Label free Impedimetric Immunosensor for effective bladder Cancer detection in clinical urine samples

Analysis of Cell Dielectrophoretic Properties Using Isomotive Creek-Gap Electrode Device

Various types of dielectrophoresis (DEP) cell separation devices using AC electric fields have been proposed and developed. However, its capability is still limited by a lack of quantitative characterization of the relationship between frequency and force. In the present study, this limitation was addressed by developing a method capable of fast and accurate quantification of the dielectric properties of biological cells. A newly designed Creek-gap electrode device can induce constant DEP forces on cells, realizing the isomotive movement of cells suitable for DEP analysis. The real number part of the Clausius-Mossotti (CM) factor of cells, Re(β), was obtained by simple cell velocimetry together with the numerical three-dimensional (3D) electric field analysis. Human mammary cells, MCF10A, and its cancer cells, MCF7 and MDAMB231, were used as model cells to evaluate the capability of the proposed device. The estimation of Re(β) using the Creek-gap electrode device showed good agreement with previously reported values. Furthermore, the thermal behavior of the Creek-gap electrode device, which is crucial to cell viability, was investigated by adopting micro laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) thermometry using Rhodamine B. The temperature rise in the device was found to be approximately several degrees Celsius at most. The results demonstrate that the proposed method could be a powerful tool for fast and accurate noninvasive measurement of the DEP spectrum and the determination of the dielectric properties of biological cells.

Dielectrophoresis: Measurement technologies and auxiliary sensing applications

Dielectrophoresis (DEP), which arises from the interaction between dielectric particles and an aqueous solution in a nonuniform electric field, contributes to the manipulation of nano and microparticles in many fields, including colloid physics, analytical chemistry, molecular biology, clinical medicine, and pharmaceutics. The measurement of the DEP force could provide a more complete solution for verifying current classical DEP theories. This review reports various imaging, fluidic, optical, and mechanical approaches for measuring the DEP forces at different amplitudes and frequencies. The integration of DEP technology into sensors enables fast response, high sensitivity, precise discrimination, and label-free detection of proteins, bacteria, colloidal particles, and cells. Therefore, this review provides an in-depth overview of DEP-based fabrication and measurements. Depending on the measurement requirements, DEP manipulation can be classified into assistance and integration approaches to improve sensor performance. To this end, an overview is dedicated to developing the concept of trapping-on-sensing, improving its structure and performance, and realizing fully DEP-assisted lab-on-a-chip systems.

Nanotechnology in Bladder Cancer: Diagnosis and Treatment

Bladder cancer (BC) is the second most common cancer of the urinary tract in men and the fourth most common cancer in women, and its incidence rises with age. There are many conventional methods for diagnosis and treatment of BC. There are some current biomarkers and clinical tests for the diagnosis and treatment of BC. For example, radiotherapy combined with chemotherapy and surgical, but residual tumor cells mostly cause tumor recurrence. In addition, chemotherapy after transurethral resection causes high side effects, and lack of selectivity, and low sensitivity in sensing. Therefore, it is essential to improve new procedures for the diagnosis and treatment of BC. Nanotechnology has recently sparked an interest in a variety of areas, including medicine, chemistry, physics, and biology. Nanoparticles (NP) have been used in tumor therapies as appropriate tools for enhancing drug delivery efficacy and enabling therapeutic performance. It is noteworthy, nanomaterial could be reduced the limitation of conventional cancer diagnosis and treatments. Since, the major disadvantages of therapeutic drugs are their insolubility in an aqueous solvent, for instance, paclitaxel (PTX) is one of the important therapeutic agents utilized to treating BC, due to its ability to prevent cancer cell growth. However, its major problem is the poor solubility, which has confirmed to be a challenge when improving stable formulations for BC treatment. In order to reduce this challenge, anti-cancer drugs can be loaded into NPs that can improve water solubility. In our review, we state several nanosystem, which can effective and useful for the diagnosis, treatment of BC. We investigate the function of metal NPs, polymeric NPs, liposomes, and exosomes accompanied therapeutic agents for BC Therapy, and then focused on the potential of nanotechnology to improve conventional approaches in sensing.