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Mandali PK, Prabakaran A, Annadurai K, Krishnan UM. Trends in Quantification of HbA1c Using Electrochemical and Point-of-Care Analyzers. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:1901. [PMID: 36850502 PMCID: PMC9965793 DOI: 10.3390/s23041901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), one of the many variants of hemoglobin (Hb), serves as a standard biomarker of diabetes, as it assesses the long-term glycemic status of the individual for the previous 90-120 days. HbA1c levels in blood are stable and do not fluctuate when compared to the random blood glucose levels. The normal level of HbA1c is 4-6.0%, while concentrations > 6.5% denote diabetes. Conventionally, HbA1c is measured using techniques such as chromatography, spectroscopy, immunoassays, capillary electrophoresis, fluorometry, etc., that are time-consuming, expensive, and involve complex procedures and skilled personnel. These limitations have spurred development of sensors incorporating nanostructured materials that can aid in specific and accurate quantification of HbA1c. Various chemical and biological sensing elements with and without nanoparticle interfaces have been explored for HbA1c detection. Attempts are underway to improve the detection speed, increase accuracy, and reduce sample volumes and detection costs through different combinations of nanomaterials, interfaces, capture elements, and measurement techniques. This review elaborates on the recent advances in the realm of electrochemical detection for HbA1c detection. It also discusses the emerging trends and challenges in the fabrication of effective, accurate, and cost-effective point-of-care (PoC) devices for HbA1c and the potential way forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavan Kumar Mandali
- Centre for Nanotechnology& Advanced Biomaterials, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613 401, India
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613 401, India
| | - Amrish Prabakaran
- Centre for Nanotechnology& Advanced Biomaterials, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613 401, India
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613 401, India
| | - Kasthuri Annadurai
- Centre for Nanotechnology& Advanced Biomaterials, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613 401, India
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613 401, India
- School of Arts, Sciences, Humanities & Education, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613 401, India
| | - Uma Maheswari Krishnan
- Centre for Nanotechnology& Advanced Biomaterials, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613 401, India
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613 401, India
- School of Arts, Sciences, Humanities & Education, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613 401, India
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Sharma P, Panchal A, Yadav N, Narang J. Analytical techniques for the detection of glycated haemoglobin underlining the sensors. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 155:685-696. [PMID: 32229211 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.03.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The increase in concentrations of blood glucose results arise in the proportion of glycated haemoglobin. Therefore, the percentage of glycated haemoglobin in the blood could function as a biomarker for the average glucose level over the past three months and can be used to detect diabetes. The study of glycated haemoglobin tends to be complex as there are about three hundred distinct assay techniques available for evaluating glycated haemoglobin which contributes to some differences in the recorded values from the similar samples. This review outlines distinct analytical methods that have evolved in the recent past for precise recognition of the glycated - proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradakshina Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Anupriya Panchal
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Neelam Yadav
- Department of Biotechnology, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Murthal, Sonepat 131039, India; Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, India
| | - Jagriti Narang
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India.
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Kaur J, Jiang C, Liu G. Different strategies for detection of HbA1c emphasizing on biosensors and point-of-care analyzers. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 123:85-100. [PMID: 29903690 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Measurement of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is a gold standard procedure for assessing long term glycemic control in individuals with diabetes mellitus as it gives the stable and reliable value of blood glucose levels for a period of 90-120 days. HbA1c is formed by the non-enzymatic glycation of terminal valine of hemoglobin. The analysis of HbA1c tends to be complicated because there are more than 300 different assay methods for measuring HbA1c which leads to variations in reported values from same samples. Therefore, standardization of detection methods is recommended. The review outlines the current research activities on developing assays including biosensors for the detection of HbA1c. The pros and cons of different techniques for measuring HbA1c are outlined. The performance of current point-of-care HbA1c analyzers available on the market are also compared and discussed. The future perspectives for HbA1c detection and diabetes management are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagjit Kaur
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, ARC Centre of Excellence in Nanoscale Biophotonics (CNBP), Faculty of Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia; Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Cheng Jiang
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, United Kingdom
| | - Guozhen Liu
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, ARC Centre of Excellence in Nanoscale Biophotonics (CNBP), Faculty of Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia; Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia; International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China.
