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Wu T, Lu ZF, Yu HN, Wu XS, Liu Y, Xu Y. Liver receptor homolog-1: structures, related diseases, and drug discovery. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2024; 45:1571-1581. [PMID: 38632319 PMCID: PMC11272790 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-024-01276-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, is a ligand-regulated transcription factor that plays crucial roles in metabolism, development, and immunity. Despite being classified as an 'orphan' receptor due to the ongoing debate surrounding its endogenous ligands, recent researches have demonstrated that LRH-1 can be modulated by various synthetic ligands. This highlights the potential of LRH-1 as an attractive drug target for the treatment of inflammation, metabolic disorders, and cancer. In this review, we provide an overview of the structural basis, functional activities, associated diseases, and advancements in therapeutic ligand research targeting LRH-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory of Biomedicine and Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Center for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Fang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory of Biomedicine and Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Center for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao-Nan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory of Biomedicine and Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Center for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi-Shan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory of Biomedicine and Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Center for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Yong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory of Biomedicine and Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Center for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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2
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Lambrecht R, Delgado ME, Gloe V, Schuetz K, Plazzo AP, Franke B, San Phan T, Fleming J, Mayans O, Brunner T. Liver receptor homolog-1 (NR5A2) orchestrates hepatic inflammation and TNF-induced cell death. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113513. [PMID: 38039134 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The nuclear receptor liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1) has been shown to promote apoptosis resistance in various tissues and disease contexts; however, its role in liver cell death remains unexplored. Hepatocyte-specific deletion of LRH-1 causes mild steatosis and inflammation but unexpectedly shields female mice from tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-induced hepatocyte apoptosis and associated hepatitis. LRH-1-deficient hepatocytes show markedly attenuated estrogen receptor alpha and elevated nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activity, while LRH-1 overexpression inhibits NF-κB activity. This inhibition relies on direct physical interaction of LRH-1's ligand-binding domain and the Rel homology domain of NF-κB subunit RelA. Mechanistically, increased transcription of anti-apoptotic NF-κB target genes and the proteasomal degradation of pro-apoptotic BCL-2 interacting mediator of cell death prevent mitochondrial apoptosis and ultimately protect mice from TNF-induced liver damage. Collectively, our study emphasizes LRH-1 as a critical, sex-dependent regulator of cell death and inflammation in the healthy and diseased liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekka Lambrecht
- Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - M Eugenia Delgado
- Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Vincent Gloe
- Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Karina Schuetz
- Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Anna Pia Plazzo
- Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Barbara Franke
- Biophysics and Structural Biology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Truong San Phan
- Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Jennifer Fleming
- Biophysics and Structural Biology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Olga Mayans
- Biophysics and Structural Biology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Thomas Brunner
- Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany.
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3
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Kang Y. Landscape of NcRNAs involved in drug resistance of breast cancer. Clin Transl Oncol 2023; 25:1869-1892. [PMID: 37067729 PMCID: PMC10250522 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-023-03189-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) leads to the most amounts of deaths among women. Chemo-, endocrine-, and targeted therapies are the mainstay drug treatments for BC in the clinic. However, drug resistance is a major obstacle for BC patients, and it leads to poor prognosis. Accumulating evidences suggested that noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are intricately linked to a wide range of pathological processes, including drug resistance. Till date, the correlation between drug resistance and ncRNAs is not completely understood in BC. Herein, we comprehensively summarized a dysregulated ncRNAs landscape that promotes or inhibits drug resistance in chemo-, endocrine-, and targeted BC therapies. Our review will pave way for the effective management of drug resistance by targeting oncogenic ncRNAs, which, in turn will promote drug sensitivity of BC in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujuan Kang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China.
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4
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Cato ML, Cornelison JL, Spurlin RM, Courouble VV, Patel AB, Flynn AR, Johnson AM, Okafor CD, Frank F, D’Agostino EH, Griffin PR, Jui NT, Ortlund EA. Differential Modulation of Nuclear Receptor LRH-1 through Targeting Buried and Surface Regions of the Binding Pocket. J Med Chem 2022; 65:6888-6902. [PMID: 35503419 PMCID: PMC10026694 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Liver receptor homologue-1 (LRH-1) is a phospholipid-sensing nuclear receptor that has shown promise as a target for alleviating intestinal inflammation and metabolic dysregulation in the liver. LRH-1 contains a large ligand-binding pocket, but generating synthetic modulators has been challenging. We have had recent success generating potent and efficacious agonists through two distinct strategies. We targeted residues deep within the pocket to enhance compound binding and residues at the mouth of the pocket to mimic interactions made by phospholipids. Here, we unite these two designs into one molecule to synthesize the most potent LRH-1 agonist to date. Through a combination of global transcriptomic, biochemical, and structural studies, we show that selective modulation can be driven through contacting deep versus surface polar regions in the pocket. While deep pocket contacts convey high affinity, contacts with the pocket mouth dominate allostery and provide a phospholipid-like transcriptional response in cultured cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L. Cato
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | | | | | | | - Anamika B. Patel
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Autumn R. Flynn
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | | | - C. Denise Okafor
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Filipp Frank
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Emma H. D’Agostino
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | | | - Nathan T. Jui
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Eric A. Ortlund
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
- Corresponding Author:
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5
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Lang A, Isigkeit L, Schubert-Zsilavecz M, Merk D. The Medicinal Chemistry and Therapeutic Potential of LRH-1 Modulators. J Med Chem 2021; 64:16956-16973. [PMID: 34839661 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The ligand-activated transcription factor liver receptor homologue 1 (LRH-1, NR5A2) is involved in the regulation of metabolic homeostasis, including cholesterol and glucose balance. Preliminary evidence points to therapeutic potential of LRH-1 modulation in diabetes, hepatic diseases, inflammatory bowel diseases, atherosclerosis, and certain cancers, but because of a lack of suitable ligands, pharmacological control of LRH-1 has been insufficiently studied. Despite the availability of considerable structural knowledge on LRH-1, only a few ligand chemotypes have been developed, and potent, selective, and bioavailable tools to explore LRH-1 modulation in vivo are lacking. In view of the therapeutic potential of LRH-1 in prevalent diseases, improved chemical tools are needed to probe the beneficial and adverse effects of pharmacological LRH-1 modulation in sophisticated preclinical models and to further elucidate the receptor's molecular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa Lang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Laura Isigkeit
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Daniel Merk
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany.,Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, D-81377 Munich, Germany
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6
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Ahmed M, Lai TH, Kim W, Kim DR. A Functional Network Model of the Metastasis Suppressor PEBP1/RKIP and Its Regulators in Breast Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:6098. [PMID: 34885208 PMCID: PMC8657175 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13236098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug screening strategies focus on quantifying the phenotypic effects of different compounds on biological systems. High-throughput technologies have the potential to understand further the mechanisms by which these drugs produce the desired outcome. Reverse causal reasoning integrates existing biological knowledge and measurements of gene and protein abundances to infer their function. This approach can be employed to appraise the existing biological knowledge and data to prioritize targets for cancer therapies. We applied text mining and a manual literature search to extract known interactions between several metastasis suppressors and their regulators. We then identified the relevant interactions in the breast cancer cell line MCF7 using a knockdown dataset. We finally adopted a reverse causal reasoning approach to evaluate and prioritize pathways that are most consistent and responsive to drugs that inhibit cell growth. We evaluated this model in terms of agreement with the observations under treatment of several drugs that produced growth inhibition of cancer cell lines. In particular, we suggested that the metastasis suppressor PEBP1/RKIP is on the receiving end of two significant regulatory mechanisms. One involves RELA (transcription factor p65) and SNAI1, which were previously reported to inhibit PEBP1. The other involves the estrogen receptor (ESR1), which induces PEBP1 through the kinase NME1. Our model was derived in the specific context of breast cancer, but the observed responses to drug treatments were consistent in other cell lines. We further validated some of the predicted regulatory links in the breast cancer cell line MCF7 experimentally and highlighted the points of uncertainty in our model. To summarize, our model was consistent with the observed changes in activity with drug perturbations. In particular, two pathways, including PEBP1, were highly responsive and would be likely targets for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Deok Ryong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 527-27, Korea; (M.A.); (T.H.L.); (W.K.)
