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Gorbokon N, Timm P, Dum D, Menz A, Büscheck F, Völkel C, Hinsch A, Lennartz M, Luebke AM, Hube-Magg C, Fraune C, Krech T, Lebok P, Clauditz TS, Jacobsen F, Sauter G, Uhlig R, Steurer S, Minner S, Marx AH, Simon R, Burandt E, Bernreuther C, Höflmayer D. Mammaglobin-A Expression Is Highly Specific for Tumors Derived from the Breast, the Female Genital Tract, and the Salivary Gland. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13061202. [PMID: 36980510 PMCID: PMC10047670 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13061202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Human mammaglobin-A (SCGB2A2) is a secretory protein with an unknown function that is used as a diagnostic marker for breast cancer. However, other tumors can also express mammaglobin-A. To comprehensively study patterns of mammaglobin-A expression, a tissue microarray containing 16,328 samples from 128 different tumor types as well as 608 samples of 76 different normal tissue types was analyzed using immunohistochemistry. Mammaglobin-A positivity was found in only a few normal tissues, including luminal cells of the breast as well as endocervical and endometrial glands. In tumor tissues, 37 of 128 tumor categories showed mamma-globin-A staining, 32 of which were derived from one of four organs: breast (6 tumor categories), endometrium (5 tumor categories), ovary (5 tumor categories), and salivary glands (16 tumor categories). Only five additional tumor types showed occasional weak mammaglobin positivity, including medullary thyroid cancer, teratoma of the testis, squamous cell carcinoma of the skin and pharynx, and prostatic adenocarcinoma. Among 1139 evaluable invasive breast carcinomas of no special type, low mammaglobin-A immunostaining was linked to high BRE grade (p = 0.0011), loss of estrogen and progesterone receptor expression (p < 0.0001 each), and triple-negative status (p < 0.0001) but not to patient survival. In endometrial cancer, mammaglobin-A loss was linked to an advanced tumor stage (p = 0.0198). Our data characterize mammaglobin-A as a highly specific marker for tumors derived from either the breast, female genitals, or salivary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Gorbokon
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Timm
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - David Dum
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anne Menz
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Büscheck
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Cosima Völkel
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Hinsch
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Lennartz
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas M Luebke
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Hube-Magg
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Fraune
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Till Krech
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Clinical Center Osnabrueck, D-49076 Osnabrueck, Germany
| | - Patrick Lebok
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Till S Clauditz
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Frank Jacobsen
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Guido Sauter
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ria Uhlig
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Steurer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Minner
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas H Marx
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Academic Hospital Fuerth, D-90766 Fuerth, Germany
| | - Ronald Simon
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eike Burandt
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Bernreuther
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Doris Höflmayer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
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2
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David AP, Loftus PA, Russell MS, Goldberg AN, El-Sayed IH, Jan TA, Roland LT. RNA Sequencing and Gene Ontology Analysis in Acute Invasive Fungal Sinusitis. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2022; 37:78-82. [DOI: 10.1177/19458924221134732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Acute invasive fungal sinusitis (AIFS) is an aggressive and dangerous disease of the paranasal sinuses with high morbidity and mortality. The immune response at the level of the nasal mucosa, the site of entry, has not been previously evaluated. Objective To evaluate differential gene expression in the sinonasal mucosa of AIFS patients as compared to control patients using RNA sequencing. Methods Sinonasal tissue samples were prospectively obtained from consenting patients undergoing surgery between November, 2020 and November, 2021. RNA extraction and sequencing were performed and differential expression was analyzed to detect transcriptional differences between patient groups. Results Tissue samples were collected from 4 patients with active AIFS diagnoses, 2 patients with recovered AIFS, 1 patient with a diagnosis of non-invasive fungal ball, and 4 healthy controls. 255 genes were differentially expressed in AIFS patients as compared to control patients. Specific Gene Ontology (GO) biological processes that were identified as differentially expressed in AIFS patients as compared to controls included the following: 1. GO:0007155 (cell adhesion), 2. GO:0030199 (collagen fibril organization) and 3. GO:0001525 (angiogenesis). Conclusion Transcriptional differences were noted between AIFS and control patients in sinonasal tissue samples. Future work is necessary to determine causes of the differential gene expressions between AIFS and control patients, specifically those who are immunosuppressed, or with preexisting non-invasive forms of fungal sinusitis, to guide treatment and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abel P. David
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Patricia A. Loftus
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Matthew S. Russell
