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A Simultaneous Conversion and Extraction of Furfural from Pentose in Dilute Acid Hydrolysate of Quercus mongolica Using an Aqueous Biphasic System. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app11010163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This study optimizes furfural production from pentose released in the liquid hydrolysate of hardwood using an aqueous biphasic system. Dilute acid pretreatment with 4% sulfuric acid was conducted to extract pentose from liquid Quercus mongolica hydrolysate. To produce furfural from xylose, a xylose standard solution with the same acid concentration of the liquid hydrolysate and extracting solvent (tetrahydrofuran) were applied to the aqueous biphasic system. A response surface methodology was adopted to optimize furfural production in the aqueous biphasic system. A maximum furfural yield of 72.39% was achieved at optimal conditions as per the RSM; a reaction temperature of 170 °C, reaction time of 120 min, and a xylose concentration of 10 g/L. Tetrahydrofuran, toluene, and dimethyl sulfoxide were evaluated to understand the effects of the solvent on furfural production. Tetrahydrofuran generated the highest furfural yield, while DMSO gave the lowest yield. A furfural yield of 68.20% from pentose was achieved in the liquid hydrolysate of Quercus mongolica under optimal conditions using tetrahydrofuran as the extracting solvent. The aqueous and tetrahydrofuran fractions were separated from the aqueous biphasic solvent by salting out using sodium chloride, and 94.63% of the furfural produced was drawn out through two extractions using tetrahydrofuran.
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Zhang Q, You J, Zhu W, Wu Z, Xiong J. Rapid Quantification of Urinary Organic Acids by HPLC Mass Spectrometry to Assess Nutritional Individuality in Chinese Children. ANAL SCI 2020; 36:1191-1196. [PMID: 32389902 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.20p038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A urinary organic acids profile can be utilized as an effective screening tool for analyzing abnormality of nutrient metabolism. By using these metabolic markers in conjunction with one another, it helps in understanding how individual nutrient metabolism is executed and to determine where there may be imbalances in the metabolic cycle. In this study, we developed a rapid quantification method of 20 urinary organic acids by HPLC-mass spectrometry. A pre-analytical process of organic acid extraction from a urine sample is crucial in this methodology. The process was accomplished by liquid-liquid extraction followed by strong anion exchange. Compared with previous methods, this method greatly reduces the analysis time and allows for the simultaneous quantification of 20 organic acids within 10 min for the first time. This methodology enabled us to analyze urine samples collected from 34 Chinese children. The abnormalities of some urinary organic acids were found in this group, which revealed evidence of functional inadequacy of specific nutrients. The preliminary data in this study confirmed the suitability of the method for rapid and accurate quantification of the target organic acids in urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qichen Zhang
- Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
| | - Jia You
- West China School of Public Health and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University
| | - Wenli Zhu
- Chengdu MediMass Technology CO., LTD
| | | | - Jingyuan Xiong
- West China School of Public Health and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University
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Jarukas L, Mykhailenko O, Baranauskaite J, Marksa M, Ivanauskas L. Investigation of Organic Acids in Saffron Stigmas ( Crocus sativus L.) Extract by Derivatization Method and Determination by GC/MS. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25153427. [PMID: 32731562 PMCID: PMC7436078 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The beneficial health properties of organic acids make them target compounds in multiple studies. This is the reason why developing a simple and sensitive determination and investigation method of organic acids is a priority. In this study, an effective method has been established for the determination of organic (lactic, glycolic, and malic) acids in saffron stigmas. N-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-N-methyltrifluoroacetamide (MTBSTFA) was used as a derivatization reagent in gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometric detection (GC/MS). The saffron stigmas extract was evaporated to dryness with a stream of nitrogen gas. The derivatization procedure: 0.1 g of dried extract was diluted into 0.1 mL of tetrahydrofuran, then 0.1 mL MTBSTFA was orderly and successively added into a vial. Two different techniques were used to obtain the highest amount of organic acid derivatives from saffron stigmas. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the quantitative and qualitative GC/MS detection of organic acids in saffron stigmas using MTBSTFA reagent, also comparing different derivatization conditions, such as time, temperature and the effect of reagent amount on derivatization process. The identification of these derivatives was performed via GC-electron impact ionization mass spectrometry in positive-ion detection mode. Under optimal conditions, excellent linearity for all organic acids was obtained with determination coefficients of R2 > 0.9955. The detection limits (LODs) and quantitation limits (LOQs) ranged from 0.317 to 0.410 µg/mL and 0.085 to 1.53 µg/mL, respectively. The results showed that the highest yield of organic acids was conducted by using 0.1 mL of MTBSTFA and derivatization method with a conventional heating process at 130 °C for 90 min. This method has been successfully applied to the quantitative analysis of organic acids in saffron stigmas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurynas Jarukas
- Department of Analytical and Toxicological Chemistry, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, A. Mickeviciaus Str. 9, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania; (L.J.); (L.I.)
