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Chen W, Song H, Dai C, Huang Z, Wu A, Shan G, Liu H, Jiang A, Liu X, Ru C, Abdalla K, Dhanani SN, Moosavi KF, Pathak S, Librach C, Zhang Z, Sun Y. CP-Net: Instance-aware part segmentation network for biological cell parsing. Med Image Anal 2024; 97:103243. [PMID: 38954941 DOI: 10.1016/j.media.2024.103243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Instance segmentation of biological cells is important in medical image analysis for identifying and segmenting individual cells, and quantitative measurement of subcellular structures requires further cell-level subcellular part segmentation. Subcellular structure measurements are critical for cell phenotyping and quality analysis. For these purposes, instance-aware part segmentation network is first introduced to distinguish individual cells and segment subcellular structures for each detected cell. This approach is demonstrated on human sperm cells since the World Health Organization has established quantitative standards for sperm quality assessment. Specifically, a novel Cell Parsing Net (CP-Net) is proposed for accurate instance-level cell parsing. An attention-based feature fusion module is designed to alleviate contour misalignments for cells with an irregular shape by using instance masks as spatial cues instead of as strict constraints to differentiate various instances. A coarse-to-fine segmentation module is developed to effectively segment tiny subcellular structures within a cell through hierarchical segmentation from whole to part instead of directly segmenting each cell part. Moreover, a sperm parsing dataset is built including 320 annotated sperm images with five semantic subcellular part labels. Extensive experiments on the collected dataset demonstrate that the proposed CP-Net outperforms state-of-the-art instance-aware part segmentation networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyuan Chen
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 2E4, Canada
| | - Haocong Song
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Changsheng Dai
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Zongjie Huang
- Suzhou Boundless Medical Technology Ltd., Co.,, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Andrew Wu
- Division of Engineering Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2E4, Canada
| | - Guanqiao Shan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Hang Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Aojun Jiang
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Xingjian Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Changhai Ru
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | | | | | | | - Shruti Pathak
- CReATe Fertility Centre, Toronto, ON M5G 1N8, Canada
| | | | - Zhuoran Zhang
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada.
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Gökmen-Polar Y, Gu Y, Polar A, Gu X, Badve SS. The Role of ESRP1 in the Regulation of PHGDH in Estrogen Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer. J Transl Med 2023; 103:100002. [PMID: 36925195 DOI: 10.1016/j.labinv.2022.100002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance to hormone therapy leads to a recurrence of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. We have demonstrated that the epithelial splicing regulatory protein 1 (ESRP1) significantly affects cell/tumor growth and metabolism and is associated with a poor prognosis in this breast cancer subtype. In this study, we aimed to investigate the ESRP1 protein-messenger RNA (mRNA) interaction in hormone therapy-resistant breast cancer. RNA-binding protein immunoprecipitation (RIP) followed by Clariom D (Applied Biosystems/Thermo Fisher Scientific) transcriptomics microarray (RIP-Chip) was performed to identify mRNA-binding partners of ESRP1. The integration of RIP-Chip and immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry analyses identified phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH), a key metabolic enzyme, as a binding partner of ESRP1 in hormone-resistant breast cancer. Bioinformatic analysis showed ESRP1 binding to the 5' untranslated region of PHGDH. RNA electrophoresis mobility shift assay and RIP-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction further validated the ESRP1-PHGDH binding. In addition, knockdown of ESRP1 decreased PHGDH mRNA stability significantly, suggesting the posttranscriptional regulation of PHGDH by ESRP1. The presence or absence of ESRP1 levels significantly affected the stability in tamoxifen-resistant LCC2 and fulvestrant-resistant LCC9 cells. PHGDH knockdown in tamoxifen-resistant cells further reduced the oxygen consumption rate (ranging from P = .005 and P = .02), mimicking the effects of ESRP1 knockdown. Glycolytic parameters were also altered (ranging P = .001 and P = .005). ESRP1 levels did not affect the stability of PHGDH in T-47D cells, although knockdown of PHGDH affected the growth of these cells. In conclusion, to our knowledge, this study, for the first time, reports that ESRP1 binds to the 5' untranslated region of PHGDH, increasing its mRNA stability in hormone therapy-resistant estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. These findings provide evidence for a novel mechanism of action of RNA-binding proteins such as ESRP1. These new insights could assist in developing novel strategies for the treatment of hormone therapy-resistant breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesim Gökmen-Polar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Emory University Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, Georgia.