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Mass Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew N. Goldberg
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ivan H. El-Sayed
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Taha A. Jan
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Lauren T. Roland
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
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4
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Ge Y, Böhm HH, Rathinasamy A, Xydia M, Hu X, Pincha M, Umansky L, Breyer C, Hillier M, Bonertz A, Sevko A, Domschke C, Schuetz F, Frebel H, Dettling S, Herold-Mende C, Reissfelder C, Weitz J, Umansky V, Beckhove P. Tumor-Specific Regulatory T Cells from the Bone Marrow Orchestrate Antitumor Immunity in Breast Cancer. Cancer Immunol Res 2019; 7:1998-2012. [PMID: 31672785 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-18-0763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous antitumor effector T-cell responses and immune-suppressive regulatory T cells (Treg) critically influence the prognosis of patients with cancer, yet many of the mechanisms of how this occurs remain unresolved. On the basis of an analysis of the function, antigen specificity, and distribution of tumor antigen-reactive T cells and Tregs in patients with breast cancer and transgenic mouse tumor models, we showed that tumor-specific Tregs were selectively activated in the bone marrow (BM) and egressed into the peripheral blood. The BM was constantly depleted of tumor-specific Tregs and was instead a site of increased induction and activity of tumor-reactive effector/memory T cells. Treg egress from the BM was associated with activation-induced expression of peripheral homing receptors such as CCR2. Because breast cancer tissues express the CCR2 ligand CCL2, the activation and egress of tumor antigen-specific Tregs in the BM resulted in the accumulation of Tregs in breast tumor tissue. Such immune compartmentalization and redistribution of T-cell subpopulations between the BM and peripheral tissues were achieved by vaccination with adenoviral vector-encoded TRP-2 tumor antigen in a RET transgenic mouse model of spontaneous malignant melanoma. Thus, the BM simultaneously represented a source of tumor-infiltrating Tregs and a site for the induction of endogenous tumor-specific effector T-cell responses, suggesting that both antitumor immunity and local immune suppression are orchestrated in the BM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzi Ge
- Translational Immunology Department, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Henning Böhm
- Translational Immunology Department, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anchana Rathinasamy
- Translational Immunology Department, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany.,Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology, University Clinic Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Maria Xydia
- Translational Immunology Department, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany.,Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology, University Clinic Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Xiaoying Hu
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Mudita Pincha
- Translational Immunology Department, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ludmila Umansky
- Translational Immunology Department, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christopher Breyer
- Translational Immunology Department, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Hillier
- Translational Immunology Department, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Bonertz
- Translational Immunology Department, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Sevko
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christoph Domschke
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Florian Schuetz
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Helge Frebel
- Translational Immunology Department, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Steffen Dettling
- Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Experimental Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christel Herold-Mende
- Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Experimental Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Reissfelder
- Department of Surgery, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jürgen Weitz
- Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Viktor Umansky
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Philipp Beckhove
- Translational Immunology Department, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany. .,Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology, University Clinic Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.,Hematology-Oncology Department, University Clinic Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Abstract
Non-viral gene delivery to skeletal muscle was one of the first applications of gene therapy that went into the clinic, mainly because skeletal muscle is an easily accessible tissue for local gene transfer and non-viral vectors have a relatively safe and low immunogenic track record. However, plasmid DNA, naked or complexed to the various chemistries, turn out to be moderately efficient in humans when injected locally and very inefficient (and very toxic in some cases) when injected systemically. A number of clinical applications have been initiated however, based on transgenes that were adapted to good local impact and/or to a wide physiological outcome (i.e., strong humoral and cellular immune responses following the introduction of DNA vaccines). Neuromuscular diseases seem more challenging for non-viral vectors. Nevertheless, the local production of therapeutic proteins that may act distantly from the injected site and/or the hydrodynamic perfusion of safe plasmids remains a viable basis for the non-viral gene therapy of muscle disorders, cachexia, as well as peripheral neuropathies.
