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Ferreira T, Faustino-Rocha AI, Gaspar VM, Medeiros R, Mano JF, Oliveira PA. Contribution of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to breast cancer treatment: In vitro and in vivo studies. Vet World 2024; 17:1052-1072. [PMID: 38911075 PMCID: PMC11188899 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.1052-1072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation plays a crucial role in carcinogenesis. High levels of serum prostaglandin E2 and tissue overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) have been described in breast, urinary, colorectal, prostate, and lung cancers as being involved in tumor initiation, promotion, progression, angiogenesis, and immunosuppression. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are prescribed for several medical conditions to not only decrease pain and fever but also reduce inflammation by inhibiting COX and its product synthesis. To date, significant efforts have been made to better understand and clarify the interplay between cancer development, inflammation, and NSAIDs with a view toward addressing their potential for cancer management. This review provides readers with an overview of the potential use of NSAIDs and selective COX-2 inhibitors for breast cancer treatment, highlighting pre-clinical in vitro and in vivo studies employed to evaluate the efficacy of NSAIDs and their use in combination with other antineoplastic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Ferreira
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), UTAD, 5000–801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto. CCC), 4200–072 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Chemistry, Aveiro Institute of Materials (CICECO), University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810–193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana I. Faustino-Rocha
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), UTAD, 5000–801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Zootechnics, School of Sciences and Technology, University of Évora, Évora 7004-516, Portugal
- Comprehensive Health Research Center, 7004–516 Évora, Portugal
| | - Vítor M. Gaspar
- Department of Chemistry, Aveiro Institute of Materials (CICECO), University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810–193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rui Medeiros
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto. CCC), 4200–072 Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, 4200–319 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Research, Portuguese League against Cancer-Regional Nucleus of the North (Liga Portuguesa Contra o Cancro-Núcleo Regional do Norte), 4200–177 Porto, Portugal
- Virology Service, IPO Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- Biomedical Research Center (CEBIMED), Faculty of Health Sciences, Fernando Pessoa University, Porto 4249-004, Portugal
| | - João F. Mano
- Department of Chemistry, Aveiro Institute of Materials (CICECO), University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810–193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Paula A. Oliveira
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), UTAD, 5000–801 Vila Real, Portugal
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Hassan AY, Abou-Amra ES, El-Sebaey SA. Design and Synthesis of New Series of Chiral Pyrimidine and Purine analogs as COX-2 Inhibitors: Anticancer Screening, Molecular Modelling, and In Silico Studies. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.134930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Chantawong P, Mamom T, Tangtrongsup S, Chitsanoor S, Boonsriroj H. First study on the immunohistochemical expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and clinicopathological association in canine hepatoid gland neoplasms. Vet World 2022; 15:2432-2441. [DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.2432-2441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Hepatoid gland neoplasms (HGNs) constitute one of the most common cutaneous tumors that arise from perianal glands in dogs and are clinically characterized by rapid growth. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), the inducible form of the enzyme, is associated with several hallmarks of tumorigenesis. Its expression has been confirmed in several human and animal neoplastic tissues, but there are no reports in hepatoid gland tissues. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate COX-2 immunoexpression in canine HGNs, compare the expression among groups of normal hepatoid glands, hepatoid gland adenomas (HGAs), hepatoid gland epitheliomas (HGEs), and hepatoid gland carcinomas (HGCs), and assess the association of the COX-2 expression with clinicopathological features.
Materials and Methods: Sixty-one formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded canine hepatoid gland tissues (20 samples of HGAs, 16 of HGEs, 15 of HGCs, and 10 of normal hepatoid glands) were analyzed for COX-2 expression using immunohistochemistry with scoring for percentage positivity and intensity. Multiple comparisons of COX-2 expression among normal and neoplastic hepatoid glands and the associations between COX-2 expression and clinicopathological features were analyzed.
Results: Cyclooxygenase-2 expression was not detected in 60% of normal hepatoid glands and 25% of HGAs. Seventy-five percent of HGAs had a weak expression, while 43.7% and 56.3% of HGEs showed weak and moderate expression, respectively. The expression of HGCs ranged from weak (13.3%) to moderate (33.3%) and strong (53.3%). The immunoreactivity score of COX-2 labeling was significantly different among the normal and neoplastic hepatoid glands (p < 0.0001). The highest score was observed in the HGCs. Only in HGCs, the strong COX-2 expression was significantly associated with some clinicopathological features, including tissue invasion (p = 0.007) and necrosis (p = 0.029).
Conclusion: These results suggest that COX-2 may play a role in the modulation of neoplastic cell growth. These preliminary data lead to further investigation on the potential of COX-2 expression as a prognostic indicator and COX-2 inhibitors for canine HGCs treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinkarn Chantawong
- Department of Companion Animal and Wildlife Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; Integrative Research Center for Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Thanongsak Mamom
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology, Bangkok 10530, Thailand; Mahanakorn Veterinary Diagnostic Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology, Bangkok 10530, Thailand
| | - Sahatchai Tangtrongsup
- Department of Companion Animal and Wildlife Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; Research Center of Producing and Development of Products and Innovations for Animal Health and Production, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Setthakit Chitsanoor
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology, Bangkok 10530, Thailand; Mahanakorn Veterinary Diagnostic Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology, Bangkok 10530, Thailand
| | - Hassadin Boonsriroj
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology, Bangkok 10530, Thailand; Mahanakorn Veterinary Diagnostic Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology, Bangkok 10530, Thailand
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Benoit L, Jornod F, Zgheib E, Tomkiewicz C, Koual M, Coustillet T, Barouki R, Audouze K, Vinken M, Coumoul X. Adverse outcome pathway from activation of the AhR to breast cancer-related death. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 165:107323. [PMID: 35660951 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) are formalized and structured linear concepts that connect one molecular initiating event (MIE) to an adverse outcome (AO) via different key events (KE) through key event relationships (KER). They are mainly used in eco-toxicology toxicology, and regulatory health issues. AOPs must respond to specific guidelines from the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) to weight the evidence between each KE. Breast cancer is the deadliest cancer in women with a poor prognosis in case of metastatic breast cancer. The role of the environments in the formation of metastasis has been suggested. We hypothesized that activation of the AhR (MIE), a xenobiotic receptor, could lead to breast cancer related death (AO), through different KEs, constituting a new AOP. An artificial intelligence tool (AOP-helpfinder), which screens the available literature, was used to collect all existing scientific abstracts to build a novel AOP, using a list of key words. Four hundred and seven abstracts were found containing at least a word from our MIE list and either one word from our AO or KE list. A manual curation retained 113 pertinent articles, which were also screened using PubTator. From these analyses, an AOP was created linking the activation of the AhR to breast cancer related death through decreased apoptosis, inflammation, endothelial cell migration, angiogenesis, and invasion. These KEs promote an increased tumor growth, angiogenesis and migration which leads to breast cancer metastasis and breast cancer related death. The evidence of the proposed AOP was weighted using the tailored Bradford Hill criteria and the OECD guidelines. The confidence in our AOP was considered strong. An in vitro validation must be carried out, but our review proposes a strong relationship between AhR activation and breast cancer-related death with an innovative use of an artificial intelligence literature search.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Benoit
- Université Paris Cité, T3S, INSERM UMR-S 1124, 45 rue des Saints Pères, Paris, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, European Hospital Georges-Pompidou, Gynecologic and Breast Oncologic Surgery Department, Paris, France.