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7
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He T, Shen H, Wang S, Wang Y, He Z, Zhu L, Du X, Wang D, Li J, Zhong S, Huang W, Yang H. MicroRNA-3613-5p Promotes Lung Adenocarcinoma Cell Proliferation through a RELA and AKT/MAPK Positive Feedback Loop. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 22:572-583. [PMID: 33230458 PMCID: PMC7562961 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2020.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB)/RELA is often found in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). In this study, we determined that microRNA-3613-5p (miR-3613-5p) plays a crucial role in RELA-mediated post-transcriptional regulation of LUAD cell proliferation. Expression of miR-3613-5p in clinical LUAD specimens is associated with poor prognosis in LUAD. Upregulation of miR-3613-5p promotes LUAD cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Our results suggested a mechanism whereby miR-3613-5p expression is induced by RELA through its direct interaction with JUN, thereby stimulating the AKT/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway by directly targeting NR5A2. In addition, we also found that phosphorylation of AKT1 and MAPK3/1 co-transactivates RELA, thus constituting a RELA/JUN/miR-3613-5p/NR5A2/AKT1/MAPK3/1 positive feedback loop, leading to persistent NF-κB activation. Our findings also revealed that miR-3613-5p plays an oncogenic role in LUAD by promoting cell proliferation and acting as a key regulator of the positive feedback loop underlying the link between the NF-κB/RELA and AKT/MAPK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao He
- Department of Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
| | - Hongyou Shen
- Emergency Department, Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510310, P.R. China
| | - Shuangmiao Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, P.R. China
| | - Yanfang Wang
- National Key Discipline of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Zhiwei He
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
| | - Litong Zhu
- Department of Gynecology, Affiliated Shenzhen Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518028, P.R. China
| | - Xinyue Du
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
| | - Dan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
| | - Jiao Li
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
| | - Shizhen Zhong
- National Key Discipline of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Wenhua Huang
- National Key Discipline of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
- Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524002, P.R. China
| | - Huiling Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
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8
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Michalek S, Brunner T. Nuclear-mitochondrial crosstalk: On the role of the nuclear receptor liver receptor homolog-1 (NR5A2) in the regulation of mitochondrial metabolism, cell survival, and cancer. IUBMB Life 2020; 73:592-610. [PMID: 32931651 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1, NR5A2) is an orphan nuclear receptor with widespread activities in the regulation of development, stemness, metabolism, steroidogenesis, and proliferation. Many of the LRH-1-regulated processes target the mitochondria and associated activities. While under physiological conditions, a balanced LRH-1 expression and regulation contribute to the maintenance of a physiological equilibrium, deregulation of LRH-1 has been associated with inflammation and cancer. In this review, we discuss the role and mechanism(s) of how LRH-1 regulates metabolic processes, cell survival, and cancer in a nuclear-mitochondrial crosstalk, and evaluate its potential as a pharmacological target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Michalek
- Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Thomas Brunner
- Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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9
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Cobo-Vuilleumier N, Gauthier BR. Time for a paradigm shift in treating type 1 diabetes mellitus: coupling inflammation to islet regeneration. Metabolism 2020; 104:154137. [PMID: 31904355 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disease that targets the destruction of islet beta-cells resulting in insulin deficiency, hyperglycemia and death if untreated. Despite advances in medical devices and longer-acting insulin, there is still no robust therapy to substitute and protect beta-cells that are lost in T1DM. Attempts to refrain from the autoimmune attack have failed to achieve glycemic control in patients highlighting the necessity for a paradigm shift in T1DM treatment. Paradoxically, beta-cells are present in T1DM patients indicating a disturbed equilibrium between the immune attack and beta-cell regeneration reminiscent of unresolved wound healing that under normal circumstances progression towards an anti-inflammatory milieu promotes regeneration. Thus, the ultimate T1DM therapy should concomitantly restore immune self-tolerance and replenish the beta-cell mass similar to wound healing. Recently the agonistic activation of the nuclear receptor LRH-1/NR5A2 was shown to induce immune self-tolerance, increase beta-cell survival and promote regeneration through a mechanism of alpha-to-beta cell phenotypic switch. This trans-regeneration process appears to be facilitated by a pancreatic anti-inflammatory environment induced by LRH-1/NR5A2 activation. Herein, we review the literature on the role of LRH1/NR5A2 in immunity and islet physiology and propose that a cross-talk between these cellular compartments is mandatory to achieve therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Cobo-Vuilleumier
- Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine-CABIMER, Junta de Andalucia-University of Pablo de Olavide-University of Seville-CSIC, Seville, Spain
| | - Benoit R Gauthier
- Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine-CABIMER, Junta de Andalucia-University of Pablo de Olavide-University of Seville-CSIC, Seville, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, 28029 Spain.
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10
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Lai HT, Chiang CT, Tseng WK, Chao TC, Su Y. GATA6 enhances the stemness of human colon cancer cells by creating a metabolic symbiosis through upregulating LRH-1 expression. Mol Oncol 2020; 14:1327-1347. [PMID: 32037723 PMCID: PMC7266275 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells play critical roles in tumor initiation, progression, and relapse. Since we previously found that GATA6 promotes the stemness in HCT‐116 and HT‐29 human colorectal cancer (CRC) cells, we aimed to identify the downstream mediator(s) of the stemness‐stimulating effect of GATA6 herein. LRH‐1 was found as a direct target of GATA6 and its upregulation promoted the stemness in both HCT‐116 and HT‐29 cells. Subsequently, hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α (HIF‐1α) was identified as a direct target of LRH‐1 and its expression level and activity were significantly elevated in the LRH‐1‐overexpressing clones established from the aforementioned two CRC lines. Accordingly, the expression levels of several HIF‐1α targets were also markedly increased, resulting in a stronger glycolysis associated with dramatic elevations of the lactate levels in these cells. Strikingly, higher mitochondrial activities were also found in these clones which might be attributed to the increase of PGC‐1α stimulated by the lactate uptaken through the upregulated MCT‐1. Finally, significant increases in the self‐renewal ability, intracellular radical oxygen species levels and mitochondrial mass were detected in the CD133+/CD44+ subpopulations isolated from CRC cells regardless of their LRH‐1 expression levels. Together, our results suggest a novel metabolic symbiosis between different colorectal cancer stem cell subpopulations critical for maintaining their mutual stemness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Tzu Lai
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chin-Ting Chiang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wen-Ko Tseng
- Program in Molecular Medicine, School of Life Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Colorectal Surgery Department, Chung-Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung Branch, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ta-Chung Chao
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yeu Su
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
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11
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Mays SG, Flynn AR, Cornelison JL, Okafor CD, Wang H, Wang G, Huang X, Donaldson HN, Millings EJ, Polavarapu R, Moore DD, Calvert JW, Jui NT, Ortlund EA. Development of the First Low Nanomolar Liver Receptor Homolog-1 Agonist through Structure-guided Design. J Med Chem 2019; 62:11022-11034. [PMID: 31419141 PMCID: PMC10026690 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
As a key regulator of metabolism and inflammation, the orphan nuclear hormone receptor, liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1), has potential as a therapeutic target for diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Discovery of LRH-1 modulators has been difficult, in part due to the tendency for synthetic compounds to bind unpredictably within the lipophilic binding pocket. Using a structure-guided approach, we exploited a newly discovered polar interaction to lock agonists in a consistent orientation. This enabled the discovery of the first low nanomolar LRH-1 agonist, one hundred times more potent than the best previous modulator. We elucidate a novel mechanism of action that relies upon specific polar interactions deep in the LRH-1 binding pocket. In an organoid model of IBD, the new agonist increases expression of LRH-1-controlled steroidogenic genes and promotes anti-inflammatory gene expression changes. These studies constitute major progress in developing LRH-1 modulators with potential clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne G. Mays
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Autumn R. Flynn
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | | | - C. Denise Okafor