| | - Yuan Gu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Alper Polar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Xiaoping Gu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Sunil S Badve
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Emory University Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, Georgia
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3
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HBXIP blocks myosin-IIA assembly by phosphorylating and interacting with NMHC-IIA in breast cancer metastasis. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 13:1053-1070. [PMID: 36970214 PMCID: PMC10031283 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor metastasis depends on the dynamic balance of the actomyosin cytoskeleton. As a key component of actomyosin filaments, non-muscle myosin-IIA disassembly contributes to tumor cell spreading and migration. However, its regulatory mechanism in tumor migration and invasion is poorly understood. Here, we found that oncoprotein hepatitis B X-interacting protein (HBXIP) blocked the myosin-IIA assemble state promoting breast cancer cell migration. Mechanistically, mass spectrometry analysis, co-immunoprecipitation assay and GST-pull down assay proved that HBXIP directly interacted with the assembly-competent domain (ACD) of non-muscle heavy chain myosin-IIA (NMHC-IIA). The interaction was enhanced by NMHC-IIA S1916 phosphorylation via HBXIP-recruited protein kinase PKCβII. Moreover, HBXIP induced the transcription of PRKCB, encoding PKCβII, by coactivating Sp1, and triggered PKCβII kinase activity. Interestingly, RNA sequencing and mouse metastasis model indicated that the anti-hyperlipidemic drug bezafibrate (BZF) suppressed breast cancer metastasis via inhibiting PKCβII-mediated NMHC-IIA phosphorylation in vitro and in vivo. We reveal a novel mechanism by which HBXIP promotes myosin-IIA disassembly via interacting and phosphorylating NMHC-IIA, and BZF can serve as an effective anti-metastatic drug in breast cancer.
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Aslam N, Alvi F. Protein Kinase C Life Cycle: Explained Through Systems Biology Approach. Front Physiol 2022; 13:818688. [PMID: 35492590 PMCID: PMC9049586 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.818688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) enzymes are a family of kinases that mediate signal transduction originating at the cell surface. Most cell membranes can contain functional PKC enzymes. Aberrations in the PKC life cycle may result in cellular damage and dysfunction. For example, some cancerous cells exhibit alterations in PKC activity. Here, we use a systems biology approach to describe a molecular model of the PKC life cycle. Understanding the PKC life cycle is necessary to identify new drug targets. The PKC life cycle is composed of three key regulatory processes: maturation, activation, and termination. These processes precisely control PKC enzyme levels. This model describes the fate of PKC during de novo synthesis and PKC’s lipid-mediated activation cycle. We utilize a systems biology approach to show the PKC life cycle is controlled by multiple phosphorylation and dephosphorylation events. PKC processing events can be divided into two types: maturation via processing of newly synthesized enzyme and secondary messenger-dependent activation of dormant, but catalytically competent enzyme. Newly synthesized PKC enzyme is constitutively processed through three ordered phosphorylations and stored in the cytosol as a stable, signaling-competent inactive and autoinhibited molecule. Upon extracellular stimulation, diacylglycerol (DAG) and calcium ion (Ca2+) generated at the membrane bind PKC. PKC then undergoes cytosol-to-membrane translocation and subsequent activation. Our model shows that, once activated, PKC is prone to dephosphorylation and subsequent degradation. This model also describes the role of HSP70 in stabilization and re-phosphorylation of dephosphorylated PKC, replenishing the PKC pool. Our model shows how the PKC pool responds to different intensities of extracellular stimuli? We show that blocking PHLPP dephosphorylation replenishes the PKC pool in a dose-dependent manner. This model provides a comprehensive understanding of PKC life cycle regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveed Aslam
- BioSystOmics, Houston, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Naveed Aslam,
| | - Farah Alvi
- BioSystOmics, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Physics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
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Gökmen-Polar Y, Neelamraju Y, Goswami CP, Gu Y, Gu X, Nallamothu G, Vieth E, Janga SC, Ryan M, Badve SS. Splicing factor ESRP1 controls ER-positive breast cancer by altering metabolic pathways. EMBO Rep 2019; 20:embr.201846078. [PMID: 30665944 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201846078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial splicing regulatory proteins 1 and 2 (ESRP1 and ESRP2) control the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) splicing program in cancer. However, their role in breast cancer recurrence is unclear. In this study, we report that high levels of ESRP1, but not ESRP2, are associated with poor prognosis in estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast tumors. Knockdown of ESRP1 in endocrine-resistant breast cancer models decreases growth significantly and alters the EMT splicing signature, which we confirm using TCGA SpliceSeq data of ER+ BRCA tumors. However, these changes are not accompanied by the development of a mesenchymal phenotype or a change in key EMT-transcription factors. In tamoxifen-resistant cells, knockdown of ESRP1 affects lipid metabolism and oxidoreductase processes, resulting in the decreased expression of fatty acid synthase (FASN), stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1), and phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH) at both the mRNA and protein levels. Furthermore, ESRP1 knockdown increases the basal respiration and spare respiration capacity. This study reports a novel role for ESRP1 that could form the basis for the prevention of tamoxifen resistance in ER+ breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesim Gökmen-Polar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Yaseswini Neelamraju
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Chirayu P Goswami