| | - Florence Jornod
- Université Paris Cité, T3S, INSERM UMR-S 1124, 45 rue des Saints Pères, Paris, France
| | - Elias Zgheib
- Université Paris Cité, T3S, INSERM UMR-S 1124, 45 rue des Saints Pères, Paris, France
| | - Celine Tomkiewicz
- Université Paris Cité, T3S, INSERM UMR-S 1124, 45 rue des Saints Pères, Paris, France
| | - Meriem Koual
- Université Paris Cité, T3S, INSERM UMR-S 1124, 45 rue des Saints Pères, Paris, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, European Hospital Georges-Pompidou, Gynecologic and Breast Oncologic Surgery Department, Paris, France
| | - Thibaut Coustillet
- Université Paris Cité, T3S, INSERM UMR-S 1124, 45 rue des Saints Pères, Paris, France
| | - Robert Barouki
- Université Paris Cité, T3S, INSERM UMR-S 1124, 45 rue des Saints Pères, Paris, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, European Hospital Georges-Pompidou, Gynecologic and Breast Oncologic Surgery Department, Paris, France
| | - Karine Audouze
- Université Paris Cité, T3S, INSERM UMR-S 1124, 45 rue des Saints Pères, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Entity of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Xavier Coumoul
- Université Paris Cité, T3S, INSERM UMR-S 1124, 45 rue des Saints Pères, Paris, France
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Li S, Li L, Lin X, Chen C, Luo C, Huang Y. Targeted Inhibition of Tumor Inflammation and Tumor-Platelet Crosstalk by Nanoparticle-Mediated Drug Delivery Mitigates Cancer Metastasis. ACS NANO 2022; 16:50-67. [PMID: 34873906 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c06022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sowing malignant cells (the "seeds" of metastasis) to engraft secondary sites requires a conducive premetastatic niche (PMN, the "soil" of metastasis). Inflammation and tumor associated platelet (TAP) has been hijacked by primary tumors to induce PMN "soil" in distant organs, as well as facilitate the dissemination of "seeds". This study reports a combinatory strategy with activated platelet-targeting nanoparticles to aim at the dynamic process of entire cancer metastasis, which exerts robust antimetastasis efficacy by simultaneously inhibiting tumor inflammation and tumor-platelet crosstalk. Our results reveals that the PSN peptide (a P-selectin-targeting peptide) modification enriched the accumulation of nanoparticles in primary tumor, pulmonary PMN, and metastases via capturing activated platelet. Such characteristics contribute to the efficient inhibition on almost every crucial and consecutive step of the metastasis cascade by retarding epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) progression within tumors, specifically blocking the tumor-platelet crosstalk to remove the platelets "protective shield" around disseminated "seeds", and reversing the inflammatory microenvironment to interfere with the "soil" formation. Consisting of inflammation inhibiting and TAP impeding nanoparticles, this approach prominently reduces various metastasis in abscopal lung, including spontaneous metastasis, disseminated tumor cells metastasis, and post-operative metastasis. This work provides a generalizable nanoplatform of parallel inflammation disturbance and tumor-TAP crosstalk blockade to resist metastatic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujie Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, South Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Lian Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, South Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Lin
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, South Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, South Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaohui Luo
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, South Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, South Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
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Tao N, Li H, Deng L, Zhao S, Ouyang J, Wen M, Chen W, Zeng K, Wei C, Liu YN. A Cascade Nanozyme with Amplified Sonodynamic Therapeutic Effects through Comodulation of Hypoxia and Immunosuppression against Cancer. ACS NANO 2022; 16:485-501. [PMID: 34962762 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c07504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) featured by immunosuppression and hypoxia is pivotal to cancer deterioration and metastasis. Thus, regulating the TME to improve cancer cell ablation efficiency has received extensive interest in oncotherapy. However, to reverse the immunosuppression and alleviate hypoxia simultaneously in the TME are major challenges for effective cancer therapy. Herein, a multifunctional platform based on Au nanoparticles and a carbon dots modified hollow black TiO2 nanosphere (HABT-C) with intrinsic cascade enzyme mimetic activities is prepared for reversing immunosuppression and alleviating hypoxia in the TME. The HABT-C NPs possess triple-enzyme mimetic activity to act as self-cascade nanozymes, which produce sufficient oxygen to alleviate hypoxia and generate abundant ROS. The theoretical analysis demonstrates that black TiO2 facilitates absorption of H2O and O2, separation of electron-holes, and generation of ROS, consequently amplifying the sonodynamic therapy (SDT) efficiency. Specifically, HABT-C exhibits favorable inhibition of immunosuppressive mediator expression, along with infiltrating of immune effector cells into the TME and reversing the immunosuppression in the TME. As a result, HABT-C can effectively kill tumor cells via eliciting immune infiltration, alleviating hypoxia, and improving SDT efficiency. This cascade nanozyme-based platform (HABT-C@HA) will provide a strategy for highly efficient SDT against cancer by modulation of hypoxia and immunosuppression in the TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Tao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, PR China
| | - Huihuang Li
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, PR China
| | - Liu Deng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, PR China
| | - Senfeng Zhao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, PR China
| | - Jiang Ouyang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, PR China
| | - Mei Wen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, PR China
| | - Wansong Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, PR China
| | - Ke Zeng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, PR China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Chuanwan Wei
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - You-Nian Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, PR China
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Jiang H, Li H. Prognostic values of tumoral MMP2 and MMP9 overexpression in breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:149. [PMID: 33568081 PMCID: PMC7877076 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-07860-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer (BC) is a leading cause of cancer-related death in females worldwide. Previous studies have demonstrated that matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play key roles in metastasis and are associated with survival in various cancers. The prognostic values of MMP2 and MMP9 expression in BC have been investigated, but the results remain controversial. Thus, we performed the present meta-analysis to investigate the associations between MMP2/9 expressions in tumor cells with clinicopathologic features and survival outcome in BC patients. Methods Eligible studies were searched in PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, CNKI and Wanfang databases. The associations of MMP2/9 overexpression in tumor cells with overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) were assessed by hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). The associations of MMP2/9 overexpression with clinicopathological features were investigated by calculating odds ratio (OR) and 95% CI. Subgroup analysis, sensitivity analysis, meta-regression, and analysis for publication bias were performed. Results A total of 41 studies comprising 6517 patients with primary BC were finally included. MMP2 overexpression was associated with an unfavorable OS (HR = 1.60, 95% CI 1.33 –1.94, P < 0.001) while MMP9 overexpression predicted a shorter OS (HR = 1.52, 95% CI 1.30 –1.77, P < 0.001). MMP2 overexpression conferred a higher risk to distant metastasis (OR = 2.69, 95% CI 1.35–5.39, P = 0.005) and MMP9 overexpression correlated with lymph node metastasis (OR = 2.90, 95% CI 1.86 – 4.53, P < 0.001). Moreover, MMP2 and MMP9 overexpression were both associated with higher clinical stage and histological grade in BC patients. MMP9 overexpression was more frequent in patients with larger tumor sizes. Conclusions Tumoral MMP2 and MMP9 are promising markers for predicting the prognosis in patients with BC. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-021-07860-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanfang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Breast Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No. 52nd Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Huiping Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Breast Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No. 52nd Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142, China.
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New pyrimidines and triazolopyrimidines as antiproliferative and antioxidants with cyclooxygenase-1/2 inhibitory potential. Future Med Chem 2020; 11:1583-1603. [PMID: 31469327 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2018-0285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibition and scavenging-free radicals are important targets in cancer treatment. Materials & methods: Sulfanylpyrimidines and triazolopyrimidines were synthesized and evaluated as anticancer and antioxidant COX-1/2 inhibitors. Results: Compound 7 showed the same growth inhibitory activity as 5-fluorouracil against MCF-7. Compound 6f displayed broad-spectrum anticancer activity against the four tested cancer cell lines. Compounds 5b, 6a, 6c, 6d and 8 were found to be more active antioxidants than trolox. Compounds 6a, 6c, 6f and 8 revealed high COX-2 inhibitory activity and selectivity, which was confirmed by docking studies. Conclusion: Compound 6f could be considered as promising anticancer and antioxidant structural lead with COX-2 inhibition that deserve further derivatization and investigation.
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Hemmat N, Bannazadeh Baghi H. Association of human papillomavirus infection and inflammation in cervical cancer. Pathog Dis 2020; 77:5558235. [PMID: 31504464 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftz048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) associated cancers, and in particular cervical cancer, are considered to be directly stimulated by HPV oncogenes. Alternatively, these types of cancers could also be indirectly stimulated by HPV-induced chronic inflammations, which in turn are also caused by HPV oncogenes activity. Chronic inflammation is associated with repeated tissue injury and development of mutations in the vital tumor suppressor genes. Thus, it is important to understand that the persistent HPV infection and its associated chronic inflammation is responsible for the progression of HPV-induced cancers. HPV E5, E6 and E7 could upregulate the expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and prostaglandin (PG) E2 followed by the activation of the COX-PG pathway. This pathway is assumed to be the main cause of HPV-induced inflammation. Additionally, HPV oncogenes could have an impact on the upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines in HPV-positive patients. The upregulation of such cytokines accelerates the incidence of inflammation following HPV infection. Other factors such as microRNAs, which are involved in the inflammation pathways and aging, give rise to the increased level of pro-inflammatory cytokines and could also be responsible for the acceleration of HPV-induced inflammation and consequent cervical cancer. In this review, the exact roles of HPV oncogenes in the occurrence of inflammation in cervical tissue, and the effects of other factors in this event are evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Hemmat
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Drug Applied Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Bannazadeh Baghi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Quantitative expression of MMPs 2, 9, 14, and collagen IV in LCIS and paired normal breast tissue. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13432. [PMID: 31530842 PMCID: PMC6748975 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48602-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Certain matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have the ability to degrade collagen IV, a main component of the breast lobular basement membrane. In this cross-sectional study, we evaluated expression of MMPs 2, 9, and 14 and collagen IV in LCIS and adjacent normal breast tissue among LCIS patients without invasive breast cancer to determine whether expression differed between benign and preinvasive breast epithelial tissue. A total of 64 LCIS patients, diagnosed 2004–2014, were included; 44 had sufficient paired normal tissue for analysis. Marker epithelial expression was measured using immunofluorescence and quantified using the H score (MMPs) or pixel intensity (collagen IV). Associations were evaluated using the Spearman correlation or the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. In LCIS and normal tissue, there was a strong correlation between MMP2 and MMP14 expression (LCIS r = 0.69, normal r = 0.81, both P < 0.01). Other pairwise correlations were moderate to weak (range: LCIS r = 0.32–0.47, normal r = 0.19–0.32). For all markers, expression was lower in LCIS vs. normal tissue (all P ≤ 0.05). In sum, collagenase MMPs were expressed in normal breast and LCIS lesions of LCIS patients. However, expression was not higher in LCIS compared with normal tissue, suggesting collagenase MMP expression does not increase as breast tissue gains a more proliferative phenotype.