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Hongtao Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Gastroenterology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Guohui Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Gastroenterology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Xiangsheng Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Gastroenterology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Heather N. Donaldson
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Elizabeth J. Millings
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
- Department of Surgery, Carlyle Fraser Heart Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Rohini Polavarapu
- Department of Surgery, Carlyle Fraser Heart Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - David D. Moore
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - John W. Calvert
- Department of Surgery, Carlyle Fraser Heart Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Nathan T. Jui
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Eric A. Ortlund
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
- Corresponding Author Eric A. Ortlund, 1525 Clifton Rd. G235, Atlanta, GA 30322,
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12
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Ahmed A, Schmidt C, Brunner T. Extra-Adrenal Glucocorticoid Synthesis in the Intestinal Mucosa: Between Immune Homeostasis and Immune Escape. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1438. [PMID: 31316505 PMCID: PMC6611402 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are steroid hormones predominantly produced in the adrenal glands in response to physiological cues and stress. Adrenal GCs mediate potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive functions. Accumulating evidence in the past two decades has demonstrated other extra-adrenal organs and tissues capable of synthesizing GCs. This review discusses the role and regulation of GC synthesis in the intestinal epithelium in the regulation of normal immune homeostasis, inflammatory diseases of the intestinal mucosa, and the development of intestinal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Ahmed
- Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Christian Schmidt
- Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Thomas Brunner
- Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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13
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Meinsohn MC, Smith OE, Bertolin K, Murphy BD. The Orphan Nuclear Receptors Steroidogenic Factor-1 and Liver Receptor Homolog-1: Structure, Regulation, and Essential Roles in Mammalian Reproduction. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:1249-1279. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00019.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors are intracellular proteins that act as transcription factors. Proteins with classic nuclear receptor domain structure lacking identified signaling ligands are designated orphan nuclear receptors. Two of these, steroidogenic factor-1 (NR5A1, also known as SF-1) and liver receptor homolog-1 (NR5A2, also known as LRH-1), bind to the same DNA sequences, with different and nonoverlapping effects on targets. Endogenous regulation of both is achieved predominantly by cofactor interactions. SF-1 is expressed primarily in steroidogenic tissues, LRH-1 in tissues of endodermal origin and the gonads. Both receptors modulate cholesterol homeostasis, steroidogenesis, tissue-specific cell proliferation, and stem cell pluripotency. LRH-1 is essential for development beyond gastrulation and SF-1 for genesis of the adrenal, sexual differentiation, and Leydig cell function. Ovary-specific depletion of SF-1 disrupts follicle development, while LRH-1 depletion prevents ovulation, cumulus expansion, and luteinization. Uterine depletion of LRH-1 compromises decidualization and pregnancy. In humans, SF-1 is present in endometriotic tissue, where it regulates estrogen synthesis. SF-1 is underexpressed in ovarian cancer cells and overexpressed in Leydig cell tumors. In breast cancer cells, proliferation, migration and invasion, and chemotherapy resistance are regulated by LRH-1. In conclusion, the NR5A orphan nuclear receptors are nonredundant factors that are crucial regulators of a panoply of biological processes, across multiple reproductive tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Charlotte Meinsohn
- Centre de Recherche en Reproduction et Fertilité, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Olivia E. Smith
- Centre de Recherche en Reproduction et Fertilité, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Kalyne Bertolin
- Centre de Recherche en Reproduction et Fertilité, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Bruce D. Murphy
- Centre de Recherche en Reproduction et Fertilité, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
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14
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Ye T, Li J, Sun Z, Liu Y, Kong L, Zhou S, Tang J, Wang J, Xing HR. Nr5a2 promotes cancer stem cell properties and tumorigenesis in nonsmall cell lung cancer by regulating Nanog. Cancer Med 2019; 8:1232-1245. [PMID: 30740909 PMCID: PMC6434341 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer has the highest mortality rate due to late diagnosis and high incidence of metastasis. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a subgroup of cancer cells with self‐renewal capability similar to that of normal stem cells (NSCs). While CSCs may play an important role in cancer progression, mechanisms underlying CSC self‐renewal and the relationship between self‐renewal of the NSCs and CSCs remain elusive. The orphan nuclear receptor Nr5a2 is a transcriptional factor, and a regulator of stemness of embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells. However, whether Nr5a2 regulates the self‐renewal of lung CSCs is unknown. Here, we showed the diagnostic and prognostic values of elevated Nr5a2 expression in human lung cancer. We generated the mouse LLC‐SD lung carcinoma CSC cellular model in which Nr5a2 expression was enhanced. Using the LLC‐SD model, through transient and stable siRNA interference of Nr5a2 expression, we provided convincing evidence for a regulatory role of Nr5a2 in the maintenance of lung CSC self‐renewal and stem cell properties in vitro. Further, using the syngeneic and orthotopic lung transplantation model, we elucidated augmented cancer biological properties associated with Nr5a2 promotion of LLC‐SD self‐renewal. More importantly, we revealed that Nr5a2’s regulatory role in promoting LLC‐SD self‐renewal is mediated by transcriptional activation of its direct target Nanog. Taken together, in this study, we have provided convincing evidence in vitro and in vivo demonstrating that Nr5a2 can induce lung CSC properties and promote tumorigenesis and progression through transcriptional up‐regulation of Nanog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Ye
- Laboratory of Translational Cancer Stem Cell Research, Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingyuan Li
- Laboratory of Translational Cancer Stem Cell Research, Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhiwei Sun
- Laboratory of Translational Cancer Stem Cell Research, Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongli Liu
- Laboratory of Translational Cancer Stem Cell Research, Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liangsheng Kong
- Laboratory of Translational Cancer Stem Cell Research, Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shixia Zhou
- Laboratory of Translational Cancer Stem Cell Research, Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junlin Tang
- Laboratory of Translational Cancer Stem Cell Research, Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianyu Wang
- Laboratory of Translational Cancer Stem Cell Research, Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - H Rosie Xing
- Laboratory of Translational Cancer Stem Cell Research, Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,College of Biomedical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Engineering in Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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15
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Jin J, Jin J, Woodfield SE, Patel RH, Jin NG, Shi Y, Liu B, Sun W, Chen X, Yu Y, Vasudevan SA. Targeting LRH‑1 in hepatoblastoma cell lines causes decreased proliferation. Oncol Rep 2018; 41:143-153. [PMID: 30320362 PMCID: PMC6278492 DOI: 10.3892/or.2018.6793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatoblastoma is the most common malignant liver tumor in children. Since it is often unresectable and exhibits drug resistance, the treatment of advanced hepatoblastoma is challenging. The orphan nuclear receptor liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1) serves prominent roles in malignancy; however, to the best of our knowledge, the role of LRH-1 in hepatoblastoma remains unknown. In the present study, human hepatoblastoma cell lines were analyzed; the mRNA and protein expression levels of LRH-1 were significantly higher in HepG2 and HuH6 cells compared with those in HepT1 cells and control THLE-2 cells. Knockdown of LRH-1 resulted in decreased HepG2 and HuH6 cell proliferation via downregulation of cyclin D1 (CCND1) and c-Myc. Furthermore, treatment with an LRH-1 antagonist (LRA) inhibited the proliferation and colony formation of cell lines in a dose-dependent manner, and induced cell cycle arrest at G1 phase through inhibition of CCND1 expression. Finally, LRA treatment enhanced the cytotoxic effects of doxorubicin on hepatoblastoma cells. Collectively, these findings suggested that LRH-1 may have an important role in the progression of hepatoblastoma and implicated LRA as a novel, potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of hepatoblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingling Jin
- Divisions of Pediatric Surgery and Surgical Research, Michael E. DeBakey, Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Junliang Jin
- Carnegie Vanguard High School, Houston, TX 77019, USA
| | - Sarah E Woodfield
- Divisions of Pediatric Surgery and Surgical Research, Michael E. DeBakey, Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Roma H Patel
- Divisions of Pediatric Surgery and Surgical Research, Michael E. DeBakey, Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Nan Ge Jin
- Ruiz Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yan Shi