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Fu OY, Chang HW, Lin YD, Chuang LY, Hou MF, Yang CH. Breast cancer-associated high-order SNP-SNP interaction of CXCL12/CXCR4-related genes by an improved multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR-ER). Oncol Rep 2016; 36:1739-47. [PMID: 27461876 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In association studies, the combined effects of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-SNP interactions and the problem of imbalanced data between cases and controls are frequently ignored. In the present study, we used an improved multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) approach namely MDR-ER to detect the high order SNP‑SNP interaction in an imbalanced breast cancer data set containing seven SNPs of chemokine CXCL12/CXCR4 pathway genes. Most individual SNPs were not significantly associated with breast cancer. After MDR‑ER analysis, six significant SNP‑SNP interaction models with seven genes (highest cross‑validation consistency, 10; classification error rates, 41.3‑21.0; and prediction error rates, 47.4‑55.3) were identified. CD4 and VEGFA genes were associated in a 2‑loci interaction model (classification error rate, 41.3; prediction error rate, 47.5; odds ratio (OR), 2.069; 95% bootstrap CI, 1.40‑2.90; P=1.71E‑04) and it also appeared in all the best 2‑7‑loci models. When the loci number increased, the classification error rates and P‑values decreased. The powers in 2‑7‑loci in all models were >0.9. The minimum classification error rate of the MDR‑ER‑generated model was shown with the 7‑loci interaction model (classification error rate, 21.0; OR=15.282; 95% bootstrap CI, 9.54‑23.87; P=4.03E‑31). In the epistasis network analysis, the overall effect with breast cancer susceptibility was identified and the SNP order of impact on breast cancer was identified as follows: CD4 = VEGFA > KITLG > CXCL12 > CCR7 = MMP2 > CXCR4. In conclusion, the MDR‑ER can effectively and correctly identify the best SNP‑SNP interaction models in an imbalanced data set for breast cancer cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ou-Yang Fu
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Hsueh-Wei Chang
- Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yu-Da Lin
- Department of Electronic Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Applied Sciences, Kaohsiung 80778, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Li-Yeh Chuang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Institute of Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, I‑Shou University, Kaohsiung 84001, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ming-Feng Hou
- Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Cheng-Hong Yang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Applied Sciences, Kaohsiung 80778, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Soysal SD, Muenst S, Kan-Mitchell J, Huarte E, Zhang X, Wilkinson-Ryan I, Fleming T, Tiriveedhi V, Mohanakumar T, Li L, Herndon J, Oertli D, Goedegebuure SP, Gillanders WE. Identification and translational validation of novel mammaglobin-A CD8 T cell epitopes. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2014; 147:527-37. [PMID: 25212176 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-014-3129-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mammaglobin-A (MAM-A) is a secretory protein that is overexpressed in 80 % of human breast cancers. Its near-universal expression in breast cancer as well as its exquisite tissue specificity makes it an attractive target for a breast cancer prevention vaccine, and we recently initiated a phase 1 clinical trial of a MAM-A DNA vaccine. Previously, we have identified multiple MAM-A CD8 T cell epitopes using a reverse immunology candidate epitope approach based on predicted binding, but to date no attempt has been made to identify epitopes using an unbiased approach. In this study, we used human T cells primed in vitro with autologous dendritic cells expressing MAM-A to systematically identify MAM-A CD8 T cell epitopes. Using this unbiased approach, we identified three novel HLA-A2-restricted MAM-A epitopes. CD8 T cells specific for these epitopes are able to recognize and lyse human breast cancer cells in a MAM-A-specific, HLA-A2-dependent fashion. HLA-A2(+)/MAM-A(+) breast cancer patients have an increased prevalence of CD8 T cells specific for these novel MAM-A epitopes, and vaccination with a MAM-A DNA vaccine significantly increases the number of these CD8 T cells. The identification and translational validation of novel MAM-A epitopes has important implications for the ongoing clinical development of vaccine strategies targeting MAM-A. The novel MAM-A epitopes represent attractive targets for epitope-based vaccination strategies, and can also be used to monitor immune responses. Taken together these studies provide additional support for MAM-A as an important therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Soysal
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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8