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11
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Zhong T, Wu M, Ma S. Examination of Independent Prognostic Power of Gene Expressions and Histopathological Imaging Features in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E361. [PMID: 30871256 PMCID: PMC6468814 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11030361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer prognosis is of essential interest, and extensive research has been conducted searching for biomarkers with prognostic power. Recent studies have shown that both omics profiles and histopathological imaging features have prognostic power. There are also studies exploring integrating the two types of measurements for prognosis modeling. However, there is a lack of study rigorously examining whether omics measurements have independent prognostic power conditional on histopathological imaging features, and vice versa. In this article, we adopt a rigorous statistical testing framework and test whether an individual gene expression measurement can improve prognosis modeling conditional on high-dimensional imaging features, and a parallel analysis is conducted reversing the roles of gene expressions and imaging features. In the analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) lung adenocarcinoma and liver hepatocellular carcinoma data, it is found that multiple individual genes, conditional on imaging features, can lead to significant improvement in prognosis modeling; however, individual imaging features, conditional on gene expressions, only offer limited prognostic power. Being among the first to examine the independent prognostic power, this study may assist better understanding the "connectedness" between omics profiles and histopathological imaging features and provide important insights for data integration in cancer modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingyan Zhong
- SJTU-Yale Joint Center for Biostatistics, Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Mengyun Wu
- School of Statistics and Management, Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Shuangge Ma
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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12
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Powers N, Srivastava A. The Air Sac Primordium of Drosophila: A Model for Invasive Development. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19072074. [PMID: 30018198 PMCID: PMC6073991 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19072074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The acquisition of invasive properties preceding tumor metastasis is critical for cancer progression. This phenomenon may result from mutagenic disruption of typical cell function, but recent evidence suggests that cancer cells frequently co-opt normal developmental programs to facilitate invasion as well. The signaling cascades that have been implicated present an obstacle to identifying effective therapeutic targets because of their complex nature and modulatory capacity through crosstalk with other pathways. Substantial efforts have been made to study invasive behavior during organogenesis in several organisms, but another model found in Drosophilamelanogaster has not been thoroughly explored. The air sac primordium (ASP) appears to be a suitable candidate for investigating the genes and morphogens required for invasion due to the distinct overlap in the events that occur during its normal growth and the development of metastatic tumor cells. Among these events are the conversion of larval cells in the trachea into a population of mitotically active cells, reduced cell–cell contact along the leading edge of the ASP, and remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) that surrounds the structure. Here, we summarize the development of ASPs and invasive behavior observed therein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Powers
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Center, Western Kentucky University, 1906 College Heights Boulevard, TCCW 351, Bowling Green, KY 42101, USA.
| | - Ajay Srivastava
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Center, Western Kentucky University, 1906 College Heights Boulevard, TCCW 351, Bowling Green, KY 42101, USA.
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13
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Kochel TJ, Reader JC, Ma X, Kundu N, Fulton AM. Multiple drug resistance-associated protein (MRP4) exports prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and contributes to metastasis in basal/triple negative breast cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 8:6540-6554. [PMID: 28029661 PMCID: PMC5351651 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and its primary enzymatic product, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), are associated with a poor prognosis in breast cancer. In order to elucidate the factors contributing to intratumoral PGE2 levels, we evaluated the expression of COX-2/PGE2 pathway members MRP4, the prostaglandin transporter PGT, 15-PGDH (PGE2 metabolism), the prostaglandin E receptor EP4, COX-1, and COX-2 in normal, luminal, and basal breast cancer cell lines. The pattern of protein expression varied by cell line reflecting breast cancer heterogeneity. Overall, basal cell lines expressed higher COX-2, higher MRP4, lower PGT, and lower 15-PGDH than luminal cell lines resulting in higher PGE2 in the extracellular environment. Genetic or pharmacologic suppression of MRP4 expression or activity in basal cell lines led to less extracellular PGE2. The key finding is that xenografts derived from a basal breast cancer cell line with stably suppressed MRP4 expression showed a marked decrease in spontaneous metastasis compared to cells with unaltered MRP4 expression. Growth properties of primary tumors were not altered by MRP4 manipulation. In addition to the well-established role of high COX-2 in promoting metastasis, these data identify an additional mechanism to achieve high PGE2 in the tumor microenvironment; high MRP4, low PGT, and low 15-PGDH. MRP4 should be examined further as a potential therapeutic target in basal breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Kochel
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jocelyn C Reader
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xinrong Ma
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Namita Kundu
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amy M Fulton
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
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14
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Lemay R, Lepage M, Tremblay L, Therriault H, Charest G, Paquette B. Tumor Cell Invasion Induced by Radiation in Balb/C Mouse is Prevented by the Cox-2 Inhibitor NS-398. Radiat Res 2017; 188:605-614. [PMID: 28956695 DOI: 10.1667/rr14716.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Radiation stimulates the expression of inflammatory mediators known to increase cancer cell invasion. Therefore, it is important to determine whether anti-inflammatory drugs can prevent this adverse effect of radiation. Since cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is a central player in the inflammatory response, we performed studies to determine whether the COX-2 inhibitor NS-398 can reduce the radiation enhancement of cancer cell invasion. Thighs of Balb/c mice treated with NS-398 were irradiated with either daily fractions of 7.5 Gy for five consecutive days or a single 30 Gy dose prior to subcutaneous injection of nonirradiated MC7-L1 mammary cancer cells. Five weeks later, tumor invasion, blood vessel permeability and interstitial volumes were assessed using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) was measured in tissues by zymography at 21 days postirradiation. Cancer cell invasion in the mouse thighs was increased by 12-fold after fractionated irradiations (5 × 7.5 Gy) and by 17-fold after a single 30 Gy dose of radiation. This stimulation of cancer cell invasion was accompanied by a significant increase in the interstitial volume and a higher level of the protease MMP-2. NS-398 treatment largely prevented the stimulation of cancer cell invasion, which was associated with a reduction in interstitial volume in the irradiated thighs and a complete suppression of MMP-2 stimulation. In conclusion, this animal model using MC7-L1 cells demonstrates that radiation-induced cancer cell invasion can be largely prevented with the COX-2 inhibitor NS-398.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Lepage
- b Centre d'imagerie moléculaire de Sherbrooke, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada, J1H 5N4
| | - Luc Tremblay
- b Centre d'imagerie moléculaire de Sherbrooke, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada, J1H 5N4
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15
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Jain A, Sharma G, Kushwah V, Garg NK, Kesharwani P, Ghoshal G, Singh B, Shivhare US, Jain S, Katare OP. Methotrexate and beta-carotene loaded-lipid polymer hybrid nanoparticles: a preclinical study for breast cancer. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2017; 12:1851-1872. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2017-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: This work was intended to investigate the targeting potential of fructose-tethered lipid-polymeric hybrid nanoparticles (F-BC-MTX-LPHNPs) co-loaded with beta carotene (BC) and methotrexate (MTX) in breast cancer therapeutics and find out the possible protective role of BC on MTX-induced toxicity. Materials & methods: F-BC-MTX-LPHNPs were fabricated using self-assembled nano-precipitation technique. Fructose was conjugated on the surface of the particles. The in vitro cytotoxicity, sub-cellular localization and apoptotic activity of F-BC-MTX-LPHNPs were evaluated against MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The antitumor potential of F-BC-MTX-LPHNPs was further studied. Results & conclusion: Outcomes suggested that F-BC-MTX-LPHNPs induced the highest apoptosis index (0.89) against MCF-7 cells. Following 30 days of treatment, the residual tumor progression was assessed to be approximately 32%, in animals treated with F-BC-MTX-LPHNPs. F-BC-MTX-LPHNPs are competent to selectively convey the chemotherapeutic agent to the breast cancers. Beta carotene ameliorated MTX-induced hepatic and renal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashay Jain
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC-Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160 014, India
- UGC-Centre of Excellence in Applications of Nanomaterials, Nanoparticles & Nanocomposites, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160 014, India
- Dr. S. S. Bhatnagar University Institute of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160 014, India
| | - Gajanand Sharma
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC-Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160 014, India
| | - Varun Kushwah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, SAS Nagar, Punjab 160 062, India
| | - Neeraj K Garg
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC-Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160 014, India
- Department of Endocrinology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, The International Medical University (IMU), Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Gargi Ghoshal
- Dr. S. S. Bhatnagar University Institute of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160 014, India
| | - Bhupinder Singh
- Dr. S. S. Bhatnagar University Institute of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160 014, India
| | - Uma Shankar Shivhare
- Dr. S. S. Bhatnagar University Institute of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160 014, India
| | - Sanyog Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, SAS Nagar, Punjab 160 062, India
| | - Om Prakash Katare
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC-Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160 014, India
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16
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Li W, Yue W, Wang H, Lai B, Yang X, Zhang C, Wang Y, Gu M. Cyclooxygenase-2 is associated with malignant phenotypes in human lung cancer. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:3836-3844. [PMID: 27895738 PMCID: PMC5104181 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to investigate whether cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is associated with malignancy, and to investigate its molecular mechanisms in human lung cancer tumor malignancy. The present study used RNA interference (RNAi) methodology and celecoxib, a COX-2 inhibitor, to investigate the effect of COX-2 knockdown on the proliferation and invasion abilities of lung cancer cells and the molecular mechanisms involved. Human lung adenocarcinoma A549-si10 and LTEP-A2 cells transfected with a specific small interfering RNA (A549-si10 and LTEP-A2-si10, respectively) grew more slowly compared with parental cell lines and cells transfected with pU6. The colony formation of A549-si10 and LTEP-A2-si10 cells was also reduced. In addition, A549-si10 and LTEP-A2-si10 cells were characterized by decreased metastatic and invasive abilities. The proliferation and invasive potential of parental A549 and LTEP-A2 cells was inhibited following treatment with celecoxib. In vivo, a COX-2 knockdown resulted in a decrease of proliferation and reduction of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and endothelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression in A549 xenografts. In conclusion, the present study revealed that COX-2 plays a extremely important role in tumor growth, infiltration and metastasis via the regulation of VEGF, MMP-2 and EGRF expression. Therefore, COX-2 is a potential therapeutic target for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiying Li
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101149, P.R. China
| | - Wentao Yue
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101149, P.R. China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101149, P.R. China
| | - Baitang Lai
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101149, P.R. China
| | - Xuehui Yang
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101149, P.R. China
| | - Chunyan Zhang
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101149, P.R. China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101149, P.R. China
| | - Meng Gu
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101149, P.R. China
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17
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González L, Eiro N, Fernandez-Garcia B, González LO, Dominguez F, Vizoso FJ. Gene expression profile of normal and cancer-associated fibroblasts according to intratumoral inflammatory cells phenotype from breast cancer tissue. Mol Carcinog 2015; 55:1489-1502. [PMID: 26349857 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The biological heterogeneity of breast cancer leads to the need for finding new approaches to understand the mechanisms implicated in breast cancer progression. The tumor stroma appears as a key in the progression of solid tumors towards a malignant phenotype. Cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) may orchestrate a functional "corrupted" stroma which in turn helps metastatic spread. In this study, we investigated by real-time PCR, the expression of 19 factors by normal breast-associated fibroblasts (NAFs) and CAFs, which were implicated in several actions promoting tumor growth, such as extracellular matrix remodeling, inflammation and invasion. Also, we explored the influence of inflammatory cells phenotypes (MMP11 status) and breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) on the molecular profile of CAFs. If we consider that one of the major sources of CAFs are resident NAFs, the transition of NAFs into CAFs is associated with molecular changes involving the overexpression of some molecular factors of biological importance in tumor progression. In addition, the characterization of the tumor stroma regarding to the MMP11 status by MICs reflects a type of fibroblasts which contribute even more to tumor progression. Moreover, different patterns in the induction of the expression of factors by CAFs were observed, depending on the tumor cell line which they were co-cultured with. Furthermore, CAFs influence TGFβ expression in both cancer cell lines. Therefore, this study can help to a better characterization of tumor stroma in order to improve the prognostic evaluation, as well as to define the different populations of CAFs as potential therapeutic targets in breast cancer. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía González
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Gijón, Asturias, Spain
| | - Noemi Eiro
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Gijón, Asturias, Spain
| | | | - Luis O González
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Gijón, Asturias, Spain.,Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Gijón, Asturias, Spain
| | - Francisco Dominguez
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital de Cabueñes, Gijón, Asturias, Spain
| | - Francisco J Vizoso
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Gijón, Asturias, Spain. .,Servicio de Cirugía General, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Gijón, Spain.