- Divisions of Pediatric Surgery and Surgical Research, Michael E. DeBakey, Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Pediatrics‑Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Wenjing Sun
- Divisions of Pediatric Surgery and Surgical Research, Michael E. DeBakey, Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xiangmei Chen
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
| | - Yang Yu
- Divisions of Pediatric Surgery and Surgical Research, Michael E. DeBakey, Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sanjeev A Vasudevan
- Divisions of Pediatric Surgery and Surgical Research, Michael E. DeBakey, Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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16
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Howard EW, Yang X. microRNA Regulation in Estrogen Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer and Endocrine Therapy. Biol Proced Online 2018; 20:17. [PMID: 30214383 PMCID: PMC6134714 DOI: 10.1186/s12575-018-0082-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As de novo and acquired resistance to standard first line endocrine therapies is a growing clinical challenge for estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer patients, understanding the mechanisms of resistance is critical to develop novel therapeutic strategies to prevent therapeutic resistance and improve patient outcomes. The widespread post-transcriptional regulatory role that microRNAs (miRNAs) can have on various oncogenic pathways has been well-documented. In particular, several miRNAs are reported to suppress ERα expression via direct binding with the 3’ UTR of ESR1 mRNA, which can confer resistance to estrogen/ERα-targeted therapies. In turn, estrogen/ERα activation can modulate miRNA expression, which may contribute to ER+ breast carcinogenesis. Given the reported oncogenic and tumor suppressor functions of miRNAs in ER+ breast cancer, the targeted regulation of specific miRNAs is emerging as a promising strategy to treat ER+ breast cancer and significantly improve patient responsiveness to endocrine therapies. In this review, we highlight the major miRNA-ER regulatory mechanisms in context with ER+ breast carcinogenesis, as well as the critical miRNAs that contribute to endocrine therapy resistance or sensitivity. Collectively, this comprehensive review of the current literature sheds light on the clinical applications and challenges associated with miRNA regulatory mechanisms and novel miRNA targets that may have translational value as potential therapeutics for the treatment of ER+ breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin W Howard
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, NRI 4301, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081 USA
| | - Xiaohe Yang
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, NRI 4301, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081 USA
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17
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LRH1 enhances cell resistance to chemotherapy by transcriptionally activating MDC1 expression and attenuating DNA damage in human breast cancer. Oncogene 2018; 37:3243-3259. [DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0193-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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18
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Xiao L, Wang Y, Xu K, Hu H, Xu Z, Wu D, Wang Z, You W, Ng CF, Yu S, Chan FL. Nuclear Receptor LRH-1 Functions to Promote Castration-Resistant Growth of Prostate Cancer via Its Promotion of Intratumoral Androgen Biosynthesis. Cancer Res 2018; 78:2205-2218. [PMID: 29438990 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-2341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Targeting of steroidogenic enzymes (e.g., abiraterone acetate targeting CYP17A1) has been developed as a novel therapeutic strategy against metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). However, resistance to steroidal inhibitors inevitably develops in patients, the mechanisms of which remain largely unknown. Liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1, NR5A2) is a nuclear receptor, originally characterized as an important regulator of some liver-specific metabolic genes. Here, we report that LRH-1, which exhibited an increased expression pattern in high-grade prostate cancer and CRPC xenograft models, functions to promote de novo androgen biosynthesis via its direct transactivation of several key steroidogenic enzyme genes, elevating intratumoral androgen levels and reactivating AR signaling in CRPC xenografts as well as abiraterone-treated CRPC tumors. Pharmacologic inhibition of LRH-1 activity attenuated LRH-1-mediated androgen deprivation and anti-androgen resistance of prostate cancer cells. Our findings not only demonstrate the significant role of LRH-1 in the promotion of intratumoral androgen biosynthesis in CRPC via its direct transcriptional control of steroidogenesis, but also suggest targeting LRH-1 could be a potential therapeutic strategy for CRPC management.Significance: These findings not only demonstrate the significant role of the nuclear receptor LRH-1 in the promotion of intratumoral androgen biosynthesis in CRPC via its direct transcriptional control of steroidogenesis, but also suggest targeting LRH-1 could be a potential therapeutic strategy for CRPC management. Cancer Res; 78(9); 2205-18. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijia Xiao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuliang Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kexin Xu
- Department of Urology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Hu
- Department of Urology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenyu Xu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dinglan Wu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhu Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wenxing You
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi-Fai Ng
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shan Yu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Franky Leung Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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19
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Lipid-sensors, enigmatic-orphan and orphan nuclear receptors as therapeutic targets in breast-cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:42661-42682. [PMID: 26894976 PMCID: PMC5173165 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast-cancer is heterogeneous and consists of various groups with different biological characteristics. Innovative pharmacological approaches accounting for this heterogeneity are needed. The forty eight human Nuclear-Hormone-Receptors are ligand-dependent transcription-factors and are classified into Endocrine-Receptors, Adopted-Orphan-Receptors (Lipid-sensors and Enigmatic-Orphans) and Orphan-receptors. Nuclear-Receptors represent ideal targets for the design/synthesis of pharmacological ligands. We provide an overview of the literature available on the expression and potential role played by Lipid-sensors, Enigmatic-Orphans and Orphan-Receptors in breast-cancer. The data are complemented by an analysis of the expression levels of each selected Nuclear-Receptor in the PAM50 breast-cancer groups, following re-elaboration of the data publicly available. The major aim is to support the idea that some of the Nuclear-Receptors represent largely unexploited therapeutic-targets in breast-cancer treatment/chemo-prevention. On the basis of our analysis, we conclude that the Lipid-Sensors, NR1C3, NR1H2 and NR1H3 are likely to be onco-suppressors in breast-cancer. The Enigmatic-Orphans, NR1F1 NR2A1 and NR3B3 as well as the Orphan-Receptors, NR0B1, NR0B2, NR1D1, NR2F1, NR2F2 and NR4A3 exert a similar action. These Nuclear-Receptors represent candidates for the development of therapeutic strategies aimed at increasing their expression or activating them in tumor cells. The group of Nuclear-Receptors endowed with potential oncogenic properties consists of the Lipid-Sensors, NR1C2 and NR1I2, the Enigmatic-Orphans, NR1F3, NR3B1 and NR5A2, as well as the Orphan-Receptors, NR2E1, NR2E3 and NR6A1. These oncogenic Nuclear-Receptors should be targeted with selective antagonists, reverse-agonists or agents/strategies capable of reducing their expression in breast-cancer cells.
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20
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Dhiman VK, Bolt MJ, White KP. Nuclear receptors in cancer — uncovering new and evolving roles through genomic analysis. Nat Rev Genet 2017; 19:160-174. [DOI: 10.1038/nrg.2017.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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21
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LRH-1 expression patterns in breast cancer tissues are associated with tumour aggressiveness. Oncotarget 2017; 8:83626-83636. [PMID: 29137369 PMCID: PMC5663541 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The significance and regulation of liver receptor homologue 1 (LRH-1, NR5A2), a tumour-promoting transcription factor in breast cancer cell lines, is unknown in clinical breast cancers. This study aims to determine LRH-1/NR5A2 expression in breast cancers and relationship with DNA methylation and tumour characteristics. In The Cancer Genome Atlas breast cancer cohort NR5A2 expression was positively associated with intragenic CpG island methylation (1.4-fold expression for fully methylated versus not fully methylated, p=0.01) and inversely associated with promoter CpG island methylation (0.6-fold expression for fully methylated versus not fully methylated, p=0.036). LRH-1 immunohistochemistry of 329 invasive carcinomas and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) was performed. Densely punctate/coarsely granular nuclear reactivity was significantly associated with high tumour grade (p<0.005, p=0.033 in invasive carcinomas and DCIS respectively), negative estrogen receptor status (p=0.008, p=0.038 in overall cohort and invasive carcinomas, respectively), negative progesterone receptor status (p=0.003, p=0.013 in overall cohort and invasive carcinomas, respectively), HER2 amplification (overall cohort p=0.034) and non-luminal intrinsic subtype (p=0.018, p=0.038 in overall cohort and invasive carcinomas, respectively). These significant associations of LRH-1 protein expression with tumour phenotype suggest that LRH-1 is an important indicator of tumour biology in breast cancers and may be useful in risk stratification.
