Electrical characterization of a single cell electroporation biochip with the 2-D scanning vibrating electrode technology

Single-cell electroporation

Single-cell electroporation (SCEP) is a relatively new technique that has emerged in the last decade or so for single-cell studies. When a large enough electric field is applied to a single cell, transient nano-pores form in the cell membrane allowing molecules to be transported into and out of the cell. Unlike bulk electroporation, in which a homogenous electric field is applied to a suspension of cells, in SCEP an electric field is created locally near a single cell. Today, single-cell-level studies are at the frontier of biochemical research, and SCEP is a promising tool in such studies. In this review, we discuss pore formation based on theoretical and experimental approaches. Current SCEP techniques using microelectrodes, micropipettes, electrolyte-filled capillaries, and microfabricated devices are all thoroughly discussed for adherent and suspended cells. SCEP has been applied in in-vivo and in-vitro studies for delivery of cell-impermeant molecules such as drugs, DNA, and siRNA, and for morphological observations.

Self-referencing optrode technology for non-invasive real-time measurement of biophysical flux and physiological sensing

Vibrating probe technology has enabled scientific investigations that have expanded our knowledge of form and function in biology, but the emergence of new fields of cytomics and physiomics will require new technologies to probe the functional realm of living cells. In this paper, we present the development of a self-referencing optrode, which represents the next generation of biophysical flux sensors based on phase-sensitive detection for cell and tissue physiology. One key advantage is that optical approaches do not suffer from the inherent electrical artifacts which limit the performance of traditional vibrating, or self-referencing probe technology. In self-referencing modality, the optrode is oscillated (0.1 Hz) between two points a few microns apart in a concentration gradient, converting the optrodic oxygen concentration sensor into a dynamic flux sensor, based on Fick's law. Because of the inherent noise and drift filtering associated with phase-sensitive detection it is now possible to measure pico-molar flux levels using a micro-optrode. In this paper, we show the calibration, characterization and application of the self-referencing oxygen optrode for measuring biophysical oxygen flux.