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Rettke D, Danneberg C, Neuendorf TA, Kühn S, Friedrich J, Hauck N, Werner C, Thiele J, Pompe T. Microfluidics-assisted synthesis and functionalization of monodisperse colloidal hydrogel particles for optomechanical biosensors. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:1663-1674. [DOI: 10.1039/d1tb02798k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The soft colloidal probe (SCP) assay is a highly versatile sensing principle employing micrometer-sized hydrogel particles as optomechanical transducer elements. We report the synthesis, optimization, and conjugation of SCPs with...
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2
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Maciel Braga LA, Mota FB. Early cancer diagnosis using lab-on-a-chip devices : A bibliometric and network analysis. COLLNET JOURNAL OF SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMATION MANAGEMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/09737766.2021.1949949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luiza Amara Maciel Braga
- Faculty of Economics, Fluminense Federal University, Prof. Marcos Waldemar de Freitas Reis Street, 24210-200, Brazil,
| | - Fabio Batista Mota
- Center for Strategic Studies, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brasil Avenue 4036, 21040-361, Brazil
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3
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Cheng C, Harpster MH, Oakey J. Convection-driven microfabricated hydrogels for rapid biosensing. Analyst 2020; 145:5981-5988. [PMID: 32820752 PMCID: PMC7819640 DOI: 10.1039/d0an01069c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A microscale biosensing platform using rehydration-mediated swelling of bio-functionalized hydrogel structures and rapid target analyte capture is described. Induced convective flow mitigates diffusion limited incubation times, enabling model assays to be completed in under three minutes. Assay design parameters have been evaluated, revealing fabrication criteria required to tune detection sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Cheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82070, USA.
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Thakar H, Sebastian SM, Mandal S, Pople A, Agarwal G, Srivastava A. Biomolecule-Conjugated Macroporous Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:6320-6341. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b00778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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6
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LeValley PJ, Noren B, Kharkar PM, Kloxin AM, Gatlin JC, Oakey JS. Fabrication of Functional Biomaterial Microstructures by in Situ Photopolymerization and Photodegradation. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2018; 4:3078-3087. [PMID: 31984222 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The in situ fabrication of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) hydrogel microstructures within poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)-based microfluidic networks is a versatile technique that has enabled unique applications in biosensing, medical diagnostics, and the fundamental life sciences. Hydrogel structures have previously been patterned by the lithographic photopolymerization of PEGDA hydrogel forming solutions, a process that is confounded by oxygen-permeable PDMS. Here, we introduce an alternate PEG patterning technique that relies upon the optical sculpting of features by patterned light-induced erosion of photodegradable PEGDA deemed negative projection lithography. We quantitatively compared the hydrogel micropatterning fidelity of negative projection lithography to positive projection lithography, using traditional PEGDA photopolymerization, within PDMS devices. We found that the channel depth, the local oxygen atmosphere, and the UV exposure time dictated the size and resolution of hydrogel features formed using positive projection lithography. In contrast, negative projection lithography was observed to deliver high-resolution functional features with dimensions on the order of single micrometers enabled by its facilely controlled mechanism of feature formation that is insensitive to oxygen. Next, the utility of photodegradable PEGDA was further assessed by encapsulating or conjugating bioactive molecules within photodegradable PEG matrixes to provide a route to the formation of complex and dynamically reconfigurable chemical microenvironments. Finally, we demonstrated that negative projection lithography enabled photopatterning of multilayered microscale objects without the need for precise mask alignment. The described approach for photopatterning high-resolution photolabile hydrogel microstructures directly within PDMS microchannels could enable novel microsystems of increasing complexity and sophistication for a variety of clinical and biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige J LeValley
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| | - Ben Noren
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| | - Prathamesh M Kharkar
- Department of Biomolecular and Chemical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - April M Kloxin
- Department of Biomolecular and Chemical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Jesse C Gatlin
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| | - John S Oakey
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
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7