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22
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Yuan Q, Cao G, Li J, Zhang Y, Yang W. MicroRNA-136 inhibits colon cancer cell proliferation and invasion through targeting liver receptor homolog-1/Wnt signaling. Gene 2017; 628:48-55. [PMID: 28710032 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
An increasing number of studies have reported that microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in the malignant behavior of colon cancer cells through directly targeting multiple tumor suppressors or oncogenes. The expression and role of miR-136 has been reported in several types of human cancer. However, the role of miR-136 in colon cancer remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the expression and function of miR-136 in colon cancer and the potential underlying mechanism. Here, we found that miR-136 was decreased in colon cancer cell lines and tissues. Overexpression of miR-136 inhibited the proliferation and invasion in SW480 and HCT116 cell lines while suppression of miR-136 exhibited the opposite effect. Liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1) was identified as a direct target gene of miR-136. Notably, miR-136 overexpression suppressed LRH-1 expression as well as Wnt signaling in SW480 and HCT116 cell lines. The miR-136 expression level inversely correlated with LRH-1 mRNA expression in colon cancer specimens. Moreover, overexpression of LRH-1 partially reversed the miR-136-induced antitumor effect in SW480 and HCT116 cell lines. Taken together, these findings suggest that miR-136 functions as a negative regulator in colon cancer progression by targeting LRH-1 and that miR-136 downregulation contributes to high expression of LRH-1 and aberrant activation of Wnt signaling, leaving open the possibility that miR-136 may serve as a potential therapeutic target for colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinggong Yuan
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Gang Cao
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Junhui Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Wenbin Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China.
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23
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Neto M, Naval-Sánchez M, Potier D, Pereira PS, Geerts D, Aerts S, Casares F. Nuclear receptors connect progenitor transcription factors to cell cycle control. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4845. [PMID: 28687780 PMCID: PMC5501803 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04936-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The specification and growth of organs is controlled simultaneously by networks of transcription factors. While the connection between these transcription factors with fate determinants is increasingly clear, how they establish the link with the cell cycle is far less understood. Here we investigate this link in the developing Drosophila eye, where two transcription factors, the MEIS1 homologue hth and the Zn-finger tsh, synergize to stimulate the proliferation of naïve eye progenitors. Experiments combining transcriptomics, open-chromatin profiling, motif analysis and functional assays indicate that these progenitor transcription factors exert a global regulation of the proliferation program. Rather than directly regulating cell cycle genes, they control proliferation through an intermediary layer of nuclear receptors of the ecdysone/estrogen-signaling pathway. This regulatory subnetwork between hth, tsh and nuclear receptors might be conserved from Drosophila to mammals, as we find a significant co-overexpression of their human homologues in specific cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Neto
- CABD, Andalusian Centre for Developmental Biology, CSIC-UPO-JA, 41013, Seville, Spain.,i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.,IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Delphine Potier
- School of Medicine, University of Leuven, box 602 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paulo S Pereira
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.,IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Dirk Geerts
- Department of Medical Biology L2-109, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stein Aerts
- School of Medicine, University of Leuven, box 602 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Fernando Casares
- CABD, Andalusian Centre for Developmental Biology, CSIC-UPO-JA, 41013, Seville, Spain.
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24
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Weikum ER, Okafor CD, D'Agostino EH, Colucci JK, Ortlund EA. Structural Analysis of the Glucocorticoid Receptor Ligand-Binding Domain in Complex with Triamcinolone Acetonide and a Fragment of the Atypical Coregulator, Small Heterodimer Partner. Mol Pharmacol 2017; 92:12-21. [PMID: 28396564 DOI: 10.1124/mol.117.108506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthetic glucocorticoids (GCs) dexamethasone, mometasone furoate, and triamcinolone acetonide are pharmaceutical mainstays to treat chronic inflammatory diseases. These drugs bind to the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), a ligand-activated transcription factor and member of the nuclear receptor superfamily. The GR is widely recognized as a therapeutic target for its ability to counter proinflammatory signaling. Despite the popularity of GCs in the clinic, long-term use leads to numerous side effects, driving the need for new and improved drugs with less off-target pharmacology. X-ray crystal structures have played an important role in the drug-design process, permitting the characterization of robust structure-function relationships. However, steroid receptor ligand-binding domains (LBDs) are inherently unstable, and their crystallization requires extensive mutagenesis to enhance expression and crystallization. Here, we use an ancestral variant of GR as a tool to generate a high-resolution crystal structure of GR in complex with the potent glucocorticoid triamcinolone acetonide (TA) and a fragment of the small heterodimer partner (SHP). Using structural analysis, molecular dynamics, and biochemistry, we show that TA increases intramolecular contacts within the LBD to drive affinity and enhance stability of the receptor-ligand complex. These data support the emerging theme that ligand-induced receptor conformational dynamics at the mouth of the pocket play a major role in steroid receptor activation. This work also represents the first GR structure in complex with SHP, which has been suggested to play a role in modulating hepatic GR function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Weikum
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - C Denise Okafor
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Emma H D'Agostino
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jennifer K Colucci
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Eric A Ortlund
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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25
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Mays SG, Okafor CD, Tuntland ML, Whitby RJ, Dharmarajan V, Stec J, Griffin PR, Ortlund EA. Structure and Dynamics of the Liver Receptor Homolog 1-PGC1 α Complex. Mol Pharmacol 2017; 92:1-11. [PMID: 28363985 DOI: 10.1124/mol.117.108514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated gamma coactivator 1-α (PGC1α) regulates energy metabolism by directly interacting with transcription factors to modulate gene expression. Among the PGC1α binding partners is liver receptor homolog 1 (LRH-1; NR5A2), an orphan nuclear hormone receptor that controls lipid and glucose homeostasis. Although PGC1α is known to bind and activate LRH-1, mechanisms through which PGC1α changes LRH-1 conformation to drive transcription are unknown. Here, we used biochemical and structural methods to interrogate the LRH-1-PGC1α complex. Purified, full-length LRH-1, as well as isolated ligand binding domain, bound to PGC1α with higher affinity than to the coactivator, nuclear receptor coactivator-2 (Tif2), in coregulator peptide recruitment assays. We present the first crystal structure of the LRH-1-PGC1α complex, which depicts several hydrophobic contacts and a strong charge clamp at the interface between these partners. In molecular dynamics simulations, PGC1α induced correlated atomic motion throughout the entire LRH-1 activation function surface, which was dependent on charge-clamp formation. In contrast, Tif2 induced weaker signaling at the activation function surface than PGC1α but promoted allosteric signaling from the helix 6/β-sheet region of LRH-1 to the activation function surface. These studies are the first to probe mechanisms underlying the LRH-1-PGC1α interaction and may illuminate strategies for selective therapeutic targeting of PGC1α-dependent LRH-1 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne G Mays
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (S.G.M., C.D.O., M.L.T., E.A.O.); School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom (R.J.W., J.S.); and Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida (V.D., P.R.G.)
| | - C Denise Okafor
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (S.G.M., C.D.O., M.L.T., E.A.O.); School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom (R.J.W., J.S.); and Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida (V.D., P.R.G.)
| | - Micheal L Tuntland
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (S.G.M., C.D.O., M.L.T., E.A.O.); School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom (R.J.W., J.S.); and Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida (V.D., P.R.G.)
| | - Richard J Whitby
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (S.G.M., C.D.O., M.L.T., E.A.O.); School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom (R.J.W., J.S.); and Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida (V.D., P.R.G.)
| | - Venkatasubramanian Dharmarajan
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (S.G.M., C.D.O., M.L.T., E.A.O.); School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom (R.J.W., J.S.); and Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida (V.D., P.R.G.)
| | - Józef Stec
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (S.G.M., C.D.O., M.L.T., E.A.O.); School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom (R.J.W., J.S.); and Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida (V.D., P.R.G.)
| | - Patrick R Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (S.G.M., C.D.O., M.L.T., E.A.O.); School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom (R.J.W., J.S.); and Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida (V.D., P.R.G.)
| | - Eric A Ortlund
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (S.G.M., C.D.O., M.L.T., E.A.O.); School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom (R.J.W., J.S.); and Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida (V.D., P.R.G.).
