectrum of sickness behavioural changes induced by poly I:C in C57BL/6 mice and the CNS expression of inflammatory mediators that may underlie this. Poly I:C, at doses of 2, 6 and 12 mg/kg, induced a dose-responsive sickness behaviour, decreasing locomotor activity, burrowing and body weight, and caused a mild hyperthermia at 6h. The 12 mg/kg dose caused significant hypothermia at later times. The Remo400 remote Telemetry system proved a sensitive measure of this biphasic temperature response. The behavioural responses to poly I:C were not significantly blunted upon a second poly I:C challenge either 1 or 3 weeks later. Plasma concentrations of IL-6, TNF-alpha and IFN-beta were markedly elevated and IL-1 beta was also detectable. Cytokine synthesis within the CNS, as determined by quantitative PCR, was dominated by IL-6, with lesser inductions of IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha and IFN-beta and there was a clear activation of cyclooxygenase-2 at the brain endothelium. These findings demonstrate clear CNS effects of peripheral TLR3 stimulation and will be useful in studying aspects of the effects of systemic viral infection on brain function in both normal and pathological situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colm Cunningham
- Department of Biochemistry, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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