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Schmidt HH, Ge Y, Hartmann FJ, Conrad H, Klug F, Nittel S, Bernhard H, Domschke C, Schuetz F, Sohn C, Beckhove P. HLA Class II tetramers reveal tissue-specific regulatory T cells that suppress T-cell responses in breast carcinoma patients. Oncoimmunology 2013; 2:e24962. [PMID: 23894725 PMCID: PMC3716760 DOI: 10.4161/onci.24962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play an important role in controlling antitumor T-cell responses and hence represent a considerable obstacle for cancer immunotherapy. The abundance of specific Treg populations in cancer patients has been poorly analyzed so far. Here, we demonstrate that in breast cancer patients, Tregs often control spontaneous effector memory T-cell responses against mammaglobin, a common breast tissue-associated antigen that is overexpressed by breast carcinoma. Using functional assays, we identified a HLA-DRB1*04:01- and HLA-DRB1*07:01-restricted epitope of mammaglobin (mam34–48) that was frequently recognized by Tregs isolated from breast cancer patients. Using mam34–48-labeled HLA Class II tetramers, we quantified mammaglobin-specific Tregs and CD4+ conventional T (Tcon) cells in breast carcinoma patients as well as in healthy individuals. Both mammaglobin-specific Tregs and Tcon cells were expanded in breast cancer patients, each constituting approximately 0.2% of their respective cell subpopulations. Conversely, mammaglobin-specific Tregs and CD4+ Tcon cells were rare in healthy individuals (0.07%). Thus, we provide here for the first time evidence supporting the expansion of breast tissue-specific Tregs and CD4+ Tcon cells in breast cancer patients. In addition, we substantiate the potential implications of breast tissue-specific Tregs in the suppression of antitumor immune responses in breast cancer patients. The HLA Class II tetramers used in this study may constitute a valuable tool to elucidate the role of antigen-specific Tregs in breast cancer immunity and to monitor breast cancer-specific CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Henning Schmidt
- German Cancer Research Center and National Center for Tumor Diseases; Heidelberg, Germany
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9
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Lin GT, Tseng HF, Yang CH, Hou MF, Chuang LY, Tai HT, Tai MH, Cheng YH, Wen CH, Liu CS, Huang CJ, Wang CL, Chang HW. Combinational polymorphisms of seven CXCL12-related genes are protective against breast cancer in Taiwan. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2010; 13:165-72. [PMID: 19196101 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2008.0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Many single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been found to be associated with breast cancer, but their SNP interactions are seldom addressed. In this study, we focused on the joint effect for SNP combinations of seven CXCL12-related genes involved in major cancer-related pathways. SNP genotyping was determined by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) in this study (case = 220, control = 334). Different numbers of combinational SNPs with genotypes called the SNP barcodes from different chromosomes were used to evaluate their joint effect on breast cancer risk. Except for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) rs3025039-CT, none of these SNPs were found to individually contribute to breast cancer risk. However, for two combined SNPs, the proportion of subjects with breast cancer was significantly low in the SNP barcode with CC-GG genotypes in rs2228014-1801157 (CXCR4-CXCL12) compared to those with non-CC-GG genotypes. Similarly, the SNP barcode of rs12812942-rs2228014-rs3025039 (CD4-CXCR4-VEGF) and rs12812942-rs3136685-rs2228014-rs1801157 (CD4- CCR7-CXCR4-CXCL12) with specific genotype patterns (AT-CC-CC and AT-AG-CC-GG) among three and four combinational SNPs were significantly low in breast cancer occurrence. More SNP combinations larger than five SNPs were also addressed, and these showed similar effects. After controlling for age, and comparing their corresponding non-SNP barcodes, the estimated odds ratios for breast cancer ranged between 0.20 and 0.71 for specific SNP barcodes with two to seven SNPs. In conclusion, we have associated the potential combined CXCL12-related SNPs with genotypes that were protective against breast cancer, and that may contribute to identification of a low-risk population for the development of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gau-Tyan Lin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University, Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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10
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Li L, Herndon JM, Truscott SM, Hansen TH, Fleming TP, Goedegebuure P, Gillanders WE. Engineering superior DNA vaccines: MHC class I single chain trimers bypass antigen processing and enhance the immune response to low affinity antigens. Vaccine 2010; 28:1911-8. [PMID: 20188246 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.10.