- Department of Bioinformatics, Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yuan Gu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Xiaoping Gu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Gouthami Nallamothu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Edyta Vieth
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Sarath C Janga
- Department of BioHealth Informatics, School of Informatics and Computing, IUPUI, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Centre for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Michael Ryan
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,In Silico Solutions, Falls Church, VA, USA
| | - Sunil S Badve
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA .,Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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6
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Gökmen-Polar Y, True JD, Vieth E, Gu Y, Gu X, Qi GD, Mosley AL, Badve SS. Quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis identifies novel functional pathways of tumor suppressor DLC1 in estrogen receptor positive breast cancer. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204658. [PMID: 30278072 PMCID: PMC6168143 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Deleted in Liver Cancer-1 (DLC1), a member of the RhoGAP family of proteins, functions as a tumor suppressor in several cancers including breast cancer. However, its clinical relevance is unclear in breast cancer. In this study, expression of DLC1 was correlated with prognosis using publicly available breast cancer gene expression datasets and quantitative Reverse Transcription PCR in cohorts of Estrogen Receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer. Low expression of DLC1 correlates with poor prognosis in patients with ER+ breast cancer with further decrease in metastatic lesions. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data showed that down regulation of DLC1 is not due to methylation or mutations. To seek further insights in understanding the role of DLC1 in ER+ breast cancer, we stably overexpressed DLC1-full-length (DLC1-FL) in T-47D breast cancer cells; this inhibited cell colony formation significantly in vitro compared to its control counterpart. Label-free global proteomic and TiO2 phosphopeptide enrichment assays (ProteomeXchange identifier PXD008220) showed that 205 and 122 phosphopeptides were unique to DLC1-FL cells and T-47D-control cells, respectively, whereas 6,726 were quantified by phosphoproteomics analysis in both conditions. The top three significant clusters of differentially phosphopeptides identified by DAVID pathway analysis represent cell-cell adhesion, mRNA processing and splicing, and transcription regulation. Phosphoproteomics analysis documented an inverse relation between DLC1 expression and several phosphopeptides including epithelial cell transforming sequence 2 (ECT2). Decreased phosphorylation of ECT2 at the residue T359, critical for its active conformational change, was validated by western blot. In addition, the ECT2 T359-containing phosphopeptide was detected in both basal and luminal patient-derived breast cancers breast cancer phosphoproteomics data on the Clinical Proteomic Tumor Analysis Consortium (CPTAC) Assay portal. Together, for the first time, this implicates ECT2 phosphorylation in breast cancer, which has been proposed as a therapeutic target in lung cancer. In conclusion, this data suggests that low expression of DLC1 is associated with poor prognosis. Targeting ECT2 phosphopeptides could provide a promising mechanism for controlling poor prognosis seen in DLC1low ER+ breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesim Gökmen-Polar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jason D. True
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Edyta Vieth
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Yuan Gu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Xiaoping Gu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Guihong D. Qi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Amber L. Mosley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Sunil S. Badve
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
- Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
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7
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Singh RK, Kumar S, Tomar MS, Verma PK, Singh SP, Gautam PK, Acharya A. Classical Protein Kinase C: a novel kinase target in breast cancer. Clin Transl Oncol 2018; 21:259-267. [DOI: 10.1007/s12094-018-1929-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Translocation of PKCβII to Mitochondria as an Important Mediator of a Protective Signaling Mechanism in an Ischemia-Resistant Region of the Hippocampus. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:2392-2403. [PMID: 28401402 PMCID: PMC5524878 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2263-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Emerging reports indicate that activated PKC isoforms that translocate to the mitochondria are pro- or anti-apoptotic to mitochondrial function. Here, we concentrate on the role of PKCβ translocated to mitochondria in relation to the fate of neurons following cerebral ischemia. As we have demonstrated previously ischemia/reperfusion injury (I/R) results in translocation of PKCβ from cytoplasm to mitochondria, but only in ischemia-resistant regions of the hippocampus (CA2-4, DG), we hypothesize that this translocation may be a mediator of a protective signaling mechanism in this region. We have therefore sought to demonstrate a possible relationship between PKCβII translocation and ischemic resistance of CA2-4, DG. Here, we reveal that I/R injury induces a marked elevation of PKCβII protein levels, and consequent enzymatic activity, in CA2-4, DG in the mitochondrial fraction. Moreover, the administration of an isozyme-selective PKCβII inhibitor showed inhibition of I/R-induced translocation of PKCβII to the mitochondria and an increase in neuronal death following I/R injury in CA1 and CA2-4, DG in both an in vivo and an in vitro model of ischemia. The present results suggest that PKCβII translocated to mitochondria is involved in providing ischemic resistance of CA2-4, DG. However, the exact mechanisms by which PKCβII-mediated neuroprotection is achieved are in need of further elucidation.