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Downregulation of microRNA-27b-3p enhances tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer by increasing NR5A2 and CREB1 expression. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2454. [PMID: 27809310 PMCID: PMC5260890 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen-dependent breast cancer is often treated with the aromatase inhibitors or estrogen receptor (ER) antagonists. Tamoxifen as a major ER antagonist is usually used to treat those patients with ERα-positive breast cancer. However, a majority of patients with ERα positive fail to respond to tamoxifen due to the presence of intrinsic or acquired resistance to the drug. Altered expression and functions of microRNAs (miRNAs) have been reportedly associated with tamoxifen resistance. In this study, we investigated the role of miR-27b-3p in resistance of breast cancer to tamoxifen. MiR-27b-3p levels were remarkably reduced in the tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer cells compared with their parental cells. In addition, miR-27b-3p was also significantly downregulated in breast tumor tissues relative to adjacent non-tumor tissues. Moreover, the expression levels of miR-27b-3p were lower in the breast cancer tissues from tamoxifen-resistant patients compared with that from untreated-tamoxifen patients. Notably, tamoxifen repressed miR-27b-3p expression, whereas estrogen induced miR-27b-3p expression in breast cancer cells. Besides, we provided experimental evidences that miR-27b-3p enhances the sensitivity of breast cancer cells to tamoxifen in vitro and in vivo models. More importantly, we validated that miR-27b-3p directly targeted and inhibited the expression of nuclear receptor subfamily 5 group A member 2 (NR5A2) and cAMP-response element binding protein 1 (CREB1) and therefore augmented tamoxifen-induced cytotoxicity in breast cancer. Lastly, miR-27b-3p levels were found to be significantly negatively correlated with both NR5A2 and CREB1 levels in breast cancer tissues. Our findings provided further evidence that miR-27b-3p might be considered as a novel and potential target for the diagnosis and treatment of tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer.
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Li C, Dong J, Han Z, Zhang K. MicroRNA-219-5p Represses the Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion of Gastric Cancer Cells by Targeting the LRH-1/Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway. Oncol Res 2016; 25:617-627. [PMID: 27983934 PMCID: PMC7841075 DOI: 10.3727/096504016x14768374457986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are reportedly involved in gastric cancer development and progression. In particular, miR-219-5p has been reported to be a tumor-associated miRNA in human cancer. However, the role of miR-219-5p in gastric cancer remains unclear. In this study, we investigated for the first time the potential role and underlying mechanism of miR-219-5p in the proliferation, migration, and invasion of human gastric cancer cells. miR-219-5p was found to be markedly decreased in gastric cancer tissues and cell lines compared with adjacent tissues and normal gastric epithelial cells. miR-219-5p mimics or anti-miR-219-5p was transfected into gastric cancer cell lines to overexpress or suppress miR-219-5p expression, respectively. Results showed that miR-219-5p overexpression significantly decreased the proliferation, migration, and invasion of gastric cancer cells. Conversely, miR-219-5p suppression demonstrated a completely opposite effect. Bioinformatics and luciferase reporter assays indicated that miR-219-5p targeted the 3′-untranslated region of the liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1), a well-characterized oncogene. Furthermore, miR-219-5p inhibited the mRNA and protein levels of LRH-1. LRH-1 mRNA expression was inversely correlated with miR-219-5p expression in gastric cancer tissues. miR-219-5p overexpression significantly decreased the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in gastric cancer cells. Additionally, LRH-1 restoration can markedly reverse miR-219-5p-mediated tumor suppressive effects. Our study suggests that miR-219-5p regulated the proliferation, migration, and invasion of human gastric cancer cells by suppressing LRH-1. miR-219-5p may be a potential target for gastric cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunsheng Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Colorectal and Anal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Jingrong Dong
- Endoscopic Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Zhenqi Han
- Endoscopic Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
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Mays SG, Okafor CD, Whitby RJ, Goswami D, Stec J, Flynn AR, Dugan MC, Jui NT, Griffin PR, Ortlund EA. Crystal Structures of the Nuclear Receptor, Liver Receptor Homolog 1, Bound to Synthetic Agonists. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:25281-25291. [PMID: 27694446 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.753541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver receptor homolog 1 (NR5A2, LRH-1) is an orphan nuclear hormone receptor that regulates diverse biological processes, including metabolism, proliferation, and the resolution of endoplasmic reticulum stress. Although preclinical and cellular studies demonstrate that LRH-1 has great potential as a therapeutic target for metabolic diseases and cancer, development of LRH-1 modulators has been difficult. Recently, systematic modifications to one of the few known chemical scaffolds capable of activating LRH-1 failed to improve efficacy substantially. Moreover, mechanisms through which LRH-1 is activated by synthetic ligands are entirely unknown. Here, we use x-ray crystallography and other structural methods to explore conformational changes and receptor-ligand interactions associated with LRH-1 activation by a set of related agonists. Unlike phospholipid LRH-1 ligands, these agonists bind deep in the pocket and do not interact with residues near the mouth nor do they expand the pocket like phospholipids. Unexpectedly, two closely related agonists with similar efficacies (GSK8470 and RJW100) exhibit completely different binding modes. The dramatic repositioning is influenced by a differential ability to establish stable face-to-face π-π-stacking with the LRH-1 residue His-390, as well as by a novel polar interaction mediated by the RJW100 hydroxyl group. The differing binding modes result in distinct mechanisms of action for the two agonists. Finally, we identify a network of conserved water molecules near the ligand-binding site that are important for activation by both agonists. This work reveals a previously unappreciated complexity associated with LRH-1 agonist development and offers insights into rational design strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne G Mays
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, and
| | - C Denise Okafor
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, and
| | - Richard J Whitby
- the School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hants SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom, and
| | | | - Józef Stec
- the School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hants SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom, and
| | - Autumn R Flynn
- the Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Michael C Dugan
- the Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Nathan T Jui
- the Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | | | - Eric A Ortlund
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, and
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MicroRNA-376c suppresses non-small-cell lung cancer cell growth and invasion by targeting LRH-1-mediated Wnt signaling pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 473:980-986. [PMID: 27049310 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) that negatively regulate gene expression have emerged as novel therapeutic tools for cancer treatment. In this study, we investigated the potential role of Liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1), a novel oncogene, in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and examined the regulation of LRH-1 by miRNAs. We found that LRH-1 was highly overexpressed in NSCLC cell lines. Knockdown of LRH-1 by small interfering RNA significantly inhibited NSCLC cell growth and invasion. miR-376c directly targeted the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of LRH-1 and negatively regulated LRH-1 expression, as detected by dual-luciferase reporter assay, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis. Further data showed that miR-376c expression was inversely correlated with LRH-1 expression in clinical cancer samples. Overexpression of miR-376c could inhibit NSCLC cell growth and invasion as well as Wnt signaling. In contrast, depletion of miR-376c exhibited the opposite effects. Moreover, these effects of miR-376c overexpression were partially abrogated by overexpression of LRH-1. Taken together, these results indicate that LRH-1 is involved in regulating the growth and invasion of NSCLC cells and that miR-376c inhibits NSCLC cell growth and invasion by targeting LRH-1, providing a novel insight into the potential for development of anti-cancer drugs for NSCLC.