| | - Olga Mykhailenko
- Department of Botany, National University of Pharmacy, Valentynivska, Str. 4, 461168 Kharkov, Ukraine;
| | - Juste Baranauskaite
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yeditepe University Atasehir, Inonu Mah., Kayısdagı Cad., Istanbul 34755, Turkey;
| | - Mindaugas Marksa
- Department of Analytical and Toxicological Chemistry, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, A. Mickeviciaus Str. 9, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania; (L.J.); (L.I.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +370-602-54-544
| | - Liudas Ivanauskas
- Department of Analytical and Toxicological Chemistry, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, A. Mickeviciaus Str. 9, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania; (L.J.); (L.I.)
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Nguyen VL, Palmer L, Roessner U, Stangoulis J. Genotypic Variation in the Root and Shoot Metabolite Profiles of Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) Indicate Sustained, Preferential Carbon Allocation as a Potential Mechanism in Phosphorus Efficiency. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:995. [PMID: 31447867 PMCID: PMC6691131 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Changes in the levels of plant metabolites in response to nutrient deficiency is indicative of how plants utilize scarce resources. In this study, changes in the metabolite profile of roots and shoots of wheat genotypes differing in phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) was investigated. Under low P supply and at 28 days after sowing (DAS), the wheat breeding line, RAC875 (P efficient) produced 42% more shoot biomass than the wheat variety, and Wyalkatchem (P inefficient). Significant changes in the metabolite profile in leaves and roots were observed under low P supply and significant genotypic variation was evident. Under low P supply, an increase in raffinose and 1-kestose was evident in roots of both wheat genotypes, with RAC875 accumulating more when compared to Wyalkatchem. There was no significant increase in raffinose and 1-kestose in leaves when plants were grown under P deficiency. P deficiency had no significant impact on the levels of sucrose, maltose, glucose and fructose in both genotypes, and while phosphorylated sugars (glucose-6-P and fructose-6-P) remained unchanged in RAC875, in Wyalkatchem, glucose-6-P significantly decreased in roots, and fructose-6-P significantly decreased in both leaves and roots. Glycerol-3-P decreased twofold in roots of both wheat genotypes in response to low P. In roots, RAC875 exhibited significantly lower levels of fumarate, malate, maleate and itaconate than Wyalkatchem, while low P enhanced organic acid exudation in RAC875 but not in Wyalkatchem. RAC875 showed greater accumulation of aspartate, glutamine and β-alanine in leaves than Wyalkatchem under low P supply. Greater accumulation of raffinose and 1-kestose in roots and aspartate, glutamine and β-alanine in leaves appears to be associated with enhanced PUE in RAC875. Glucose-6-P and fructose-6-P are important for glycolysis, thus maintaining these metabolites would enable RAC875 to maintain carbohydrate metabolism and shoot biomass under P deficiency. The work presented here provides evidence that differences in metabolite profiles can be observed between wheat varieties that differ in PUE and key metabolic pathways are maintained in the efficient genotype to ensure carbon supply under P deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Lam Nguyen
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Biotechnology, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Lachlan Palmer
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Ute Roessner
- School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - James Stangoulis
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