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Garg R, Benedetti LG, Abera MB, Wang H, Abba M, Kazanietz MG. Protein kinase C and cancer: what we know and what we do not. Oncogene 2014; 33:5225-37. [PMID: 24336328 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 10/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Since their discovery in the late 1970s, protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes represent one of the most extensively studied signaling kinases. PKCs signal through multiple pathways and control the expression of genes relevant for cell cycle progression, tumorigenesis and metastatic dissemination. Despite the vast amount of information concerning the mechanisms that control PKC activation and function in cellular models, the relevance of individual PKC isozymes in the progression of human cancer is still a matter of controversy. Although the expression of PKC isozymes is altered in multiple cancer types, the causal relationship between such changes and the initiation and progression of the disease remains poorly defined. Animal models developed in the last years helped to better understand the involvement of individual PKCs in various cancer types and in the context of specific oncogenic alterations. Unraveling the enormous complexity in the mechanisms by which PKC isozymes have an impact on tumorigenesis and metastasis is key for reassessing their potential as pharmacological targets for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Garg
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - L G Benedetti
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - M B Abera
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - H Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - M Abba
- Centro de Investigaciones Inmunológicas Básicas y Aplicadas (CINIBA), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - M G Kazanietz
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Wallace JA, Pitarresi JR, Sharma N, Palettas M, Cuitiño MC, Sizemore ST, Yu L, Sanderlin A, Rosol TJ, Mehta KD, Sizemore GM, Ostrowski MC. Protein kinase C Beta in the tumor microenvironment promotes mammary tumorigenesis. Front Oncol 2014; 4:87. [PMID: 24795864 PMCID: PMC4006052 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase C beta (PKCβ) expression in breast cancer is associated with a more aggressive tumor phenotype, yet the mechanism for how PKCβ is pro-tumorigenic in this disease is still unclear. Interestingly, while it is known that PKCβ mediates angiogenesis, immunity, fibroblast function and adipogenesis, all components of the mammary tumor microenvironment (TME), no study to date has investigated whether stromal PKCβ is functionally relevant in breast cancer. Herein, we evaluate mouse mammary tumor virus–polyoma middle T-antigen (MMTV–PyMT) induced mammary tumorigenesis in the presence and absence of PKCβ. We utilize two model systems: one where PKCβ is deleted in both the epithelial and stromal compartments to test the global requirement for PKCβ on tumor formation, and second, where PKCβ is deleted only in the stromal compartment to test its role in the TME. MMTV–PyMT mice globally lacking PKCβ live longer and develop smaller tumors with decreased proliferation and decreased macrophage infiltration. Similarly, when PKCβ is null exclusively in the stroma, PyMT-driven B6 cells form smaller tumors with diminished collagen deposition. These experiments reveal for the first time a tumor promoting role for stromal PKCβ in MMTV–PyMT tumorigenesis. In corroboration with these results, PKCβ mRNA (Prkcb) is increased in fibroblasts isolated from MMTV–PyMT tumors. These data were confirmed in a breast cancer patient cohort. Combined these data suggest the continued investigation of PKCβ in the mammary TME is necessary to elucidate how to effectively target this signaling pathway in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Wallace
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH , USA ; Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH , USA
| | - Jason R Pitarresi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH , USA ; Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH , USA
| | - Nandini Sharma
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH , USA ; Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH , USA
| | - Marilly Palettas
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH , USA ; Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH , USA
| | - Maria C Cuitiño
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH , USA
| | - Steven T Sizemore
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH , USA ; Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH , USA
| | - Lianbo Yu
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH , USA ; Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH , USA
| | - Allen Sanderlin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH , USA ; Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH , USA
| | - Thomas J Rosol
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH , USA ; Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH , USA
| | - Kamal D Mehta
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH , USA
| | - Gina M Sizemore