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Kramer HB, Lai CF, Patel H, Periyasamy M, Lin ML, Feller SM, Fuller-Pace FV, Meek DW, Ali S, Buluwela L. LRH-1 drives colon cancer cell growth by repressing the expression of the CDKN1A gene in a p53-dependent manner. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:582-94. [PMID: 26400164 PMCID: PMC4737183 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver receptor homologue 1 (LRH-1) is an orphan nuclear receptor that has been implicated in the progression of breast, pancreatic and colorectal cancer (CRC). To determine mechanisms underlying growth promotion by LRH-1 in CRC, we undertook global expression profiling following siRNA-mediated LRH-1 knockdown in HCT116 cells, which require LRH-1 for growth and in HT29 cells, in which LRH-1 does not regulate growth. Interestingly, expression of the cell cycle inhibitor p21 (CDKN1A) was regulated by LRH-1 in HCT116 cells. p21 regulation was not observed in HT29 cells, where p53 is mutated. p53 dependence for the regulation of p21 by LRH-1 was confirmed by p53 knockdown with siRNA, while LRH-1-regulation of p21 was not evident in HCT116 cells where p53 had been deleted. We demonstrate that LRH-1-mediated p21 regulation in HCT116 cells does not involve altered p53 protein or phosphorylation, and we show that LRH-1 inhibits p53 recruitment to the p21 promoter, likely through a mechanism involving chromatin remodelling. Our study suggests an important role for LRH-1 in the growth of CRC cells that retain wild-type p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly B Kramer
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Chun-Fui Lai
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Hetal Patel
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Manikandan Periyasamy
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Meng-Lay Lin
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Stephan M Feller
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Heinrich-Damerow-Str. 1, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Frances V Fuller-Pace
- Division of Cancer Research, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - David W Meek
- Division of Cancer Research, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Simak Ali
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Laki Buluwela
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
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Zhang Q, Zhao S, Pang X, Chi B. MicroRNA-381 suppresses cell growth and invasion by targeting the liver receptor homolog-1 in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncol Rep 2015; 35:1831-40. [PMID: 26677080 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRs) have emerged as prospective tools for human cancer therapy, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) therapy. Previous studies have suggested that miR-381 functions as oncogenic or tumor-suppressive miRs in other cancer types. However, the role of miR-381 in HCC remains unknown. The present study investigated the expression and functional role of miR-381 in HCC. miR-381 expression was significantly decreased in HCC tissues and cell lines. miR-381 overexpression significantly inhibited HCC cell proliferation and colony formation, induced G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and suppressed cell invasion. Conversely, suppression of miR-381 showed the opposite effect in HCC cells. Bioinformatics analysis and dual-luciferase reporter assay results showed that miR-381 directly targeted the 3'-untranslated region of liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1), and quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis results showed that miR-381 negatively modulated LRH-1 expression. Data elucidated that miR-381 directly regulated HCC cell growth and invasion, as well as the Wnt signaling pathways, by targeting LRH-1. Clinical tissue detection data revealed an inverse correlation between miR-381 and LRH-1 expression in HCC tissues, further indicating the functional significance of miR-381-LRH-1 in regulating HCC tumorigenesis. The present study indicates that miR-381 may be a novel tumor suppressor that blocks HCC growth and invasion by targeting LRH-1. The results present novel insights into understanding the molecular mechanism underlying HCC tumorigenesis and provide a future direction to the development of therapeutic interventions for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Shixing Zhao
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoli Pang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Baorong Chi
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
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The Major Prognostic Features of Nuclear Receptor NR5A2 in Infiltrating Ductal Breast Carcinomas. Int J Genomics 2015; 2015:403576. [PMID: 26366408 PMCID: PMC4561099 DOI: 10.1155/2015/403576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. Gene expression profiles of 181 breast cancer samples were analyzed to identify prognostic features of nuclear receptors NR5A1 and NR5A2 based upon their associated transcriptional networks. Methods. A supervised network analysis approach was used to build the NR5A-mediated transcriptional regulatory network. Other bioinformatic tools and statistical methods were utilized to confirm and extend results from the network analysis methodology. Results. NR5A2 expression is a negative factor in breast cancer prognosis in both ER(-) and ER(-)/ER(+) mixed cohorts. The clinical and cohort significance of NR5A2-mediated transcriptional activities indicates that it may have a significant role in attenuating grade development and cancer related signal transduction pathways. NR5A2 signature that conditions poor prognosis was identified based upon results from 15 distinct probes. Alternatively, the expression of NR5A1 predicts favorable prognosis when concurrent NR5A2 expression is low. A favorable signature of eight transcription factors mediated by NR5A1 was also identified. Conclusions. Correlation of poor prognosis and NR5A2 activity is identified by NR5A2-mediated 15-gene signature. NR5A2 may be a potential drug target for treating a subset of breast cancer tumors across breast cancer subtypes, especially ER(-) breast tumors. The favorable prognostic feature of NR5A1 is predicted by NR5A1-mediated 8-gene signature.
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Ruggiero C, Doghman M, Lalli E. How genomic studies have improved our understanding of the mechanisms of transcriptional regulation by NR5A nuclear receptors. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 408:138-44. [PMID: 25449416 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
SF-1 and LRH-1 are transcription factors that belong to the NR5A family of nuclear receptors that both have an essential role during development. Recent studies at the genome-wide scale have enabled the characterization of the cistrome and transcriptome regulated by SF-1 and LRH-1 in different cell lines and tissues. Those studies have allowed us to make a significant leap forward in our understanding of the mechanisms of transcriptional regulation of NR5A nuclear receptors in stem cells and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Ruggiero
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire CNRS UMR 7275, Sophia Antipolis, Valbonne, France; Laboratoire International Associé (LIA) CNRS NEOGENEX, Sophia Antipolis, Valbonne, France; Université de Nice, Sophia Antipolis, Valbonne, France
| | - Mabrouka Doghman
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire CNRS UMR 7275, Sophia Antipolis, Valbonne, France; Laboratoire International Associé (LIA) CNRS NEOGENEX, Sophia Antipolis, Valbonne, France; Université de Nice, Sophia Antipolis, Valbonne, France
| | - Enzo Lalli
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire CNRS UMR 7275, Sophia Antipolis, Valbonne, France; Laboratoire International Associé (LIA) CNRS NEOGENEX, Sophia Antipolis, Valbonne, France; Université de Nice, Sophia Antipolis, Valbonne, France.
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Nadolny C, Dong X. Liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1): a potential therapeutic target for cancer. Cancer Biol Ther 2015; 16:997-1004. [PMID: 25951367 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2015.1045693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1) is a nuclear receptor involved in various biological processes. This nuclear receptor has critical functions in embryonic development as well as in adult homeostasis. Although the physiological functions of LRH-1 in normal breast, pancreas, and intestine have been widely investigated, the dysregulation that occurs during pathological conditions is not well understood. LRH-1 has been implicated in pancreatic, breast, and gastrointestinal cancer, where it exerts its effect of initiation and progression by promoting cell proliferation and metastasis. In addition to mechanistic studies, LRH-1 agonists and antagonists are being explored. Identification and development of endogenous and synthetic ligands has been pursued using computational-based structural analysis. Through ligand identification and a thorough understanding of the pathological roles of LRH-1, new therapeutic avenues for cancer treatment based upon LRH-1 may be a desirable focus for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Nadolny
- a Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Rhode Island ; Kingston , RI , USA
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35
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Andruska ND, Zheng X, Yang X, Mao C, Cherian MM, Mahapatra L, Helferich WG, Shapiro DJ. Estrogen receptor α inhibitor activates the unfolded protein response, blocks protein synthesis, and induces tumor regression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:4737-42. [PMID: 25825714 PMCID: PMC4403155 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1403685112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent estrogen receptor α (ERα)-positive breast and ovarian cancers are often therapy resistant. Using screening and functional validation, we identified BHPI, a potent noncompetitive small molecule ERα biomodulator that selectively blocks proliferation of drug-resistant ERα-positive breast and ovarian cancer cells. In a mouse xenograft model of breast cancer, BHPI induced rapid and substantial tumor regression. Whereas BHPI potently inhibits nuclear estrogen-ERα-regulated gene expression, BHPI is effective because it elicits sustained ERα-dependent activation of the endoplasmic reticulum (EnR) stress sensor, the unfolded protein response (UPR), and persistent inhibition of protein synthesis. BHPI distorts a newly described action of estrogen-ERα: mild and transient UPR activation. In contrast, BHPI elicits massive and sustained UPR activation, converting the UPR from protective to toxic. In ERα(+) cancer cells, BHPI rapidly hyperactivates plasma membrane PLCγ, generating inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3), which opens EnR IP3R calcium channels, rapidly depleting EnR Ca(2+) stores. This leads to activation of all three arms of the UPR. Activation of the PERK arm stimulates phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α), resulting in rapid inhibition of protein synthesis. The cell attempts to restore EnR Ca(2+) levels, but the open EnR IP3R calcium channel leads to an ATP-depleting futile cycle, resulting in activation of the energy sensor AMP-activated protein kinase and phosphorylation of eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2). eEF2 phosphorylation inhibits protein synthesis at a second site. BHPI's novel mode of action, high potency, and effectiveness in therapy-resistant tumor cells make it an exceptional candidate for further mechanistic and therapeutic exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Lily Mahapatra
- College of Medicine, and Molecular and Integrative Physiology
| | - William G Helferich
- College of Medicine, and Food Science and Human Nutrition, and University of Illinois Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - David J Shapiro
- Departments of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, and University of Illinois Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
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Suppression of liver receptor homolog-1 by microRNA-451 represses the proliferation of osteosarcoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 461:450-5. [PMID: 25869073 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1) plays an important role in the onset and progression of many cancer types. However, the role of LRH-1 in osteosarcoma has not been well investigated. In this study, the critical role of LRH-1 in osteosarcoma cells was described. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis results revealed that LRH-1 was highly overexpressed in osteosarcoma cells. LRH-1 was knocked down by small interfering RNA (siRNA), and this phenomenon significantly inhibited osteosarcoma cell proliferation. Bioinformatics analysis results showed that LRH-1 contained putative binding sites of microRNA-451 (miR-451); this result was further validated through a dual-luciferase activity reporter assay. miR-451 was overexpressed in osteosarcoma cells through transfection of miR-451 mimics; miR-451 overexpression then significantly inhibited LRH-1 expression and cell proliferation. The loss of LRH-1 by siRNA or miR-451 mimics significantly impaired Wnt/β-catenin activity, leading to G0/G1 cell cycle arrest. Results showed that LRH-1 is implicated in osteosarcoma. Therefore, miR-451-induced suppression of LRH-1 can be a novel therapy to treat osteosarcoma.