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Current Status of HbA1c Biosensors. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17081798. [PMID: 28777351 PMCID: PMC5579747 DOI: 10.3390/s17081798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is formed via non-enzymatic glycosylation reactions at the α–amino group of βVal1 residues in the tetrameric Hb, and it can reflect the ambient glycemic level over the past two to three months. A variety of HbA1c detection methods, including chromatography, immunoassay, enzymatic measurement, electrochemical sensor and capillary electrophoresis have been developed and used in research laboratories and in clinics as well. In this review, we summarize the current status of HbA1c biosensors based on the recognition of the sugar moiety on the protein and also their applications in the whole blood sample measurements.
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Detection of low-abundance biomarker lipocalin 1 for diabetic retinopathy using optoelectrokinetic bead-based immunosensing. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 89:701-709. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Akiba U, Anzai JI. Recent Progress in Electrochemical Biosensors for Glycoproteins. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2016; 16:E2045. [PMID: 27916961 PMCID: PMC5191026 DOI: 10.3390/s16122045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This review provides an overview of recent progress in the development of electrochemical biosensors for glycoproteins. Electrochemical glycoprotein sensors are constructed by combining metal and carbon electrodes with glycoprotein-selective binding elements including antibodies, lectin, phenylboronic acid and molecularly imprinted polymers. A recent trend in the preparation of glycoprotein sensors is the successful use of nanomaterials such as graphene, carbon nanotube, and metal nanoparticles. These nanomaterials are extremely useful for improving the sensitivity of glycoprotein sensors. This review focuses mainly on the protocols for the preparation of glycoprotein sensors and the materials used. Recent improvements in glycoprotein sensors are discussed by grouping the sensors into several categories based on the materials used as recognition elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uichi Akiba
- Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Akita University, 1-1 Tegatagaluenn-machi, Akita 010-8502, Japan.
| | - Jun-Ichi Anzai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba, Aramakim, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
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Kuan DH, Wang IS, Lin JR, Yang CH, Huang CH, Lin YH, Lin CT, Huang NT. A microfluidic device integrating dual CMOS polysilicon nanowire sensors for on-chip whole blood processing and simultaneous detection of multiple analytes. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:3105-13. [PMID: 27314254 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00410e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The hemoglobin-A1c test, measuring the ratio of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) to hemoglobin (Hb) levels, has been a standard assay in diabetes diagnosis that removes the day-to-day glucose level variation. Currently, the HbA1c test is restricted to hospitals and central laboratories due to the laborious, time-consuming whole blood processing and bulky instruments. In this paper, we have developed a microfluidic device integrating dual CMOS polysilicon nanowire sensors (MINS) for on-chip whole blood processing and simultaneous detection of multiple analytes. The micromachined polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) microfluidic device consisted of a serpentine microchannel with multiple dam structures designed for non-lysed cells or debris trapping, uniform plasma/buffer mixing and dilution. The CMOS-fabricated polysilicon nanowire sensors integrated with the microfluidic device were designed for the simultaneous, label-free electrical detection of multiple analytes. Our study first measured the Hb and HbA1c levels in 11 clinical samples via these nanowire sensors. The results were compared with those of standard Hb and HbA1c measurement methods (Hb: the sodium lauryl sulfate hemoglobin detection method; HbA1c: cation-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography) and showed comparable outcomes. Finally, we successfully demonstrated the efficacy of the MINS device's on-chip whole blood processing followed by simultaneous Hb and HbA1c measurement in a clinical sample. Compared to current Hb and HbA1c sensing instruments, the MINS platform is compact and can simultaneously detect two analytes with only 5 μL of whole blood, which corresponds to a 300-fold blood volume reduction. The total assay time, including the in situ sample processing and analyte detection, was just 30 minutes. Based on its on-chip whole blood processing and simultaneous multiple analyte detection functionalities with a lower sample volume requirement and shorter process time, the MINS device can be effectively applied to real-time diabetes diagnostics and monitoring in point-of-care settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Han Kuan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - I-Shun Wang
- Graduate Institute of Electronic Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jiun-Rue Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Han Yang
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hsien Huang
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hung Lin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ting Lin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. and Graduate Institute of Electronic Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan and Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nien-Tsu Huang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. and Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Minamiki T, Minami T, Sasaki Y, Kurita R, Niwa O, Wakida SI, Tokito S. An Organic Field-effect Transistor with an Extended-gate Electrode Capable of Detecting Human Immunoglobulin A. ANAL SCI 2016; 31:725-8. [PMID: 26165299 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.31.725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We herein report on the development of an extended-gate type organic field-effect transistor (OFET)-based immunosensor for the detection of human immunoglobulin A (IgA). The titration results of IgA exhibited shifts in the transfer characteristics of the OFET sensor device with increasing IgA concentration. A linear detection range from 0 to 10 μg/mL was realized with a detection limit of 2.1 μg/mL, indicating that the OFET-based immunosensor can be potentially applied to the monitoring of infectious diseases and psychological stress in daily life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukuru Minamiki