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Li M, Joung D, Kozinski JA, Hwang DK. Fabrication of Highly Porous Nonspherical Particles Using Stop-Flow Lithography and the Study of Their Optical Properties. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:184-190. [PMID: 27933811 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b03358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A microfluidic flow lithography approach was investigated to synthesize highly porous nonspherical particles and Janus particles in a one-step and high-throughput fashion. In this study, using common solvents as porogens, we were able to synthesize highly porous particles with different shapes using ultraviolet (UV) polymerization-induced phase separation in a microfluidic channel. We also studied the pore-forming process using operating parameters such as porogen type, porogen concentration, and UV intensity to tune the pore size and increase the pore size to submicron levels. By simply coflowing multiple streams in the microfluidic channel, we were able to create porous Janus particles; we showed that their anisotropic swelling/deswelling exhibit a unique optical shifting. The distinctive optical properties and the enlarged surface area of the highly porous particles can improve their performance in various applications such as optical sensors and drug loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minggan Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ryerson University , 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital , 30 Bond Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST) , A partnership between Ryerson University and St. Michael's Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Dehi Joung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ryerson University , 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital , 30 Bond Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST) , A partnership between Ryerson University and St. Michael's Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Janusz A Kozinski
- Lassonde School of Engineering, York University , 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Dae Kun Hwang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ryerson University , 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital , 30 Bond Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST) , A partnership between Ryerson University and St. Michael's Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada
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8
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Kang E, Jung S, Abel JH, Pine A, Yi H. Shape-Encoded Chitosan-Polyacrylamide Hybrid Hydrogel Microparticles with Controlled Macroporous Structures via Replica Molding for Programmable Biomacromolecular Conjugation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:5394-5402. [PMID: 27191399 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b04653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric hydrogel microparticle-based suspension arrays with shape-based encoding offer powerful alternatives to planar and bead-based arrays toward high throughput biosensing and medical diagnostics. We report a simple and robust micromolding technique for polyacrylamide- (PAAm-) based biopolymeric-synthetic hybrid microparticles with controlled 2D shapes containing a potent aminopolysaccharide chitosan as an efficient conjugation handle uniformly incorporated in PAAm matrix. A postfabrication conjugation approach utilizing amine-reactive chemistries on the chitosan shows stable incorporation and retained chemical reactivity of chitosan, readily tunable macroporous structures via simple addition of low content long-chain PEG porogens for improved conjugation capacity and kinetics, and one-pot biomacromolecular assembly via bioorthogonal click reactions with minimal nonspecific binding. We believe that the integrated fabrication-conjugation approach reported here could offer promising routes to programmable manufacture of hydrogel microparticle-based biomacromolecular conjugation and biofunctionalization platforms for a large range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunae Kang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University , Medford, Massachusetts 02155 United States
| | - Sukwon Jung
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University , Medford, Massachusetts 02155 United States
| | - John H Abel
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University , Medford, Massachusetts 02155 United States
| | - Allison Pine
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University , Medford, Massachusetts 02155 United States
| | - Hyunmin Yi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University , Medford, Massachusetts 02155 United States
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9
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Abstract
Due to their hydrophilic, biocompatible, and highly tunable nature, hydrogel materials have attracted strong interest in the recent years for numerous biotechnological applications. In particular, their solution-like environment and non-fouling nature in complex biological samples render hydrogels as ideal substrates for biosensing applications. Hydrogel coatings, and later, gel dot surface microarrays, were successfully used in sensitive nucleic acid assays and immunoassays. More recently, new microfabrication techniques for synthesizing encoded particles from hydrogel materials have enabled the development of hydrogel-based suspension arrays. Lithography processes and droplet-based microfluidic techniques enable generation of libraries of particles with unique spectral or graphical codes, for multiplexed sensing in biological samples. In this review, we discuss the key questions arising when designing hydrogel particles dedicated to biosensing. How can the hydrogel material be engineered in order to tune its properties and immobilize bioprobes inside? What are the strategies to fabricate and encode gel particles, and how can particles be processed and decoded after the assay? Finally, we review the bioassays reported so far in the literature that have used hydrogel particle arrays and give an outlook of further developments of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaelle C. Le Goff
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts
Avenue, Cambridge 02139, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Rathi L. Srinivas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - W. Adam Hill
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts
Avenue, Cambridge 02139, USA
| | - Patrick S. Doyle