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It is commonly believed that delivery of antigen into the class I antigen presentation pathway is a limiting factor in the clinical translation of DNA vaccines. This is of particular concern in the context of cancer vaccine development as many immunodominant peptides derived from self tumor antigens are not processed and presented efficiently. To address this limitation, we have engineered completely assembled peptide/MHC class I complexes whereby all three components (class I heavy chain, beta(2)m, and peptide) are attached by flexible linkers and expressed as a single polypeptide (single chain trimers or SCT). In this study, we tested the efficacy of progressive generations of SCT DNA vaccines engineered to (1) enhance peptide binding, (2) enhance interaction with the CD8 coreceptor, and/or (3) activate CD4(+) helper T cells. Disulfide trap SCT (dtSCT) have been engineered to improve peptide binding, with mutations designed to create a disulfide bond between the class I heavy chain and the peptide linker. dtSCT DNA vaccines dramatically enhance the immune response to model low affinity antigens as measured by ELISPOT analysis and tumor challenge. SCT engineered to enhance interaction with the CD8 coreceptor have a higher affinity for the TCR/CD8 complex, and are associated with more robust CD8(+) T cell responses following vaccination. Finally, SCT constructs that coexpress a universal helper epitope PADRE, dramatically enhance CD8(+) T cell responses. Taken together, our data demonstrate that dtSCT DNA vaccines coexpressing a universal CD4 epitope are highly effective in generating immune responses to poorly processed and presented cancer antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijin Li
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, United States
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11
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Doonan BP, Haque A. HLA Class II Antigen Presentation in Prostate Cancer Cells: A Novel Approach to Prostate Tumor Immunotherapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 3:1-7. [PMID: 24163711 DOI: 10.2174/1876401001003010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a deadly disease that is in drastic need of new treatment strategies for late stage and metastatic prostate cancer. Immunotherapy has emerged as a viable option to fill this void. Clinical trials have been conducted that induce tumor clearance through cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activation, these studies have had mixed outcomes with the overlying problem being the lack of a complete immune response with sustained killing and the formation of tumor specific memory cells. To overcome this, we have outlined the need for activating the HLA class II pathway in inducing a sustained CD8+ T cell response and the development of effective memory. We have also discussed the ability of prostate cancer cells to express stable HLA class II molecules that can be manipulated for tumor antigen (Ag) processing and presentation. This review also sets to outline new directions that exist for the use of class II-restricted Ags/peptides in devising cancer vaccines as well as combined chemoimmunotherapy. A better understanding of these concepts will improve future cancer vaccine studies and further the field of cancer immunobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bently Patrick Doonan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Charles Darby Children's Research Institute, and Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425
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Ignatiadis M, Kallergi G, Ntoulia M, Perraki M, Apostolaki S, Kafousi M, Chlouverakis G, Stathopoulos E, Lianidou E, Georgoulias V, Mavroudis D. Prognostic value of the molecular detection of circulating tumor cells using a multimarker reverse transcription-PCR assay for cytokeratin 19, mammaglobin A, and HER2 in early breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:2593-600. [PMID: 18451221 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-4758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the prognostic value of the molecular detection of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) using three markers [cytokeratin 19 (CK19), mammaglobin A (MGB1), and HER2] in early breast cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN CK19mRNA+, MGB1mRNA+, and HER2mRNA+ cells were detected using real-time (CK19) and nested (MGB1 and HER2) reverse transcription-PCR in the peripheral blood of 175 women with stage I to III breast cancer before the initiation of adjuvant chemotherapy. The detection of CTCs was correlated with clinical outcome. In 10 patients, immunofluorescence staining experiments were done to investigate the coexpression of cytokeratin, MGB1, and HER2 in CTCs. RESULTS CK19mRNA+, MGB1mRNA+, and HER2mRNA+ cells were detected in 41.1%, 8%, and 28.6% of the 175 patients, respectively. Patients had one of the following molecular profiles: CK19mRNA+/MGB1mRNA+/HER2mRNA+ (n = 8), CK19mRNA+/MGB1mRNA+/HER2mRNA- (n = 1), CK19mRNA+/MGB1mRNA-/HER2mRNA+ (n = 42), CK19mRNA+/MGB1mRNA-/HER2mRNA- (n = 21), CK19mRNA-/MGB1mRNA+/HER2mRNA- (n = 5), and CK19mRNA-/MGB1mRNA-/HER2mRNA- (n = 98). Double-immunofluorescence experiments confirmed the following CTC phenotypes: CK+/MGB1+, CK+/MGB1-, CK-/MGB1+, CK+/HER2+, CK+/HER2-, MGB1+/HER2-, and MGB1+/HER2+. In univariate analysis, the detection of CK19mRNA+, MGB1mRNA+, and HER2mRNA+ cells was associated with shorter disease-free survival (DFS; P < 0.001, P = 0.001, and P < 0.001, respectively), whereas the detection of CK19mRNA+ and MGB1mRNA+ cells was associated with worse overall survival (P = 0.044 and 0.034, respectively). In multivariate analysis, estrogen receptor-negative tumors and the detection of CK19mRNA+ and MGB1mRNA+ cells were independently associated with worse DFS. CONCLUSION The detection of peripheral blood CK19mRNA+ and MGB1mRNA+ cells before adjuvant chemotherapy predicts poor DFS in women with early breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michail Ignatiadis
- Department of Medical Oncology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
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