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18
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Ren F, Tang R, Zhang X, Madushi WM, Luo D, Dang Y, Li Z, Wei K, Chen G. Overexpression of MMP Family Members Functions as Prognostic Biomarker for Breast Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135544. [PMID: 26270045 PMCID: PMC4535920 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are regarded to be relevant to the prognosis of breast cancer. Numerous studies have confirmed the association between MMPs and tumor growth, invasion and metastasis in breast cancer. However, their prognostic values for survival in patients with breast cancer remain controversial. Hence, a meta-analysis was performed to clarify a more accurate estimation of the role of MMPs on prognosis of breast cancer patients. Method A systemic electronic search was conducted in PubMed, Embase and Web of science databases to identify eligible studies, which were associated with the relationship between MMPs and prognosis of breast cancer. The correlation in random-effect model was evaluated by using the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results A total of 28 studies covering 4944 patients were included for meta-analysis. A summary hazard ratio (HR) of all studies was calculated, as well as the sub-group HRs. The combined HRs calculated by either univariate or multivariate analysis both suggested that overexpression of MMPs had an unfavorable impact on overall survival (OS) (HR = 1.694, 95%CI: 1.347–2.129, P < 0.001; HR = 1.611, 95%CI: 1.419–1.830, P < 0.001, respectively). And the univariate analysis showed that patients with overexpression of MMPs had worse relapse-free survival (RFS) (HR = 1.969, 95%CI: 1.460–2.655, P < 0.001) in all eligible studies. In the sub-group analyses, HRs of MMP-9 positivity with poor OS were 1.794 (95%CI: 1.330–2.420, P < 0.001) and 1.709 (95%CI: 1.157–2.526, P = 0.007) which were separately evaluated by univariate and multivariate analysis. A small number of articles demonstrated that MMP-2 overexpression was not related with shorter OS (HR = 1.400, 95%CI: 0.610–3.029, P = 0.427). Four studies included in the OS analysis of MMPs expression in serum suggested that positive expression of serum MMPs may be an unfavorable factor (HR = 1.630, 95%CI: 1.065–2.494) for breast cancer patients. No publication bias was observed in the current meta-analysis. Conclusions Our findings suggested that MMPs overexpression (especially MMP-9, MMP-2, MMPs overexpression in serum) might indicate a higher risk of poor prognosis in breast cancer. Larger prospective studies are further needed to estimate the prognostic values of MMPs overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanghui Ren
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region, China
| | - Ruixue Tang
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region, China
| | | | - Dianzhong Luo
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region, China
| | - Yiwu Dang
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region, China
| | - Zuyun Li
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region, China
| | - Kanglai Wei
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region, China
- * E-mail:
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19
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Zhang L, Qi Q, Yang J, Sun D, Li C, Xue Y, Jiang Q, Tian Y, Xu C, Wang R. An Anticancer Role of Hydrogen Sulfide in Human Gastric Cancer Cells. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:636410. [PMID: 26078811 PMCID: PMC4442311 DOI: 10.1155/2015/636410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) can be synthesized in mammalian cells by cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE) and/or cystathionine β-synthase (CBS). Both CSE and CBS are expressed in rat gastric tissues but their role in human gastric neoplasia has been unclear. The aims of the present study were to detect CSE and CBS proteins in human gastric cancer and determine the effect of exogenous NaHS on the proliferation of gastric cancer cells. We found that both CSE and CBS proteins were expressed in human gastric cancer cells and upregulated in human gastric carcinoma mucosa compared with those in noncancerous gastric samples. NaHS induced apoptosis of gastric cancer cells by regulating apoptosis related proteins. Also, NaHS inhibited cancer cell migration and invasion. An antigastric cancer role of H2S is thus indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Qi Qi
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Jianqiang Yang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Dongsheng Sun
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, Qiqihar Medical College, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Chunfeng Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Third Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Yingwei Xue
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Third Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Qiuying Jiang
- Department of Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Changqing Xu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada P7B 5E1
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20
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Aroner SA, Rosner BA, Tamimi RM, Tworoger SS, Baur N, Joos TO, Hankinson SE. Plasma matrix metalloproteinase 2 levels and breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol 2015; 39:321-7. [PMID: 25799912 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) is an enzyme with important functions in breast cancer invasion and metastasis. However, it is unclear whether circulating MMP2 levels may predict breast cancer risk. We conducted a prospective nested case-control analysis in the Nurses' Health Study among 1136 cases who were diagnosed with invasive breast cancer between 1992 and 2004 and 1136 matched controls. All participants provided blood samples in 1989-1990, and a subset (170 cases, 170 controls) contributed an additional sample in 2000-2002. Pre-diagnostic plasma MMP2 levels were measured via immunoassay, and conditional logistic regression was performed to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs), adjusted for breast cancer risk factors. No association was observed between plasma MMP2 levels and risk of total invasive breast cancer (top vs. bottom quartile, OR=1.0; 95% CI: 0.7, 1.2; p-trend=0.89). Findings did not vary significantly by time since blood draw, body mass index, postmenopausal hormone use, or menopausal status at either blood draw or breast cancer diagnosis. MMP2 was associated with a greater risk of nodal metastases at diagnosis (top vs. bottom quartile, OR=1.5; 95% CI: 1.0, 2.2; p-heterogeneity, any vs. no lymph nodes=0.002), but no significant associations were observed with other tumor characteristics or with recurrent or fatal cancers. Plasma MMP2 levels do not appear to be predictive of total invasive breast cancer risk, although associations with aggressive disease warrant further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Aroner
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Bernard A Rosner
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Rulla M Tamimi
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Shelley S Tworoger
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Nadja Baur
- Natural and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Tuebingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Thomas O Joos
- Natural and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Tuebingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Susan E Hankinson
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
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21
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Shalaby MA, Nounou HA, Ms A, O A, Azzam N, Saeed HM. Associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms of COX-2 and MMP-2 genes and colorectal cancer susceptibility in the Saudi population. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 15:4989-94. [PMID: 24998576 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.12.4989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been reported that COX-2 expression is associated with MMP-2 expression in thyroid and breast cancers, suggesting that MMPs are linked to COX-2-mediated carcinogenesis. Several polymorphisms within the MMP2 promoter region have been reported in cases with oncogenesis and tumor progression, especially in colorectal carcinogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS This research evaluated risk of association of the SNPs, including genes for COX-2 (A/G transition at +202) and MMP-2 (C/T transition at-1306), with colorectal cancer in 125 patients and 125 healthy controls. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Our data confirmed that MMP2 C-1306 T mutations were significantly more common in colon cancer patients than in our control Saudi population; p=0.0121. On the other hand in our study, there was no significant association between genotype distribution of the COX2 polymorphism and colorectal cancer; p=0.847. An elevated frequency of the mutated genotype in the control group as compared to the patients subjects indeed suggested that this polymorphism could decrease risk in the Saudi population. Our study confirmed that the polymorphisms that could affect the expressions of MMP-2 and COX-2 the colon cancer patients were significantly higher than that in the COX-2 negative group. The frequency of individuals with MMP2 polymorphisms in colon cancer patients was higher than individuals with combination of COX2 and MMP2 polymorphisms. Our study confirmed that individuals who carried the polymorphisms that could affect the expressions of COX2 are more susceptible to colon cancer. MMP2 regulatory polymorphisms could be considered as protective; further studies need to confirm the results with more samples and healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal Ali Shalaby
- Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), City for Scientific Research and Technology Applications, Egypt E-mail : ,
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Han H, Yang S, Lin SG, Xu CS, Han ZH. Effects and mechanism of downregulation of COX‑2 expression by RNA interference on proliferation and apoptosis of human breast cancer MCF‑7 cells. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:3092-8. [PMID: 25323004 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of RNA interference with prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (COX‑2) gene on the proliferation and apoptosis of breast cancer MCF‑7 cells, as well as the underlying mechanism. The present study constructed the eukaryotic expression vector of the targeted COX‑2 gene, transfected the MCF‑7 cells and screened the stably expressed clone. Changes in the COX‑2 gene expression in breast cancer MCF‑7 cells prior to and following transfection were examined; the proliferation and apoptosis of MCF‑7 cells were analyzed. Furthermore, changes in the protein levels of survivin, B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl‑2) and Bcl-2-associated X (Bax) genes were detected. RNA interference mediated by a lentiviral expression vector significantly decreased the protein expression levels of the COX‑2 gene, and therefore, the proliferation and growth of breast cancer MCF‑7 cells was significantly suppressed and the apoptotic rate increased. Of note, the mRNA and protein expression levels of survivin and Bcl‑2 decreased, while those of Bax increased following COX-2 silencing. RNA interference markedly deactivated the COX‑2 gene, suppressed the proliferation of breast cancer MCF‑7 cells, and, to a certain extent, enhanced the induced spontaneous apoptosis, which is regulated by the Bax gene. These results provided evidence for the potential applications of RNA interference of the targeted COX‑2 gene in gene therapy for the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Han
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Sheng Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Shun-Guo Lin
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Chun-Sen Xu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Zhong-Hua Han
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
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Harris RE, Casto BC, Harris ZM. Cyclooxygenase-2 and the inflammogenesis of breast cancer. World J Clin Oncol 2014; 5:677-692. [PMID: 25302170 PMCID: PMC4129532 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v5.i4.677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cohesive scientific evidence from molecular, animal, and human investigations supports the hypothesis that constitutive overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is a ubiquitous driver of mammary carcinogenesis, and reciprocally, that COX-2 blockade has strong potential for breast cancer prevention and therapy. Key findings include the following: (1) COX-2 is constitutively expressed throughout breast cancer development and expression intensifies with stage at detection, cancer progression and metastasis; (2) essential features of mammary carcinogenesis (mutagenesis, mitogenesis, angiogenesis, reduced apoptosis, metastasis and immunosuppression) are linked to COX-2-driven prostaglandin E2 (PGE-2) biosynthesis; (3) upregulation of COX-2 and PGE-2 expression induces transcription of CYP-19 and aromatase-catalyzed estrogen biosynthesis which stimulates unbridled mitogenesis; (4) extrahepatic CYP-1B1 in mammary adipose tissue converts paracrine estrogen to carcinogenic quinones with mutagenic impact; and (5) agents that inhibit COX-2 reduce the risk of breast cancer in women without disease and reduce recurrence risk and mortality in women with breast cancer. Recent sharp increases in global breast cancer incidence and mortality are likely driven by chronic inflammation of mammary adipose and upregulation of COX-2 associated with the obesity pandemic. The totality of evidence clearly supports the supposition that mammary carcinogenesis often evolves as a progressive series of highly specific cellular and molecular changes in response to induction of constitutive over-expression of COX-2 and the prostaglandin cascade in the “inflammogenesis of breast cancer”.
