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Ge T, Hu W, Zhang Z, He X, Wang L, Han X, Dai Z. Open and closed microfluidics for biosensing. Mater Today Bio 2024; 26:101048. [PMID: 38633866 PMCID: PMC11022104 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2024.101048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Biosensing is vital for many areas like disease diagnosis, infectious disease prevention, and point-of-care monitoring. Microfluidics has been evidenced to be a powerful tool for biosensing via integrating biological detection processes into a palm-size chip. Based on the chip structure, microfluidics has two subdivision types: open microfluidics and closed microfluidics, whose operation methods would be diverse. In this review, we summarize fundamentals, liquid control methods, and applications of open and closed microfluidics separately, point out the bottlenecks, and propose potential directions of microfluidics-based biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxin Ge
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, No.66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, PR China
| | - Wenxu Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, No.66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, PR China
| | - Zilong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, No.66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, PR China
| | - Xuexue He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, No.66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, PR China
| | - Liqiu Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 999077, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Xing Han
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, No.66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, PR China
| | - Zong Dai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, No.66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, PR China
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Yamanaka T, Arai F. Film-Shaped Self-Powered Electro-Osmotic Micropump Array. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:785. [PMID: 37421018 DOI: 10.3390/mi14040785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports a new concept of a film-shaped micropump array for biomedical perfusion. The detailed concept, design, fabrication process, and performance evaluation using prototypes are described. In this micropump array, an open circuit potential (OCP) is generated by a planar biofuel cell (BFC), which in turn generates electro-osmotic flows (EOFs) in multiple through-holes arranged perpendicular to the micropump plane. The micropump array is thin and wireless, so it can be cut like postage stamps, easily installed in any small location, and can act as a planar micropump in solutions containing the biofuels glucose and oxygen. Perfusion at local sites are difficult with conventional techniques using multiple separate components such as micropumps and energy sources. This micropump array is expected to be applied to the perfusion of biological fluids in small locations near or inside cultured cells, cultured tissues, living organisms, and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiro Yamanaka
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Fumihito Arai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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Duan K, Orabi M, Warchock A, Al-Akraa Z, Ajami Z, Chun TH, Lo JF. Monolithically 3D-Printed Microfluidics with Embedded µTesla Pump. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:mi14020237. [PMID: 36837937 PMCID: PMC9965163 DOI: 10.3390/mi14020237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidics has earned a reputation for providing numerous transformative but disconnected devices and techniques. Active research seeks to address this challenge by integrating microfluidic components, including embedded miniature pumps. However, a significant portion of existing microfluidic integration relies on the time-consuming manual fabrication that introduces device variations. We put forward a framework for solving this disconnect by combining new pumping mechanics and 3D printing to demonstrate several novel, integrated and wirelessly driven microfluidics. First, we characterized the simplicity and performance of printed microfluidics with a minimum feature size of 100 µm. Next, we integrated a microtesla (µTesla) pump to provide non-pulsatile flow with reduced shear stress on beta cells cultured on-chip. Lastly, the integration of radio frequency (RF) device and a hobby-grade brushless motor completed a self-enclosed platform that can be remotely controlled without wires. Our study shows how new physics and 3D printing approaches not only provide better integration but also enable novel cell-based studies to advance microfluidic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Duan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan–Dearborn, Dearborn, MI 48128, USA
| | - Mohamad Orabi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan–Dearborn, Dearborn, MI 48128, USA
| | - Alexus Warchock
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan–Dearborn, Dearborn, MI 48128, USA
| | - Zaynab Al-Akraa
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan–Dearborn, Dearborn, MI 48128, USA
| | - Zeinab Ajami
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan–Dearborn, Dearborn, MI 48128, USA
| | - Tae-Hwa Chun
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Joe F. Lo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan–Dearborn, Dearborn, MI 48128, USA
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Zhao X, Li X, Yang W, Peng J, Huang J, Mi S. An integrated microfluidic detection system for the automated and rapid diagnosis of high-risk human papillomavirus. Analyst 2021; 146:5102-5114. [PMID: 34264258 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00623a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) causes the prevalent sexually transmitted infection that accounts for the majority of cervical cancer incidences. Therefore, the development of a rapid, accurate, automatic and affordable nucleic acid detection strategy is urgently required for HPV tests, among which microfluidic chip is a promising diagnostic method. In this work, we developed a microfluidic detection system consisting of a microfluidic chip and the corresponding detection equipment to diagnose high-risk HPV. The proposed method integrates nucleic acid purification, isothermal amplification and real-time fluorescence detection into one device. Moreover, it demonstrates good detection performance such as high specificity of primer sets (100%) and exceptional stability (coefficient of variation <6%) among five HPV genotypes. Besides, the microfluidic loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay is accurate (specificity of 91.7% and sensitivity of 100%) and fast (average time threshold = 10.56 minutes) when considering the conventional qPCR assay as the gold standard. The integrated microfluidic detection system offers automated and rapid diagnosis within 40 minutes and shows broad potential to deliver point-of-care detection in resource-limited circumstances owing to its simplicity and affordability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhao
- Bio-manufacturing Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
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Pradhan B, Patra S, Dash SR, Nayak R, Behera C, Jena M. Evaluation of the anti-bacterial activity of methanolic extract of Chlorella vulgaris Beyerinck [Beijerinck] with special reference to antioxidant modulation. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-020-00172-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The natural antioxidants from Chlorella have potent therapeutic implication in several diseases. However, the anti-bacterial activity and their molecular mode of action have not been investigated yet. The present study focussed on the assessment of antioxidant potential as well as free radical scavenging activity such as DPPH, hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide, and superoxide anion radical assay of Chlorella vulgaris Beyerinck [Beijerinck] (BUACC25) isolated from marine habitat. Furthermore, the anti-bacterial activity and their molecular mode of action have been evaluated.