- Research Center for Organic Electronics (ROEL), Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University
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Wang B, Anzai JI. Recent Progress in Electrochemical HbA1c Sensors: A Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2015; 8:1187-1203. [PMID: 28787996 PMCID: PMC5455452 DOI: 10.3390/ma8031187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews recent progress made in the development of electrochemical glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) sensors for the diagnosis and management of diabetes mellitus. Electrochemical HbA1c sensors are divided into two categories based on the detection protocol of the sensors. The first type of sensor directly detects HbA1c by binding HbA1c on the surface of an electrode through bio-affinity of antibody and boronic acids, followed by an appropriate mode of signal transduction. In the second type of sensor, HbA1c is indirectly determined by detecting a digestion product of HbA1c, fructosyl valine (FV). Thus, the former sensors rely on the selective binding of HbA1c to the surface of the electrodes followed by electrochemical signaling in amperometric, voltammetric, impedometric, or potentiometric mode. Redox active markers, such as ferrocene derivatives and ferricyanide/ferrocyanide ions, are often used for electrochemical signaling. For the latter sensors, HbA1c must be digested in advance by proteolytic enzymes to produce the FV fragment. FV is electrochemically detected through catalytic oxidation by fructosyl amine oxidase or by selective binding to imprinted polymers. The performance characteristics of HbA1c sensors are discussed in relation to their use in the diagnosis and control of diabetic mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baozhen Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China.
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Jun-Ichi Anzai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
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Lau HC, Lee IK, Ko PW, Lee HW, Huh JS, Cho WJ, Lim JO. Non-invasive screening for Alzheimer's disease by sensing salivary sugar using Drosophila cells expressing gustatory receptor (Gr5a) immobilized on an extended gate ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (EG-ISFET) biosensor. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117810. [PMID: 25714733 PMCID: PMC4340960 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Body fluids are often used as specimens for medical diagnosis. With the advent of advanced analytical techniques in biotechnology, the diagnostic potential of saliva has been the focus of many studies. We recently reported the presence of excess salivary sugars, in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In the present study, we developed a highly sensitive, cell-based biosensor to detect trehalose levels in patient saliva. The developed biosensor relies on the overexpression of sugar sensitive gustatory receptors (Gr5a) in Drosophila cells to detect the salivary trehalose. The cell-based biosensor was built on the foundation of an improved extended gate ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (EG-ISFET). Using an EG-ISFET, instead of a traditional ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFET), resulted in an increase in the sensitivity and reliability of detection. The biosensor was designed with the gate terminals segregated from the conventional ISFET device. This design allows the construction of an independent reference and sensing region for simultaneous and accurate measurements of samples from controls and patients respectively. To investigate the efficacy of the cell-based biosensor for AD screening, we collected 20 saliva samples from each of the following groups: participants diagnosed with AD, participants diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease (PD), and a control group composed of healthy individuals. We then studied the response generated from the interaction of the salivary trehalose of the saliva samples and the Gr5a in the immobilized cells on an EG-ISFET sensor. The cell-based biosensor significantly distinguished salivary sugar, trehalose of the AD group from the PD and control groups. Based on these findings, we propose that salivary trehalose, might be a potential biomarker for AD and could be detected using our cell-based EG-ISFET biosensor. The cell-based EG-ISFET biosensor provides a sensitive and direct approach for salivary sugar detection and may be used in the future as a screening method for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Chong Lau
- Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Biomedical Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - In-Kyu Lee
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Ho-Won Lee
- Department of Neurology, Kyungpook National University Hospital Medical Centre, Chilgok, Korea
| | - Jeung-Soo Huh
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Won-Ju Cho
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong-Ok Lim
- Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Biomedical Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
- * E-mail:
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A Label-Free Immunosensor for IgG Based on an Extended-Gate Type Organic Field Effect Transistor. MATERIALS 2014; 7:6843-6852. [PMID: 28788216 PMCID: PMC5456160 DOI: 10.3390/ma7096843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel biosensor for immunoglobulin G (IgG) detection based on an extended-gate type organic field effect transistor (OFET) has been developed that possesses an anti-IgG antibody on its extended-gate electrode and can be operated below 3 V. The titration results from the target IgG in the presence of a bovine serum albumin interferent, clearly exhibiting a negative shift in the OFET transfer curve with increasing IgG concentration. This is presumed to be due an interaction between target IgG and the immobilized anti-IgG antibody on the extended-gate electrode. As a result, a linear range from 0 to 10 µg/mL was achieved with a relatively low detection limit of 0.62 µg/mL (=4 nM). We believe that these results open up opportunities for applying extended-gate-type OFETs to immunosensing.