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Stromal, rather than epithelial cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression is associated with overall survival of breast cancer patients. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:732. [PMID: 25269624 PMCID: PMC4192334 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prognostic value of enhanced COX-2 expression in breast cancer has been controversial for a long time. The opinions vary widely between studies. Moreover, significant majority of studies considered only COX-2 expression in cancer epithelial cells. Methods We examined the prognostic value of COX-2 expression in both epithelial and stromal cells using three different antibodies and three algorithms of immunohistochemical scoring and categorizing the tumours into COX-2 overexpressing groups. Results Our results demonstrate that COX-2 expression in stromal cells is independent prognostic factor indicating worse overall survival of patients. Such a result was obtained using each of the three antibodies and two of the algorithms used for evaluations of COX-2 expression levels. We also show that immunohistochemical assessment of the prognostic value of COX-2 expression in cancer epithelial cells depends to a large extent on a combination of primary antibodies and algorithms used for determination of the COX-2 over-expressing tumours. Conclusions Our results indicate that stromal expression of COX-2 is independent prognostic parameter relatively insensitive to variations in sensitivity of antibodies used for its determination. Wide scatter of the published results concerning prognostic value of COX-2 expression in breast cancer tissues seems to be due to a large extent to multitude of antibodies and scoring algorithms used by different groups.
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Yang S, Han H. Effect of cycloxygenase-2 silencing on the malignant biological behavior of MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2014; 8:1628-1634. [PMID: 25202381 PMCID: PMC4156213 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.2395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) silencing on the malignant biological behavior of MCF-7 breast cancer cells. COX-2 short hairpin RNA (shRNA) and unassociated sequences were synthesized and a shRNA lentiviral vector was constructed. The vector was transfected into MCF-7 breast cancer cells, in which clones with stable expression were screened out. The expression of COX-2 mRNA and protein was silenced using RNA interference (RNAi). Quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, a mononuclear cell direct cytotoxicity assay (MTT assay), a cell invasion assay and scratch tests were performed to investigate the downregulation of COX-2 mRNA and protein expression, the proliferative activity and growth rate of MCF-7 breast cancer cells, the glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) penetrating capacity, the cell movement and migratory capacity, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A and VEGF-C protein expression. The results revealed that the sequence-specific shRNA significantly downregulated the expression of COX-2 at the mRNA and protein levels. Furthermore, the downregulation of COX-2 expression markedly decreased the invasive and metastatic capacities of the cells, suppressed the proliferation, decreased the rate of growth, decreased the capacity of GBM penetration and migration, and decreased the protein expression of VEGF-A and VEGF-C, the two key factors that regulate tumor angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. In conclusion, the RNAi technique effectively silenced COX-2 gene expression and inhibited MCF-7 breast cancer cell proliferation, invasion and metastasis by decreasing VEGF-A and VEGF-C expression, which regulates tumor angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Therefore, an RNAi technique that targets COX-2 presents a promising prospect for breast cancer gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Yang
- Department of Oncology, The Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Hui Han
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
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Matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 immunoexpression in prostate carcinoma at the positive margin of radical prostatectomy specimens. PATHOLOGY RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:262195. [PMID: 25097794 PMCID: PMC4109076 DOI: 10.1155/2014/262195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) in prostate cancer in the main tumor mass and tumor cells at the positive margin as well as the influence of these biomarkers on the biochemical recurrence of the disease in prostatectomy patients. Tissue microarrays of 120 archival prostate carcinoma samples were immunohistochemically evaluated for MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression and compared with clinicopathological parameters. Tumors with positive surgical margins showed significantly higher overall expression of MMP-9 versus tumors with negative resection margins (P = 0.0121). MMP-9 expression was significantly elevated in tumors from patients who had biochemical recurrence (P = 0.0207). In the group of patients with negative margins, MMP-9 expression above the cut-off value was significantly associated with recurrence (P = 0.0065). Multivariate analysis indicated that MMP-9 is a good predictor of biochemical recurrence (odds ratio = 10.29; P = 0.0052). Expression of MMP-2 in tumor cells was significantly higher at the positive margins than in the main tumor mass (P = 0.0301). The present results highlight the potential value of MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression for predicting the behavior of prostate tumors after prostatectomy with both positive and negative surgical margins.
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COX2 expression in high-grade breast cancer: evidence for prognostic significance in the subset of triple-negative breast cancer patients. Med Oncol 2014; 31:989. [PMID: 24816739 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-014-0989-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
COX2 expression correlates with high-grade breast cancer, but the clinical significance and possible prognostic influence in these patients have not been studied in depth. Our goal was to evaluate the significance of COX2 expression in a group of patients with high-grade breast cancer. Three hundred and three patients (median age 55; age range 25-95 years) with high-grade breast cancer entered this retrospective study. Mean follow-up was 65.2 months (4-179 months). COX2 expression was studied by immunohistochemistry. The distribution of patients with high-grade tumors according to staining for COX2 was as follows: score 0-28/303 (9.3 %); score 1-101/303 (33.3 %); score 2-114/303 (37.6 %); score 3-60/303 (19.8 %). Patients with score 2 and 3 were classified as COX2 positive (174 of 303 patients (57.4 %). There was no correlation between any clinicopathological pattern, ER, PR, Her2 status and COX2 expression. In the group of patients with triple-negative breast cancer, the 5-year disease-free survival rate was 58.3 % for patients with COX2 expression compared with 83.9 % for patients without COX2 expression (P = 0.042). COX2 expression did not provide any prognostic significance for the other biological subtypes of breast cancer with high-grade histological features.
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Singh N, Das P, Datta Gupta S, Sahni P, Pandey RM, Gupta S, Chauhan SS, Saraya A. Prognostic significance of extracellular matrix degrading enzymes-cathepsin L and matrix metalloproteases-2 [MMP-2] in human pancreatic cancer. Cancer Invest 2013; 31:461-71. [PMID: 23915070 DOI: 10.3109/07357907.2013.820318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we assessed the expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) degrading proteases-cathepsin L and matrix metalloprotease-2 (MMP-2) in pancreatic cancer tissue and correlated their levels with clinicopathological parameters and survival. Both the proteases were expressed in the majority of the tumor tissues examined. Staining intensity of cathepsin L was significantly higher in the tumor stroma compared to tumor epithelium while MMP-2 staining showed no such difference. Both proteases showed correlation with some of the clinicopathological parameters but only cathepsin L expression in tumor epithelium predicted a poor prognosis for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Singh
- Department of Gastroenterology & Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Vasaturo F, Solai F, Malacrino C, Nardo T, Vincenzi B, Modesti M, Scarpa S. Plasma levels of matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 correlate with histological grade in breast cancer patients. Oncol Lett 2012; 5:316-320. [PMID: 23255941 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2012.977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are proteolytic enzymes involved in the process of tumor invasion and metastasis that are found throughout tissues and also in the plasma. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the evaluation of plasma concentrations of MMPs 2, 3 and 9 may have clinical significance in breast cancer. Therefore, sera obtained from 80 patients with breast neoplasia (50 carcinomas and 30 fibroadenomas) were collected before and 96 h after surgery and the concentrations of MMPs 2, 3 and 9 were quantified using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The mean expression level of MMP 2 was significantly higher in carcinoma compared with that in fibroadenoma patients, while there was no significant difference for MMPs 3 and 9. In addition, the group of carcinoma patients was analyzed in order to compare the mean values for each MMP obtained before and after surgery. However, the differences between pre- and post-surgery values for all three MMPs were not statistically significant. Furthermore, the plasma levels of each MMP were correlated with certain clinicopathological parameters of the tumors and we observed a significant and direct correlation between the concentrations of MMPs 2 and 9 and tumor histological grade. These data suggest that the quantification of plasma MMP 2 and MMP 9 levels may provide additional clinical information of the tumor and it is, therefore, a possible prognostic index for breast cancer.