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Vasquez NP, Crosnier de Bellaistre-Bonose M, Lévêque N, Thioulouse E, Doummar D, Billette de Villemeur T, Rodriguez D, Couderc R, Robin S, Courderot-Masuyer C, Moussa F. Advances in the metabolic profiling of acidic compounds in children's urines achieved by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 1002:130-8. [PMID: 26319306 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of this work was to evaluate a comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatographic (GCxGC) coupled to quadrupole mass spectrometry (qMS) method in the field of biomarker candidates' discovery. To this purpose we developed a GCxGC-qMS method suitable for the separation of organic acids and other classes of compounds with silylable polar hydrogen such as sugars, amino-acids, and vitamins. As compared to those obtained by a widely used 1D-GC method, the urinary chromatographic profiles performed by the proposed 2D-GC method exhibit higher resolution and sensitivity, leading to the detection of up to 92 additional compounds in some urine samples including some well-known biomarkers. In order to validate the proposed method we focused on three metabolites of interest with various functional groups and polarities including CH3-malonic acid (MMA: biomarker of methylmalonic acidemia), 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaric acid (3-OHMGA: biomarker of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acidemia), and phenylpiruvic acid (PhPA: marker of phenylketonuria). While these three metabolites can be considered as representative of organic acids classically determined by 1D-GC, they cannot be representative of new detected metabolites. Thus, we also focused on quinolic acid (QUIN), taken as an example of biomarker not detected at basal levels with the classical 1D GC-qMS method. In order to obtain sufficient recoveries for all tested compounds, we developed a sample preparation protocol including a step of urea removal followed by two extraction steps using two solvents of different polarity and selectivity. Recoveries with the proposed method reached more than 80% for all targeted compounds and the linearity was satisfactory up to 50μmol/L. The CVs of the within-run and within-laboratory precisions were less than 8% for all tested compounds. The limits of quantification (LOQs) were 0.6μmol/L for MMA, 0.4μmol/L for 3-OHMGA, 0.7μmol/L for PhPA, and 1μmol/L for QUIN. The LOQs of these metabolites obtained by a classical GC-MS method under the same chromatographic conditions were 5μmol/L for MMA, 4μmol/L for 3-OHMGA, 6μmol/L for PhPA while QUIN was below the limit of detection. As compared to 1D-GC, these results highlight the enhanced detectability of urine metabolites by the 2D-GC technique. Our results also show that for each new detected compound it is necessary to develop and validate an appropriate sample preparation procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Pérez Vasquez
- Univ Paris-Sud, LETIAM, Lip(Sys)(2), IUT d'Orsay, Plateau de Moulon, 91400 Orsay, France; SARL BIOEXIGENCE, Espace Lafayette, rue Alfred de Vigny 8, 25000 Besançon, France
| | | | - N Lévêque
- Univ Paris-Sud, LETIAM, Lip(Sys)(2), IUT d'Orsay, Plateau de Moulon, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - E Thioulouse
- Biochemistry and Neuropediatric services, Hospital Group A. Trousseau-La Roche-Guyon, APHP, 75012 Paris, France
| | - D Doummar
- Biochemistry and Neuropediatric services, Hospital Group A. Trousseau-La Roche-Guyon, APHP, 75012 Paris, France
| | - T Billette de Villemeur
- Biochemistry and Neuropediatric services, Hospital Group A. Trousseau-La Roche-Guyon, APHP, 75012 Paris, France
| | - D Rodriguez
- Biochemistry and Neuropediatric services, Hospital Group A. Trousseau-La Roche-Guyon, APHP, 75012 Paris, France
| | - R Couderc
- Biochemistry and Neuropediatric services, Hospital Group A. Trousseau-La Roche-Guyon, APHP, 75012 Paris, France
| | - S Robin
- SARL BIOEXIGENCE, Espace Lafayette, rue Alfred de Vigny 8, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - C Courderot-Masuyer
- SARL BIOEXIGENCE, Espace Lafayette, rue Alfred de Vigny 8, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - F Moussa
- Univ Paris-Sud, LETIAM, Lip(Sys)(2), IUT d'Orsay, Plateau de Moulon, 91400 Orsay, France; Biochemistry and Neuropediatric services, Hospital Group A. Trousseau-La Roche-Guyon, APHP, 75012 Paris, France
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