Results
In the present study, the preliminary phytochemical screening of methanolic algal extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, proteins, terpenoids, saponins, coumarin, phenols, and tannins, which was confirmed by in an UV-visible and FT-IR spectroscopy, indicated the distinct spectral peaks. The methanolic algal extract was found to be rich in phenolic content (45 ± 0.06 mg GAE g−1) and flavonoid content (470 ± 0.25 mg of RUE g−1). Furthermore, the methanolic extract was revealed potent antioxidant scavenging activity to scavenge various free radicals with minimum IC50 values of DPPH, hydroxyl, H2O2, superoxide 2.82 ± 0.30, 2.30 ± 0.25, 3.24 ± 0.32, and 3.15 ± 0.02 μg ml−1 respectively. Furthermore, the methanolic extract of C. vulgaris exhibited potent anti-bacterial activity which was evident with the reduction in cfu × 107/ml and % of cell viability. Mechanistically, reduction of SOD, CAT, and GSH activity provoked ROS-mediated cell death after drug treatment. Moreover, in combination with norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin, methanolic extract of C. vulgaris demonstrated enhanced anti-bacterial activity with an evident reduction in cfu/ml and % of cell viability.
Conclusion
This study advocates that C. vulgaris (BUACC25) has promising antioxidant activity owing to the presence of phenolic and flavonoids evidenced by scavenging of DPPH, hydroxyl, H2O2, and superoxide radicals. In addition to this, it sustained anti-microbial activity against E. coli through modulation of SOD, CAT, and GSH. This study carved a path for uncovering a better therapeutic agent against disease-causing bacterial pathogens.
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Pishbin E, Kazemzadeh A, Chimerad M, Asiaei S, Navidbakhsh M, Russom A. Frequency dependent multiphase flows on centrifugal microfluidics. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:514-524. [PMID: 31898702 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00924h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The simultaneous flow of gas and liquids in large scale conduits is an established approach to enhance the performance of different working systems under critical conditions. On the microscale, the use of gas-liquid flows is challenging due to the dominance of surface tension forces. Here, we present a technique to generate common gas-liquid flows on a centrifugal microfluidic platform. It consists of a spiral microchannel and specific micro features that allow for temporal and local control of stratified and slug flow regimes. We investigate several critical parameters that induce different gas-liquid flows and cause the transition between stratified and slug flows. We have analytically derived formulations that are compared with our experimental results to deliver a general guideline for designing specific gas-liquid flows. As an application of the gas-liquid flows in enhancing microfluidic systems' performance, we show the acceleration of the cell growth of E. coli bacteria in comparison to traditional culturing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmail Pishbin
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amin Kazemzadeh
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Protein Sciences, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Mohammadreza Chimerad
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sasan Asiaei
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Navidbakhsh
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aman Russom
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Protein Sciences, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Smith S, Mager D, Perebikovsky A, Shamloo E, Kinahan D, Mishra R, Torres Delgado SM, Kido H, Saha S, Ducrée J, Madou M, Land K, Korvink JG. CD-Based Microfluidics for Primary Care in Extreme Point-of-Care Settings. MICROMACHINES 2016; 7:mi7020022. [PMID: 30407395 PMCID: PMC6190444 DOI: 10.3390/mi7020022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We review the utility of centrifugal microfluidic technologies applied to point-of-care diagnosis in extremely under-resourced environments. The various challenges faced in these settings are showcased, using areas in India and Africa as examples. Measures for the ability of integrated devices to effectively address point-of-care challenges are highlighted, and centrifugal, often termed CD-based microfluidic technologies, technologies are presented as a promising platform to address these challenges. We describe the advantages of centrifugal liquid handling, as well as the ability of a standard CD player to perform a number of common laboratory tests, fulfilling the role of an integrated lab-on-a-CD. Innovative centrifugal approaches for point-of-care in extremely resource-poor settings are highlighted, including sensing and detection strategies, smart power sources and biomimetic inspiration for environmental control. The evolution of centrifugal microfluidics, along with examples of commercial and advanced prototype centrifugal microfluidic systems, is presented, illustrating the success of deployment at the point-of-care. A close fit of emerging centrifugal systems to address a critical panel of tests for under-resourced clinic settings, formulated by medical experts, is demonstrated. This emphasizes the potential of centrifugal microfluidic technologies to be applied effectively to extremely challenging point-of-care scenarios and in playing a role in improving primary care in resource-limited settings across the developing world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Smith
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Meiring Naude Road, Brummeria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
| | - Dario Mager
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany.