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Epigenetic deregulation of the COX pathway in cancer. Prog Lipid Res 2012; 51:301-13. [PMID: 22580191 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2012.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a major cause of cancer and may condition its progression. The deregulation of the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway is implicated in several pathophysiological processes, including inflammation and cancer. Although, its targeting with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and COX-2 selective inhibitors has been investigated for years with promising results at both preventive and therapeutic levels, undesirable side effects and the limited understanding of the regulation and functionalities of the COX pathway compromise a more extensive application of these drugs. Epigenetics is bringing additional levels of complexity to the understanding of basic biological and pathological processes. The deregulation of signaling and biosynthetic pathways by epigenetic mechanisms may account for new molecular targets in cancer therapeutics. Genes of the COX pathway are seldom mutated in neoplastic cells, but a large proportion of them show aberrant expression in different types of cancer. A growing body of evidence indicates that epigenetic alterations play a critical role in the deregulation of the genes of the COX pathway. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the contribution of epigenetic processes to the deregulation of the COX pathway in cancer, getting insights into how these alterations may be relevant for the clinical management of patients.
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Mohammad MA, Zeeneldin AA, Abd Elmageed ZY, Khalil EH, Mahdy SME, Sharada HM, Sharawy SK, Abdel-Wahab AHA. Clinical relevance of cyclooxygenase-2 and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and MT1-MMP) in human breast cancer tissue. Mol Cell Biochem 2012; 366:269-75. [PMID: 22527932 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-012-1305-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common neoplasm among women in most developed countries, including Egypt. Elevated levels of certain proteins in human BC are associated with unfavorable prognosis and progressive stages of the disease. The aim of our study was to evaluate the protein expression profile and prognostic significance of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), MMP-9 and membrane type 1-MMP (MT1-MMP) and their interaction in operable BC patients. The protein expression of COX-2, MMP-2 and MT1-MMP were evaluated by western blot technique, whereas enzymatic activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 was determined by zymography in 47 breast cancer patients as well as normal adjacent tissues. Also, the correlation between these proteins and age, tumor size, LN stage, TNM stage, estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, disease-free survival, and overall survival (OS) has been investigated. As compared to adjacent normal tissues, COX-2, MMP-2 and MT1-MMP were over-expressed in 43, 64, and 60 % of tumor tissues, respectively. In the same pattern, the activity of MMP-2 (62 %) and MMP-9 (45 %) was elevated in BC tissues. Multivariate analysis showed a positive correlation between the protein expression of COX-2, MMP-2, and MT1-MMP and the activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in BC patients. However, the enzymatic activity showed no correlation with clinicopathological features. This study confirms the preclinical evidence that COX-2 increased the expression of MT1-MMP, which in turn activates MMP-2. The lack of correlation with clinicopathological features, OS or disease-free survival ascertains the complexity of tumor progression and metastasis with many pro- and counter regulatory factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Mohammad
- Department of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, 1 Kasr El-Aini St, Cairo, Egypt
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Cyclooxygenase isoenzyme-2 and vascular endothelial growth factor are associated with poor prognosis in esophageal adenocarcinoma. J Gastrointest Surg 2012; 16:956-66. [PMID: 22258871 PMCID: PMC3324693 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-011-1814-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclooxygenase isoenzyme-2 (COX-2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) contribute to angiogenesis and are overexpressed in various malignancies. The aim of the study was to evaluate expression, prognostic value and correlation between COX-2 and VEGF expression in esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). METHODS Surgical specimens of 154 patients with EAC were used to construct a tissue micro array (TMA). TMA sections were immunohistochemically stained for COX-2 and VEGF and scored on intensity of staining. RESULTS Estimated 5-year cancer specific survival was 37%. High COX-2 and VEGF expression was observed in 39 (26.5%) and in 77 (53.8%) tumors, respectively. Both markers were associated with poor cancer specific survival (p = .022 and p = .004, respectively, log rank). No significant correlation was found between VEGF and COX-2 expression (r = 063; p = .455). In multivariate analysis, high COX-2 expression (HR 1.65; 95% CI 1.04-2.61; p = .034) was associated with overall survival. In patients with T3 tumors, COX-2 expression was an independent prognostic factor for cancer specific survival (HR 1.81 95% CI 1.10-2.95; p = .019). CONCLUSIONS This is the first study that evaluated the prognostic value and correlation of COX-2 and VEGF expression in a large and homogenous population of patients with EAC. No correlation between COX-2 and VEGF expression was found. Both markers were expressed in EAC and were associated with poor prognosis. The findings support the use of COX-2 and VEGF inhibitors in future clinical studies.
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Markosyan N, Chen EP, Ndong VN, Yao Y, Sterner CJ, Chodosh LA, Lawson JA, Fitzgerald GA, Smyth EM. Deletion of cyclooxygenase 2 in mouse mammary epithelial cells delays breast cancer onset through augmentation of type 1 immune responses in tumors. Carcinogenesis 2011; 32:1441-9. [PMID: 21771729 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX) 2, which is associated with >40% of breast cancers, decreases the risk of tumorigenesis and breast cancer recurrence. To study the role of COX-2 in breast cancer, we engineered mice that lack selectively mammary epithelial cell (MEC) COX-2 (COX-2 KO(MEC)). Compared with wild type (WT), MEC from COX-2 KO(MEC) mice expressed >90% less COX-2 messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein and produced 90% less of the dominant pro-oncogenic COX-2 product, prostaglandin (PG) E(2). We confirmed COX-2 as the principle source of PGE(2) in MEC treated with selective COX-2 and COX-1 inhibitors. Tumors were induced in mice using medroxyprogesterone acetate and 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene. Breast cancer onset was significantly delayed in COX-2 KO(MEC) compared with WT (P = 0.03), equivalent to the delay following systemic COX-2 inhibition with rofecoxib. Compared with WT, COX-2 KO(MEC) tumors showed increased mRNA for Caspase-3, Ki-67 and common markers for leukocytes (CD45) and macrophages (F4/80). Analysis of multiple markers/cytokines, namely CD86, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and Tim-3 indicated a shift toward antitumorigenic type 1 immune responses in COX-2 KO(MEC) tumors. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed elevated expression of CD45, F4/80 and CD86 in COX-2 KO(MEC) tumors. Concordant with a role for COX-2 in restraining M1 macrophage polarization, CD86 and TNFα expression were offset by exogenous PGE(2) in bone marrow-derived macrophages polarized in vitro to the M1 phenotype. Our data reveal the importance of epithelial COX-2 in tumor promotion and indicate that deletion of epithelial COX-2 may skew tumor immunity toward type 1 responses, coincident with delayed tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nune Markosyan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Glover JA, Hughes CM, Cantwell MM, Murray LJ. A systematic review to establish the frequency of cyclooxygenase-2 expression in normal breast epithelium, ductal carcinoma in situ, microinvasive carcinoma of the breast and invasive breast cancer. Br J Cancer 2011; 105:13-7. [PMID: 21654686 PMCID: PMC3137418 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2011.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Epidemiological studies have suggested a protective effect of cyclooxygenase (COX)-inhibiting non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in breast cancer risk and disease progression. We performed a systematic review to evaluate the frequency of COX-2 expression in normal breast epithelium, ductal carcinoma in situ of breast (DCIS), DCIS-adjoining invasive breast cancer, microinvasive carcinoma of the breast (MICB) and invasive breast cancer. Methods: Literature searches were carried out on MEDLINE, EMBASE and Web of Science from their commencement until September 2010. Primary studies examining COX-2 expression by immunohistochemistry methodology were included. Meta-analyses were carried out using random effects models for individual study estimates of COX-2 expression and pooled to give an overall estimate. Results: The pooled prevalences (95% confidence intervals) of COX-2 expressions were 53% (44–61) in DCIS studies and 42% (36–49) in the invasive breast cancer studies. There were too few studies involving normal breast epithelium, DCIS-adjoining invasive breast cancer and MICB to conduct meta-analyses. Conclusion: The findings from our meta-analyses have shown similar COX-2 expression in DCIS and invasive breast cancer. This may suggest the involvement of COX-2 in early carcinogenesis. Further studies of COX-2 expression in DCIS are required to investigate the use of COX-2 as a potential drug target for prevention of disease progression in DCIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Glover
- Centre for Health Improvement, Queen's University, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Science Building, Block B, Royal Victoria Hospital, Grosvenor Road, Belfast BT12 6BA, UK.