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12
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Electrochemical biosensors based on ferroceneboronic Acid and its derivatives: a review. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2014; 4:243-56. [PMID: 25587421 PMCID: PMC4264357 DOI: 10.3390/bios4030243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We review recent progress in the development of electrochemical biosensors based on ferroceneboronic acid (FcBA) and ferrocene (Fc)-modified boronic acids. These compounds can be used to construct electrochemical biosensors because they consist of a binding site (i.e., a boronic acid moiety) and an electrochemically active part (i.e., an Fc residue). By taking advantage of the unique properties of FcBA and its derivatives, electrochemical sensors sensitive to sugars, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fluoride (F(-)) ions, and so forth have been widely studied. FcBA-based sugar sensors rely on the selective binding of FcBA to 1,2- or 1,3-diol residues of sugars through the formation of cyclic boronate ester bonds. The redox properties of FcBA-sugar adduct differ from those of free FcBA, which forms the basis of the electrochemical determination of sugars. Thus, non-enzymatic glucose sensors are now being actively studied using FcBA and Fc-modified boronic acids as redox markers. Using a similar principle, HbA1c can be detected by FcBA-based electrochemical systems because it contains hydrocarbon chains on the polypeptide chain. HbA1c sensors are useful for monitoring blood glucose levels over the preceding 8-12 weeks. In addition, FcBA and Fc-modified boronic acids have been used for the detection of F(-) ions due to the selective binding of boronic acid to F(-) ions. F(-)-ion sensors may be useful alternatives to conventional ion-selective electrodes sensitive to F(-) ion. Furthermore, FcBA derivatives have been studied to construct lectin; steroids; nucleotides; salicylic acid; and bacteria sensors. One of the limitations of FcBA-based sensors comes from the fact that FcBA derivatives are added in sample solutions as reagents. FcBA derivatives should be immobilized on the surface of electrodes for developing reagentless sensors.
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Wang Y, Zhang Q, Ren Y, Jing L, Wei T. Molecularly imprinted polymer thin film based surface plasmon resonance sensor to detect hemoglobin. Chem Res Chin Univ 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-013-3330-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Rim T, Kim K, Hong N, Ko W, Baek CK, Jeon S, Deen MJ, Meyyappan M, Jeong YH, Lee JS. Investigation of the electrical stability of Si-nanowire biologically sensitive field-effect transistors with embedded Ag/AgCl pseudo reference electrode. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra40768c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Gordon J, Michel G. Discerning Trends in Multiplex Immunoassay Technology with Potential for Resource-Limited Settings. Clin Chem 2012; 58:690-8. [DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2011.176503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND
In the search for more powerful tools for diagnoses of endemic diseases in resource-limited settings, we have been analyzing technologies with potential applicability. Increasingly, the process focuses on readily accessible bodily fluids combined with increasingly powerful multiplex capabilities to unambiguously diagnose a condition without resorting to reliance on a sophisticated reference laboratory. Although these technological advances may well have important implications for the sensitive and specific detection of disease, to date their clinical utility has not been demonstrated, especially in resource-limited settings. Furthermore, many emerging technological developments are in fields of physics or engineering, which are not readily available to or intelligible to clinicians or clinical laboratory scientists.
CONTENT
This review provides a look at technology trends that could have applicability to high-sensitivity multiplexed immunoassays in resource-limited settings. Various technologies are explained and assessed according to potential for reaching relevant limits of cost, sensitivity, and multiplex capability. Frequently, such work is reported in technical journals not normally read by clinical scientists, and the authors make enthusiastic claims for the potential of their technology while ignoring potential pitfalls. Thus it is important to draw attention to technical hurdles that authors may not be publicizing.
SUMMARY
Immunochromatographic assays, optical methods including those involving waveguides, electrochemical methods, magnetorestrictive methods, and field-effect transistor methods based on nanotubes, nanowires, and nanoribbons reveal possibilities as next-generation technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Gordon
- Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gerd Michel
- Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics, Geneva, Switzerland
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16
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Recent progress in the application of microfluidic systems and gold nanoparticles in immunoassays. Sci China Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-011-4338-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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