| | - Alexandra Perebikovsky
- School of Engineering and School of Physical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, 4200 Engineering Gateway, Irvine, CA 92697-3975, USA.
| | - Ehsan Shamloo
- School of Engineering and School of Physical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, 4200 Engineering Gateway, Irvine, CA 92697-3975, USA.
| | - David Kinahan
- School of Physical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland.
| | - Rohit Mishra
- School of Physical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland.
| | - Saraí M Torres Delgado
- Simulation Laboratory, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau 79085, Germany.
| | - Horacio Kido
- School of Engineering and School of Physical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, 4200 Engineering Gateway, Irvine, CA 92697-3975, USA.
| | - Satadal Saha
- Foundation for Innovations in Health and JSV Innovations Private Limited, 44A S P Mukherjee Road, Kolkata 700026, India.
| | - Jens Ducrée
- School of Physical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland.
| | - Marc Madou
- School of Engineering and School of Physical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, 4200 Engineering Gateway, Irvine, CA 92697-3975, USA.
| | - Kevin Land
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Meiring Naude Road, Brummeria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
| | - Jan G Korvink
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany.
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Numerical Investigation of Cell Encapsulation for Multiplexing Diagnostic Assays Using Novel Centrifugal Microfluidic Emulsification and Separation Platform. MICROMACHINES 2016; 7:mi7020017. [PMID: 30407391 PMCID: PMC6190305 DOI: 10.3390/mi7020017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In the present paper, we report a novel centrifugal microfluidic platform for emulsification and separation. Our design enables encapsulation and incubation of multiple types of cells by droplets, which can be generated at controlled high rotation speed modifying the transition between dripping-to-jetting regimes. The droplets can be separated from continuous phase using facile bifurcated junction design. A three dimensional (3D) model was established to investigate the formation and sedimentation of droplets using the centrifugal microfluidic platform by computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The simulation results were compared to the reported experiments in terms of droplet shape and size to validate the accuracy of the model. The influence of the grid resolution was investigated and quantified. The physics associated with droplet formation and sedimentation is governed by the Bond number and Rossby number, respectively. Our investigation provides insight into the design criteria that can be used to establish centrifugal microfluidic platforms tailored to potential applications, such as multiplexing diagnostic assays, due to the unique capabilities of the device in handling multiple types of cells and biosamples with high throughput. This work can inspire new development of cell encapsulation and separation applications by centrifugal microfluidic technology.
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Shemesh J, Jalilian I, Shi A, Heng Yeoh G, Knothe Tate ML, Ebrahimi Warkiani M. Flow-induced stress on adherent cells in microfluidic devices. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:4114-27. [PMID: 26334370 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00633c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Transduction of mechanical forces and chemical signals affect every cell in the human body. Fluid flow in systems such as the lymphatic or circulatory systems modulates not only cell morphology, but also gene expression patterns, extracellular matrix protein secretion and cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesions. Similar to the role of mechanical forces in adaptation of tissues, shear fluid flow orchestrates collective behaviours of adherent cells found at the interface between tissues and their fluidic environments. These behaviours range from alignment of endothelial cells in the direction of flow to stem cell lineage commitment. Therefore, it is important to characterize quantitatively fluid interface-dependent cell activity. Common macro-scale techniques, such as the parallel plate flow chamber and vertical-step flow methods that apply fluid-induced stress on adherent cells, offer standardization, repeatability and ease of operation. However, in order to achieve improved control over a cell's microenvironment, additional microscale-based techniques are needed. The use of microfluidics for this has been recognized, but its true potential has emerged only recently with the advent of hybrid systems, offering increased throughput, multicellular interactions, substrate functionalization on 3D geometries, and simultaneous control over chemical and mechanical stimulation. In this review, we discuss recent advances in microfluidic flow systems for adherent cells and elaborate on their suitability to mimic physiologic micromechanical environments subjected to fluid flow. We describe device design considerations in light of ongoing discoveries in mechanobiology and point to future trends of this promising technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Shemesh
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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Chang KT, Chang YJ, Chen CL, Wang YN. Multichannel lens-free CMOS sensors for real-time monitoring of cell growth. Electrophoresis 2014; 36:413-9. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ko-Tung Chang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology; Pingtung Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jen Chang
- Department of Vehicle Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology; Pingtung Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ling Chen
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology; Pingtung Taiwan
| | - Yao-Nan Wang
- Department of Vehicle Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology; Pingtung Taiwan
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Byun CK, Abi-Samra K, Cho YK, Takayama S. Pumps for microfluidic cell culture. Electrophoresis 2013; 35:245-57. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Kyu Byun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST); Eonyang-eop; Ulju-gun Ulsan Republic of Korea
| | - Kameel Abi-Samra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST); Eonyang-eop; Ulju-gun Ulsan Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Kyoung Cho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST); Eonyang-eop; Ulju-gun Ulsan Republic of Korea
| | - Shuichi Takayama
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST); Eonyang-eop; Ulju-gun Ulsan Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan; Biointerfaces Institute; Ann Arbor MI USA
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