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Impairment of breast cancer cell invasion by COX-2-specific inhibitor NS398: roles of CXCR4 and of uPA system. Med Oncol 2011; 29:1468-76. [PMID: 21638077 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-011-9995-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is known to impair cancer cell metastatic behaviour, but the mechanisms involved largely remain elusive. We aimed to analyse whether the antimetastatic effect of COX-2 inhibition in breast cancer cells could be explained by variations in the expression levels of chemokine receptor CXCR4, vascular endothelium growth factor (VEGF) and UPA/UPAR components of the urokinase plasminogen activator system (uPAR). Breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 was exposed to COX-2-specific inhibitor NS398. Experimental data were assessed using Matrigel invasion tests, qRT-PCR, ELISA, flow cytometry and MTT test. Exposure to NS398 had no major effect on cell viability, apoptosis or VEGF production. Cell invasion was significantly decreased with reductions ranging from of 3.6% with 10 μM NS398 to 81.04% with 100 μM NS398. CXCR4 membrane expression was significantly reduced by 18% (P < 0.05) when cells were treated with 100 μM of NS398 for 72 h. UPA mRNA levels were significantly reduced to 78 and 63% after treatment with 10 μM NS398 for 48 and 72 h, respectively (P < 0.05). UPAR mRNA levels also decreased with mild NS398 concentrations, reaching the lowest level of 56% with 50 μM of NS398 for 48 h (P < 0.05). With NS398 higher concentrations, UPAR and UPA expression levels increased. According to our results, impairment of expression of CXCR4, UPA and UPAR differentially contribute to the antimetastatic effect of COX-2 inhibitors depending on drug concentration.
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Rizzo MT. Cyclooxygenase-2 in oncogenesis. Clin Chim Acta 2010; 412:671-87. [PMID: 21187081 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2010.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Revised: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Compelling experimental and clinical evidence supports the notion that cyclooxygenase-2, the inducible isoform of cyclooxygenase, plays a crucial role in oncogenesis. Clinical and epidemiological data indicate that aberrant regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 in certain solid tumors and hematological malignancies is associated with adverse clinical outcome. Moreover, findings extrapolated from experimental studies in cultured tumor cells and animal tumor models indicate that cyclooxygenase-2 critically influences all stages of tumor development from tumor initiation to tumor progression. Cyclooxygenase-2 elicits cell-autonomous effects on tumor cells resulting in stimulation of growth, increased cell survival, enhanced tumor cell invasiveness, stimulation of neovascularization, and tumor evasion from the host immune system. Additionally, the oncogenic effects of cyclooxygenase-2 stem from its unique ability to impact tumor cell surroundings and create a proinflammatory environment conducive for tumor development, growth and progression. The initial enthusiasm generated by the availability of cyclooxygenase-2 selective inhibitors for cancer prevention and therapy has been lessened by the severe cardiovascular adverse side effects associated with their long-term use, as well as by the mixed results of recent clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors in adjuvant chemotherapy. Therefore, our ability to efficiently target the oncogenic effects of cyclooxygenase-2 for therapeutic and preventive purposes strictly depends on a better understanding of the spatial and temporal aspects of its activation in tumor cells along with a clearer elucidation of the signaling networks whereby cyclooxygenase-2 affects tumor cells and their interactions with the tumor microenvironment. This knowledge has the potential of leading to the identification of novel cyclooxygenase-2-dependent molecular and signaling networks that can be exploited to improve cancer prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Rizzo
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Methodist Research Institute, Clarian Health and Department of Pharmacology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.
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Miglietta A, Toselli M, Ravarino N, Vencia W, Chiecchio A, Bozzo F, Motta M, Torchio B, Bocca C. COX-2 expression in human breast carcinomas: correlation with clinicopathological features and prognostic molecular markers. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2010; 14:655-64. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2010.486792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Silencing Pin1 suppresses the expression and bioactivity of MMP-9 through NF-κB in colorectal carcinoma SW480 cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11805-010-0012-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Gonzalez LO, Junquera S, del Casar JM, González L, Marín L, González-Reyes S, Andicoechea A, González-Fernández R, González JM, Pérez-Fernández R, Vizoso FJ. Immunohistochemical study of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in pure and mixed invasive and in situ ductal carcinomas of the breast. Hum Pathol 2010; 41:980-9. [PMID: 20236691 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2009.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2009] [Revised: 07/27/2009] [Accepted: 08/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We assessed differences in the patterns of expression of matrix metalloproteases and their inhibitors (tissue inhibitors of metalloproteases) in ductal carcinoma in situ alone and admixed with invasive ductal carcinomas (n = 40), as well as in pure invasive ductal carcinomas (n = 40), immunohistochemically and using tissue arrays. The invasive ductal carcinoma components showed higher expression of matrix metalloprotease-9 and -13 than did the admixed ductal carcinoma in situ, whereas stromal fibroblasts of the invasive components showed higher expression of matrix metalloprotease-2, -7, -9, -13, and -14 and tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease-1 and -3 than did fibroblasts around the neoplastic ducts of the admixed ductal carcinoma in situ. Expression of matrix metalloprotease-14 and tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease-3 was significantly higher in the mononuclear inflammatory cells of the invasive components. By contrast, matrix metalloprotease-1 expression was significantly higher in stromal cells of the ductal carcinoma in situ admixed with invasive ductal carcinoma. The pure invasive ductal carcinomas had significantly higher expression of matrix metalloprotease-1, -9, -11, and -14 and tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease-1 and -3 than the invasive ductal carcinomas admixed with ductal carcinoma in situ. Our findings indicate a significant association of matrix metalloprotease expression by the periductal stromal cells of the ductal carcinoma in situ component of mixed tumors and the occurrence of distant metastasis. Our data suggest that the molecular matrix metalloprotease/tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease profile can contribute to better characterization of early breast carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis O Gonzalez
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Gijón, Spain
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40
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Kumar B, Koul S, Petersen J, Khandrika L, Hwa JS, Meacham RB, Wilson S, Koul HK. p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-driven MAPKAPK2 regulates invasion of bladder cancer by modulation of MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity. Cancer Res 2010; 70:832-41. [PMID: 20068172 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-2918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In transitional cell carcinoma, the most common form of bladder cancer, overexpression of the matrix metalloproteinases MMP-2 and MMP-9 offers prognostic value as markers of disease-specific survival. These molecules have been implicated in metastasis of bladder cancer, but the underlying mechanisms through which they are controlled are poorly defined. In this study, we investigated a role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in this process, using bladder cancer cell lines HTB9 and HTB5 that were derived from different tumor stages. p38 MAPK modulated MMP-2/9 mRNA levels at the levels of transcript stability and MMP-2/9 activity along with invasive capacity. We defined a downstream effector of p38 MAPK, MAPK-activated protein kinase 2 (MAPKAPK2), that was associated with MMP-2/9 activation. Ectopic expression of wild-type or constitutively active forms of MAPKAPK2 increased MMP-2/9 activities and invasive capacity. Conversely, p38 MAPK inhibition blocked the MAPKAPK2-mediated increase in MMP-2/9 activities and the invasive capacity of the cancer cells. Our findings implicate p38 MAPK and MAPKAPK2 in mediating bladder cancer invasion via regulation of MMP-2 and MMP-9 at the level of mRNA stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binod Kumar
- Signal Transduction and Molecular Urology Laboratory, Program in Urosciences, Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
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41
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Expression of metalloproteases and their inhibitors in primary tumors and in local recurrences after mastectomy for breast cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2009; 136:1049-58. [PMID: 20041335 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-009-0750-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2009] [Accepted: 12/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the expression of matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) and their inhibitors (TIMPs) in patients who develop local recurrence (LR) after mastectomy. METHODS We analyzed the expressions of MMP-1, -2, -7, -9, -11, -13, -14, TIMP-1, -2, and -3, using immunohistochemical techniques, in primary tumors from patients without tumoral recurrence (n = 50), patients who developed distant metastasis (n = 50), and from patients who develop LRs (n = 25). LRs of the latter group were also analyzed for MMPs expression. All the patients underwent mastectomy. RESULTS Score values for all MMPs and TIMPs were significantly higher in primary tumors of patients with distant metastasis. Primary tumors from patients with LR have lower expressions of MMPs and TIMPs compared with those from patients who developed distant metastasis, and with patients without recurrence for some MMPs. Remarkably, however, primary tumors from patients with LR showed significantly higher percentage of TIMP-1 and 2 expression in stromal cells compared to primary tumors from patients with distant metastasis or primary tumors from patients without tumoral progression. Furthermore, LRs had significantly higher MMP-9 expression than their corresponding primary tumors. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate differences in MMPs/TIMPs expression between primary tumors of patients with LRs and of those with distant metastasis, both after mastectomy for breast cancer.
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Zhang H, Lv L, Liu H, Cui L, Chen G, Bi P, Li Z. Profiling the potential biomarkers for cell differentiation of pancreatic cancer using iTRAQ and 2-D LC-MS/MS. Proteomics Clin Appl 2009; 3:862-71. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.200800029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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43
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Inafuku Y, Furuhata T, Tayama M, Okita K, Nishidate T, Mizuguchi T, Kimura Y, Hirata K. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression in stromal tissues is a consistent prognostic factor in stage II colon cancer. Cancer Sci 2009; 100:852-8. [PMID: 19445018 PMCID: PMC11158796 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01116.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
For patients with stage II colon cancer, the usefulness of adjuvant chemotherapy remains controversial. Therefore, it is important to identify high-risk indicators. The biological prognostic factors for recurrence might allow further insight into the optimal treatment strategy for patients with node-negative disease. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 seems to be one of the essential factors for tumor invasion and lymph node metastasis. In this study, we analyzed the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and matrix metalloproteinase-2 by immunohistochemical staining in 109 patients with stage II colon cancer. A positive correlation was observed between tumor cyclooxygenase-2 and tumor matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression (P = 0.0006) and between tumor cyclooxygenase-2 and stromal matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression (P < 0.0001). Stromal matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression was associated with disease-free survival (P = 0.0095) and was shown to be an independent risk factor for recurrence by multivariate analysis. In addition, we carried out an invasion assay in vitro to investigate whether cyclooxygenase-2 and matrix metalloproteinase-2 affected the tumor-invasive potential of colon cancer cell lines. The invasion assay showed that every cancer cell line acquired invasive potential in coculture with stromal cell lines and the cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor suppressed this phenomenon by downregulating the matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression of stromal cells. In conclusion, these findings suggest that matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression in stromal cells can be a high-risk indicator for recurrence in patients with stage II colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Inafuku
- Sapporo Medical University, First Department of Surgery, 060-8543 South 1 West 16 Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Japan.