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Lin R, Skandarajah A, Gerver RE, Neira HD, Fletcher DA, Herr AE. A lateral electrophoretic flow diagnostic assay. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:1488-96. [PMID: 25608872 PMCID: PMC4383188 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc01370k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Immunochromatographic assays are a cornerstone tool in disease screening. To complement existing lateral flow assays (based on wicking flow) we introduce a lateral flow format that employs directed electrophoretic transport. The format is termed a "lateral e-flow assay" and is designed to support multiplexed detection using immobilized reaction volumes of capture antigen. To fabricate the lateral e-flow device, we employ mask-based UV photopatterning to selectively immobilize unmodified capture antigen along the microchannel in a barcode-like pattern. The channel-filling polyacrylamide hydrogel incorporates a photoactive moiety (benzophenone) to immobilize capture antigen to the hydrogel without a priori antigen modification. We report a heterogeneous sandwich assay using low-power electrophoresis to drive biospecimen through the capture antigen barcode. Fluorescence barcode readout is collected via a low-resource appropriate imaging system (CellScope). We characterize lateral e-flow assay performance and demonstrate a serum assay for antibodies to the hepatitis C virus (HCV). In a pilot study, the lateral e-flow assay positively identifies HCV+ human sera in 60 min. The lateral e-flow assay provides a flexible format for conducting multiplexed immunoassays relevant to confirmatory diagnosis in near-patient settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Lin
- Department of Bioengineering, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
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11
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Vashist SK, Lam E, Hrapovic S, Male KB, Luong JHT. Immobilization of Antibodies and Enzymes on 3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane-Functionalized Bioanalytical Platforms for Biosensors and Diagnostics. Chem Rev 2014; 114:11083-130. [DOI: 10.1021/cr5000943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar Vashist
- HSG-IMIT - Institut für Mikro- und Informationstechnik, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, Department of Microsystems Engineering - IMTEK, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Edmond Lam
- National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Quebec H4P 2R2, Canada
| | | | - Keith B. Male
- National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Quebec H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - John H. T. Luong
- Innovative Chromatography Group, Irish Separation Science Cluster (ISSC), Department of Chemistry and Analytical, Biological Chemistry Research Facility (ABCRF), University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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12
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Lee SH, Rhee HW, van Noort D, Lee HJ, Park HH, Shin IS, Hong JI, Park TH. Microfluidic bead-based sensing platform for monitoring kinase activity. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 57:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Srinivas RL, Johnson SD, Doyle PS. Oil-isolated hydrogel microstructures for sensitive bioassays on-chip. Anal Chem 2013; 85:12099-107. [PMID: 24237051 DOI: 10.1021/ac403201p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Multiplexed, sensitive, and on-chip molecular diagnostic assays are essential in both clinical and research settings. In past work, running reactions in nanoliter- to femtoliter-sized volumes such as microwells or droplets has led to significant increases in detection sensitivities. At the same time, hydrogels have emerged as attractive scaffolds for bioassays due to their nonfouling, flexible, and aqueous properties. In this paper, we combine these concepts and develop a novel platform in which hydrogel compartments are used as individually confined reaction volumes within a fluorinated oil phase. We fabricate functional and versatile hydrogel microstructures in microfluidic channels that are physically isolated from each other using a surfactant-free fluorinated oil phase, generating picoliter- to nanoliter-sized immobilized aqueous reaction compartments that are readily functionalized with biomolecules. In doing so, we achieve monodisperse reaction volumes with an aqueous interior while exploiting the unique chemistry of a hydrogel, which provides a solid and porous binding scaffold for biomolecules and is impenetrable to oil. Furthermore, our lithographically defined reaction volumes are readily customized with respect to geometry and chemistry within the same channel, allowing rational tuning of the confined reaction volume on a post-to-post basis without needing to use surfactants to maintain stability. We design and implement a multiplexed signal amplification assay in which gel-bound enzymes turn over small molecule substrate into fluorescent product in the oil-confined gel compartment, providing significant signal enhancement. Using short (20 min) amplification times, the encapsulation scheme provides up to 2 orders of magnitude boost of signal in nucleic acid detection assays relative to direct labeling and does not suffer from any cross-talk between the posts. We ultimately demonstrate up to 57-fold increase in nucleic acid detection sensitivity compared to a direct labeling scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rathi L Srinivas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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14
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Kim D, Herr AE. Protein immobilization techniques for microfluidic assays. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2013; 7:41501. [PMID: 24003344 PMCID: PMC3747845 DOI: 10.1063/1.4816934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic systems have shown unequivocal performance improvements over conventional bench-top assays across a range of performance metrics. For example, specific advances have been made in reagent consumption, throughput, integration of multiple assay steps, assay automation, and multiplexing capability. For heterogeneous systems, controlled immobilization of reactants is essential for reliable, sensitive detection of analytes. In most cases, protein immobilization densities are maximized, while native activity and conformation are maintained. Immobilization methods and chemistries vary significantly depending on immobilization surface, protein properties, and specific assay goals. In this review, we present trade-offs considerations for common immobilization surface materials. We overview immobilization methods and chemistries, and discuss studies exemplar of key approaches-here with a specific emphasis on immunoassays and enzymatic reactors. Recent "smart immobilization" methods including the use of light, electrochemical, thermal, and chemical stimuli to attach and detach proteins on demand with precise spatial control are highlighted. Spatially encoded protein immobilization using DNA hybridization for multiplexed assays and reversible protein immobilization surfaces for repeatable assay are introduced as immobilization methods. We also describe multifunctional surface coatings that can perform tasks that were, until recently, relegated to multiple functional coatings. We consider the microfluidics literature from 1997 to present and close with a perspective on future approaches to protein immobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dohyun Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Myongji University, 116 Myongji-ro, Cheoin-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 449-728, South Korea
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15
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Li T, Liu X, Liu D, Wang Z. Sensitive detection of protein kinase A activity in cell lysates by peptide microarray-based assay. Anal Chem 2013; 85:7033-7. [PMID: 23855559 DOI: 10.1021/ac4010502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, the activities of protein kinase A (PKA) in cell lysates have been detected by a peptide microarray-based resonance light scattering assay with gold nanoparticle probes. Highly sensitive detection of PKA activity in 0.1 μg total cell proteins of SHG-44 cell lysate (corresponding to 200 cells) is achieved by a selected peptide substrate. The experimental results also demonstrate that the assay can be employed to evaluate expression levels of PKA activity in different cell lines and chemical (e.g., Forskolin )-mediated PKA activity fluctuation in living cells. In addition, PKA inhibition by the inhibitor (H89) is shown, suggesting the potential for screening PKA inhibitors at the living cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P R China
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16
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Powers AD, Han W, Liu B, Palecek SP. Multiplexed tyrosine kinase activity detection in cancer cells using a hydrogel immobilized substrate. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:5489-99. [PMID: 23624904 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-6963-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Kinases play a key role in cellular signaling, and the overactivation or overexpression of these kinases has been linked to a variety of cancers. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors treat the mechanism of these cancers by targeting the specific kinases that are overactive. Some patients, however, do not respond to these inhibitors or develop resistance to these inhibitors during treatment. Additionally, even within cancers of the same tissue type, different kinases may be overactive in different patients. For example, some lung cancers overexpress epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and respond to EGFR inhibitors, whereas other lung cancers do not overexpress EGFR and receive no benefit from this treatment. Even among patients exhibiting EGFR overexpression, some do not respond to EGFR kinase inhibitors because other kinases, such as Met kinase, are also overactivated. Here we describe a quantitative and specific multiplexed microfluidic assay using a hydrogel immobilized substrate for measuring the kinase activity of Met and Abl kinase from cancer cells. We immobilized kinase-specific substrates on macroporous hydrogel micropillars in microchannels. These microchannels were incubated with 6 μl of a kinase reaction solution containing cancer cell lysate, and we measured kinase activity via fluorescence detection of a phosphotyrosine antibody. We showed that the assay can specifically measure the activity of both Met and Abl kinase within one microchannel and has the potential to measure the activity of as many as five kinases within one microchannel. The assay also detected Met kinase inhibition from lysates of cancer cells grown in the Met kinase inhibitor PHA665752.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia D Powers
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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A multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) method to detect Bcr-Abl kinase activity in CML using a peptide biosensor. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56627. [PMID: 23437189 PMCID: PMC3577862 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein kinase Bcr-Abl plays a major role in the pathogenesis of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), and is the target of the breakthrough drug imatinib (Gleevec™). While most patients respond well to imatinib, approximately 30% never achieve remission or develop resistance within 1–5 years of starting imatinib treatment. Evidence from clinical studies suggests that achieving at least 50% inhibition of a patient’s Bcr-Abl kinase activity (relative to their level at diagnosis) is associated with improved patient outcomes, including reduced occurrence of resistance and longer maintenance of remission. Accordingly, sensitive assays for detecting Bcr-Abl kinase activity compatible with small amounts of patient material are desirable as potential companion diagnostics for imatinib. Here we report the detection of Bcr-Abl activity and inhibition by imatinib in the human CML cell line K562 using a cell-penetrating peptide biosensor and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. MRM enabled reproducible, selective detection of the peptide biosensor at fmol levels from aliquots of cell lysate equivalent to ∼15,000 cells. This degree of sensitivity will facilitate the miniaturization of the entire assay procedure down to cell numbers approaching 15,000, making it practical for translational applications in patient cells in which the limited amount of available patient material often presents a major challenge.