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH , USA ; Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH , USA
| | - Michael C Ostrowski
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH , USA ; Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH , USA
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Gökmen-Polar Y, Liu Y, Toroni RA, Sanders KL, Mehta R, Badve S, Rommel C, Sledge GW. Investigational drug MLN0128, a novel TORC1/2 inhibitor, demonstrates potent oral antitumor activity in human breast cancer xenograft models. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2012; 136:673-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-012-2298-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Gökmen-Polar Y, Toroni RA, Hocevar BA, Badve S, Zhao Q, Shen C, Bruckheimer E, Kinch MS, Miller KD. Dual targeting of EphA2 and ER restores tamoxifen sensitivity in ER/EphA2-positive breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010; 127:375-84. [PMID: 20602165 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-010-1004-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 06/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression and altered function of EphA2 receptor tyrosine kinase are critical in the progression of breast cancer and provide a target for breast cancer therapy. We have previously demonstrated that EphA2 overexpression decreases estrogen dependence and Tamoxifen sensitivity both in vitro and in vivo. EA5, a novel monoclonal antibody that mimicks the binding of ephrin A to EphA2, reverses the effect of EphA2 overexpression and restores Tamoxifen sensitivity in EphA2-transfected MCF-7 cells in vitro. To explore the role of EphA2 overexpression on ER-dependent mechanisms, we used two different ER+/EphA2-transfected cell line models (MCF-7(neo)/MCF-7(EphA2) and T47D(neo)/T47D(EphA2)). EA5 inhibits primary tumor growth and restores Tamoxifen sensitivity in the MCF-7(EphA2) xenografts. Using the T47D(EphA2) in vitro model, we verified that EphA2 decreases ER activation in response to E2 stimulation consistent with our earlier results in MCF-7(EphA2) model. We found no direct interaction between ER and EphA2 and no difference in expression of canonical ER-dependent proteins or ER co-regulators. However, E2 stimulation phosphorylates FAK(Tyr925) only in ER+/EphA2+ cell lines. Treatment of T47D(EphA2) cells with EA5 and Tamoxifen leads to dephosphorylation of FAK(Tyr925) in response to E2. Our data demonstrate that dual targeting of EphA2 and ER is a promising approach for delaying resistance to Tamoxifen. The data support our hypothesis that EphA2 impacts ER function via a FAK dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesim Gökmen-Polar
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Subik K, Lee JF, Baxter L, Strzepek T, Costello D, Crowley P, Xing L, Hung MC, Bonfiglio T, Hicks DG, Tang P. The Expression Patterns of ER, PR, HER2, CK5/6, EGFR, Ki-67 and AR by Immunohistochemical Analysis in Breast Cancer Cell Lines. BREAST CANCER-BASIC AND CLINICAL RESEARCH 2010. [DOI: 10.1177/117822341000400004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The molecular classification for breast carcinomas has been used in clinical studies with a simple surrogate panel of immunohistochemistry (IHC) markers. The objective of this current project was to study the molecular classification of commonly used breast cancer cell lines by IHC analysis. Seventeen breast cancer cell lines were harvested, fixed in formalin and made into cell blocks. IHC analyses were performed on each cell block with antibodies to estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), HER2, EGFR, CK5/6, Ki-67 and androgen receptor (AR). Among the 17 cell lines, MCF-7 and ZR-75-1 fell to Luminal A subtype; BT-474 to Luminal B subtype; SKBR-3, MDA-MD-435 and AU 565 to HER2 over-expression subtype; MDA-MB-231, MCF-12A, HBL 101, HS 598 T, MCF-10A, MCF-10F, BT-20, 468 and BT-483 to basal subtype. MDA-MB-453 belonged to Unclassified subtype. Since each subtype defined by this IHC-based molecular classification does show a distinct clinical outcome, attention should be paid when choosing a cell line for any study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Subik
- Department of Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
- These authors have contributed equally to the manuscript
| | - Jin-Feng Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- These authors have contributed equally to the manuscript
| | - Laurie Baxter
- Department of Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Tamera Strzepek
- Department of Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Dawn Costello
- Department of Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Patti Crowley
- Department of Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Lianping Xing
- Department of Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Mien-Chie Hung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Thomas Bonfiglio
- Department of Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - David G. Hicks
- Department of Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Ping Tang
- Department of Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
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