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Gonzalez LO, Corte MD, Vazquez J, Junquera S, Sanchez R, Viña A, Rodriguez JC, Lamelas ML, Vizoso F. Study of matrix metalloproteinases and their tissue inhibitors in ductal in situ carcinomas of the breast. Histopathology 2009; 53:403-15. [PMID: 18983606 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2008.03136.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To analyse the expression of metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors (TIMPs) in ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast (DCIS). METHODS AND RESULTS An immunohistochemical study was performed in 56 patients with pure DCIS, in 39 with DCIS adjacent to invasive carcinoma (IDC) and 63 patients with T1 IDC, using tissue microarrays and specific antibodies against MMPs and TIMPs. Immunohistochemical results were categorized using a specific software program. The data were analysed by unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis by each cellular type. IDC showed a higher expression rate of MMP-7 and TIMP-1 than pure DCIS, as well as a higher expression rate of MMP-9 and TIMP-3 than the DCIS component of mixed cases, whereas pure DCIS showed a higher rate of expression of MMP-9 and -11 and TIMP-3 than in the DCIS component of mixed cases. Pure DCIS with a periductal inflammatory infiltrate showed significantly higher MMP-2, -14 and TIMP-1. Dendograms identified two cluster groups with distinct MMP/TIMP expression profiles in neoplastic cells and fibroblastic or mononuclear inflammatory cells surrounding the neoplastic ducts of pure DCIS. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate the distinct variability in MMP/TIMP expression by DCIS, which may be of potential biological and clinical interest in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- L O Gonzalez
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital de Jove, Gijón, Spain
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45
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Kim DH, Kim JH, Kim EH, Na HK, Cha YN, Chung JH, Surh YJ. 15-Deoxy-Δ 12,14 -prostaglandin J 2 upregulates the expression of heme oxygenase-1 and subsequently matrix metalloproteinase-1 in human breast cancer cells: possible roles of iron and ROS. Carcinogenesis 2009; 30:645-54. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgp012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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46
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Penault-Llorca F, Abrial C, Raoelfils I, Chollet P, Cayre A, Mouret-Reynier MA, Thivat E, Mishellany F, Gimbergues P, Durando X. Changes and predictive and prognostic value of the mitotic index, Ki-67, cyclin D1, and cyclo-oxygenase-2 in 710 operable breast cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Oncologist 2008; 13:1235-45. [PMID: 19091781 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2008-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study expands upon previous work using a database of 710 patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy. First, we studied phenotypic characteristics of tumors before and after chemotherapy using the following factors: the mitotic index of the Scarff-Bloom-Richardson grade, Ki-67, cyclin D1, and cyclo-oxygenase-2. Second, the predictive value of these factors on response was assessed. Third, we measured the prognostic impact of these markers post-therapy in comparison with clinical and pathological responses according to the Chevallier and Sataloff classifications. Patients were treated using different neoadjuvant chemotherapy combinations, mainly in successive prospective phase II trials. They received a median number of six cycles (range, 1-9). After neoadjuvant chemotherapy, patients underwent surgery and radiotherapy. In cases of important residual disease, some received additional courses of chemotherapy. In addition, menopausal patients with hormone receptor-positive tumors received tamoxifen for 5 years. According to our analysis, we found significant variations before and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy only for cyclin D1 and the mitotic index. Concerning the predictive value of biomarkers for response, Ki-67 and the mitotic index were predictive on univariate analysis, both for objective clinical and pathological complete responses. Because these two factors were correlated, no multivariate analyses were conducted. We then assessed the prognostic impact of the biopathological factors. When the factors were measured before chemotherapy, all were prognostic. When evaluated after chemotherapy, the mitotic index, objective clinical response, and pathological complete response were prognostic. Because these factors were correlated, no multivariate model was done. The main clinical fact is that there were significant correlations between clinical and pathological responses and variations in the biological factors studied.
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Li M, Xie J, Cheng L, Chang B, Wang Y, Lan X, Zhang D, Yin Y, Cheng N. Suppression of invasive properties of colorectal carcinoma SW480 cells by 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase gene. Cancer Invest 2008; 26:905-12. [PMID: 19034772 DOI: 10.1080/07357900802146154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is often lethal when invasion and/or metastasis occur. NAD(+)-dependent 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH), an enzyme involved in prostaglandin (including PGE(2)) bio-inactivation, is down-expressed in several epithelial malignancies including CRC. Although its role in the suppression of colon tumorigenesis has been well learned, little is known about the role of 15-PGDH in the process of tumor metastasis. Here, we tested the hypothesis that 15-PGDH over-expression in CRC cells results in decreased cell motility and invasion. In this study, 15-PGDH was re-expressed in SW480 cells by the use of gene transient transfection with eukaryotic expression vector pcDNA3.1-PGDH. We confirmed the over-expression of 15-PGDH protein by Western blot and enzymatic activity assay. The cell motility was tested by counting the number of cells crossing an 8-micron pore size PET membrane and by measuring cells migration distance through wound healing assay. Furthermore, cell invasive activity was evaluated by counting the number of cells invading through a Matrigel-coated membrane simulating basement membrane. The effects of 15-PGDH on the adhesion were investigated by MTT assay. Ectopic expression of 15-PGDH in SW480 cancer cells significantly inhibited the cell migratory and invasive capacity in vitro by approximately 1.9- and 8.4-fold, respectively. To test the hypothesis that 15-PGDH affects proteases and inactivates extracellular matrix (ECM), Western blot and gelatin zymography were performed by using serum-free conditioned medium. The results showed that re-expression of 15-PGDH suppresed matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2) synthesis and secretion. In addition, the analysis of the MMP2 activity indicated that re-expression of 15-PGDH could inhibit activation of MMP2. Furthermore, we found that 15-PGDH inhibited cell adhesion to ECM and reduced CD44 expression in SW480 cell. Taken together, these results suggest that induced 15-PGDH expression may contribute to the inhibition of the invasive and metastatic capacity of colon cancer cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meining Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan City, People's Republic of China
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Patel MJ, Ulrich C, Forschner T. Genetically determined susceptibility to COX-2 inhibitors: a report of exaggerated responders to diclofenac 3% gel in the treatment of actinic keratoses. Br J Dermatol 2008; 156 Suppl 3:57-61. [PMID: 17488409 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.07858.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Diclofenac 3% gel is an effective treatment for actinic keratoses (AKs) and is reported to be generally well tolerated with only mild local reactions. However, there is a subset of patients that seem to be susceptible to developing severe local reactions following application of diclofenac 3% gel. Although some of these reactions can be explained as being allergic contact dermatitis and/or photoallergic contact dermatitis, others cannot. We report a series of 10 patients who all developed severe local reactions following application of diclofenac 3% gel, despite negative diclofenac patch testing. This raises the question as to whether there is a subset of patients with skin cancer or AK lesions that are highly/more susceptible to local reactions caused by cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonists? We speculate that underlying molecular differences exist in these patients that make the skin more susceptible to COX-2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Patel
- Department of Dermatology, Charité, Skin Cancer Centre Charité, University Hospital of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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49
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Nassar A, Radhakrishnan A, Cabrero IA, Cotsonis G, Cohen C. COX-2 expression in invasive breast cancer: correlation with prognostic parameters and outcome. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2007; 15:255-9. [PMID: 17721268 DOI: 10.1097/01.pai.0000213130.63417.b3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Lipoxygenases (LOX) and cyclooxygenases (COX) are key mediators of arachidonic acid metabolism. Recently, studies have reported that human breast carcinomas aberrantly express LOX and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and that decreased levels of 15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX) and raised levels of COX-2 and 12-LOX have prognostic value in patients with breast cancer. 15-LOX was significantly reduced with increasing stage, and in patients who developed metastatic disease, local recurrence, and/or died. With high COX-2, patients developed local recurrence, died from breast cancer and had reduced disease-free and disease-related overall survival in estrogen receptor (ER)-negative but not ER-positive disease. COX-2 expression is also associated with increased angiogenesis, lymph node metastasis, and Her2-neu overexpression. The purpose of this study is to evaluate COX-2 expression in breast cancer and to determine its correlation with prognostic parameters and outcome. Five tissue microarrays were constructed from 43 breast carcinomas and 5 normal breast tissues, represented by 1 mm cores in triplicate from each of 3 foci. Tissue microarray cores were immunostained with monoclonal COX-2. Expression was assessed as intensity and scored as percentage of cells positive. Prognostic parameters and follow-up information were obtained from the hospital records of Mexican Oncology Hospital, Mexico, where the carcinomas were diagnosed. Ninety-five percent (41/43) of the breast carcinomas showed cytoplasmic COX-2 expression. COX-2 intensity and percentage of cells positive correlated significantly with size of carcinoma (P=0.0271; P=0.0539, respectively). COX-2 intensity correlated significantly with histologic grade (P=0.0182). COX-2 did not correlate with outcome (disease-free and overall survival). There was no significant correlation between COX-2 and ER. In conclusion, COX-2 correlates with poor prognostic markers in breast cancer (large tumor size and high tumor grade), but not with outcome. The therapeutic value of COX-2 inhibitors in COX-2 positive breast cancer patients requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziza Nassar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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50
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Mannello F, Qin W, Zhu W, Fabbri L, Tonti GA, Sauter ER. Nipple aspirate fluids from women with breast cancer contain increased levels of group IIa secretory phospholipase A2. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2007; 111:209-18. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-007-9779-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2007] [Accepted: 09/27/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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