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Powers AD, Palecek SP. Protein analytical assays for diagnosing, monitoring, and choosing treatment for cancer patients. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2012; 3:503-534. [PMID: 25147725 DOI: 10.1260/2040-2295.3.4.503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer treatment is often hindered by inadequate methods for diagnosing the disease or insufficient predictive capacity regarding therapeutic efficacy. Targeted cancer treatments, including Bcr-Abl and EGFR kinase inhibitors, have increased survival for some cancer patients but are ineffective in other patients. In addition, many patients who initially respond to targeted inhibitor therapy develop resistance during the course of treatment. Molecular analysis of cancer cells has emerged as a means to tailor treatment to particular patients. While DNA analysis can provide important diagnostic information, protein analysis is particularly valuable because proteins are more direct mediators of normal and diseased cellular processes. In this review article, we discuss current and emerging protein assays for improving cancer treatment, including trends toward assay miniaturization and measurement of protein activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia D Powers
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Sean P Palecek
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of Wisconsin-Madison
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19
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Choi NW, Kim J, Chapin SC, Duong T, Donohue E, Pandey P, Broom W, Hill WA, Doyle PS. Multiplexed detection of mRNA using porosity-tuned hydrogel microparticles. Anal Chem 2012; 84:9370-8. [PMID: 23020189 DOI: 10.1021/ac302128u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptional profiling, which is directly or indirectly associated with expressed protein levels, has been used in various applications including clinical prognosis and pharmaceutical investigation of drug activities. Although the widely used reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) allows for the quantification of absolute amounts of mRNA (mRNA) from inputs as small as a single cell, it is an indirect detection method that requires the amplification of cDNA copies of target mRNAs. Here, we report the quantification of unmodified full-length transcripts, using poly(ethylene) glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) hydrogel microparticles synthesized via stop flow lithography (SFL). We show that PEG600 serves as an effective porogen to allow for the capture of large (∼1000-3700 nt long) mRNAs. Our relatively simple hydrogel-based mRNA detection scheme uses a multibiotinylated universal label probe and provides assay performance (limit of detection of ∼6 amol of an in-vitro-transcribed model target) comparable to an existing commercial bead-based technology that uses branched DNA (bDNA) signal amplification. We also demonstrate a 3-plex mRNA detection, without cross-reactivity, using shape-encoded "intraplex" hydrogel microparticles. Our ability to tune the porosity of encoded hydrogel microparticles expands the utility of this platform to now quantify biomacromolecules ranging in size from large mRNAs to small miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nak Won Choi
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research (NIBR), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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20
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Powers AD, Liu B, Lee AG, Palecek SP. Macroporous hydrogel micropillars for quantifying Met kinase activity in cancer cell lysates. Analyst 2012; 137:4052-61. [PMID: 22814332 PMCID: PMC3438145 DOI: 10.1039/c2an35464k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Overactive and overexpressed kinases have been implicated in the cause and progression of many cancers. Kinase inhibitors offer a targeted approach for treating cancers associated with increased or deregulated kinase activity. Often, however, cancer cells exhibit initial resistance to these inhibitors or evolve to develop resistance during treatment. Additionally, cancers of any one tissue type are typically heterogeneous in their oncogenesis mechanisms, and thus diagnosis of a particular type of cancer does not necessarily provide insight into what kinase therapies may be effective. For example, while some lung cancer cells that overexpress the epidermal growth factor receptor (EFGR) respond to treatment with EGFR kinase inhibitors, overexpression or hyperactivity of Met kinase correlates with resistance to EGFR kinase inhibitors. Here we describe a microfluidic-based assay for quantifying Met kinase activity in cancer cell lysates with the eventual goals of predicting cancer cell responsiveness to kinase inhibitors and monitoring development of resistance to these inhibitors. In this assay, we immobilized a phosphorylation substrate for Met kinase into macroporous hydrogel micropillars. We then exposed the micropillars to a cancer cell lysate and detected substrate phosphorylation using a fluorescently conjugated antibody. This assay is able to quantify Met kinase activity in whole cell lysate from as few as 150 cancer cells. It can also detect cells expressing overactive Met kinase in a background of up to 75% non-cancerous cells. Additionally, the assay can quantify kinase inhibition by the Met-specific kinase inhibitors SU11274 and PHA665752, suggesting predictive capability for cellular response to kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia D. Powers
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Bi Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Andrew G. Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Sean P. Palecek
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| |
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