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Aesoy R, Clyne CD, Chand AL. Insights into Orphan Nuclear Receptors as Prognostic Markers and Novel Therapeutic Targets for Breast Cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:115. [PMID: 26300846 PMCID: PMC4528200 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
There is emerging evidence asserting the importance of orphan nuclear receptors (ONRs) in cancer initiation and progression. In breast cancer, there is a lot unknown about ONRs in terms of their expression profile and their transcriptional targets in the various stages of tumor progression. With the classification of breast tumors into distinct molecular subtypes, we assess ONR expression in the different breast cancer subtypes and with patient outcomes. Complementing this, we review evidence implicating ONR-dependent molecular pathways in breast cancer progression to identify candidate ONRs as potential prognostic markers and/or as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reidun Aesoy
- Cancer Drug Discovery, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Colin D. Clyne
- Cancer Drug Discovery, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Ashwini L. Chand
- Cancer Drug Discovery, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Cancer and Inflammation Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Ashwini L. Chand,
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Associations of NR5A2 gene polymorphisms with the clinicopathological characteristics and survival of gastric cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:22902-17. [PMID: 25514243 PMCID: PMC4284745 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151222902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The orphan nuclear receptor (NR5A2), which belongs to the NR5A subfamily of nuclear receptors, is expressed in developing and adult tissues of endodermal origin, and can contribute to the development of several cancers through regulating cell proliferation. NR5A2 (rs3790843 and rs3790844) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) genotyping were examined in DNA samples, extracted from paraffin-embedded cancer tissue. Clinicopathologic and follow-up data were collected from 944 patients with gastric cancer (GC). Associations of the 2 SNPs with the progression and prognosis in gastric cancer patients were analyzed using the SPSS version 18.0. We found that NR5A2 rs3790843 polymorphism was significantly associated with the risk of GC which had regional lymph node metastasis (p = 0.044) or distant metastasis (p = 0.020). Our results also indicated that rs3790844 polymorphism was associated with the increased overall survival (OS) of GC patients in the dominant model (GG vs. GA/AA, HR (hazard ratio) = 0.823, 95% CI (confidence interval) = 0.679–0.997), suggesting a potential protective role of the variant A allele. Additionally, in the stratified analysis, both NR5A2 rs3790843 and rs3790844 polymorphism were associated with significantly lower risk of death in the groups of female, tumor size >5 cm in a dominant model. Our results represent the first demonstration that the NR5A2 rs3790844 polymorphism is associated with increased OS of GC patients in the dominant model, and similar results were found among the female group and tumor size >5 cm group for NR5A2 rs3790843 polymorphism. Further validation in other larger studies with different ethnic populations and functional evaluations are needed.
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LRH-1 controls proliferation in breast tumor cells by regulating CDKN1A gene expression. Oncogene 2014; 34:4509-18. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Lin Q, Aihara A, Chung W, Li Y, Chen X, Huang Z, Weng S, Carlson RI, Nadolny C, Wands JR, Dong X. LRH1 promotes pancreatic cancer metastasis. Cancer Lett 2014; 350:15-24. [PMID: 24769073 PMCID: PMC10068836 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The transcriptional factor liver receptor homolog 1 (LRH1) regulates pancreatic development, and may participate in pancreatic oncogenesis through activation of growth factor signaling transduction cascades. We measured transcriptional activity of β-catenin in response to LRH1 stimulation by a Topflash reporter assay. The pancreatic cancer (PC) phenotype was then characterized by cell migration, wound healing, invasion, and sphere formation in vitro, as well as tumor formation and distant metastatic spread in vivo. We compared results between vector control and LRH1-overexpressing stable PC cell lines. In addition, tumor burden, angiogenesis, histologic characteristics, and hepatic spread were assessed in orthotopic and experimental liver metastatic murine models. Expression of downstream LRH1 related genes was evaluated by Western blot and immunohistochemistry in PC cell lines and human tumor specimens. Specific inhibition of LRH1 expression and function was accomplished by shRNAs "knockdown" experiments. It was found that LRH1 enhanced transcriptional activity of β-catenin and the expression of downstream target genes (c-Myc, MMP2/9), as well as promoted migration, wound healing, invasion, and sphere formation of PC cell lines. Specific inhibition of LRH1 by shRNAs reduced cell migration, invasion, sphere formation and expression of c-Myc and MMP2/9 target genes. Mice injected with LRH1 overexpressing stable PC cells developed tumors with increased size and exhibited striking hepatic metastatic spread. More important, LRH1 was overexpressed in PC tumors compared to adjacent normal pancreas. Our findings demonstrate that LRH1 overexpression is associated with increased PC growth and metastatic spread, indicating that LRH1-targeted therapy could inhibit tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiushi Lin
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Rhode Island, Pharmacy Building, 7 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI 02881, United States
| | - Arihiro Aihara
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, United States
| | - Waihong Chung
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, United States
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Rhode Island, Pharmacy Building, 7 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI 02881, United States; Bacteriologic Laboratory, Harbin Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin 150056, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Xuesong Chen
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Rhode Island, Pharmacy Building, 7 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI 02881, United States; Department of Internal Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150040, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Zheping Huang
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Rhode Island, Pharmacy Building, 7 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI 02881, United States
| | - Shaofan Weng
- Department of Occupational Health Assessment, Shenzhen Prevention and Treatment Center for Occupational Diseases, Shenzhen 518001, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Rolf I Carlson
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, United States
| | - Christina Nadolny
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Rhode Island, Pharmacy Building, 7 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI 02881, United States
| | - Jack R Wands
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, United States
| | - Xiaoqun Dong
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Rhode Island, Pharmacy Building, 7 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI 02881, United States.
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Knower KC, Chand AL, Eriksson N, Takagi K, Miki Y, Sasano H, Visvader JE, Lindeman GJ, Funder JW, Fuller PJ, Simpson ER, Tilley WD, Leedman PJ, Graham JD, Muscat GEO, Clarke CL, Clyne CD. Distinct nuclear receptor expression in stroma adjacent to breast tumors. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2014; 142:211-23. [PMID: 24122391 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-013-2716-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between breast tumor epithelial and stromal cells is vital for initial and recurrent tumor growth. While breast cancer-associated stromal cells provide a favorable environment for proliferation and metastasis, the molecular mechanisms contributing to this process are not fully understood. Nuclear receptors (NRs) are intracellular transcription factors that directly regulate gene expression. Little is known about the status of NRs in cancer-associated stroma. Nuclear Receptor Low-Density Taqman Arrays were used to compare the gene expression profiles of all 48 NR family members in a collection of primary cultured cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) obtained from estrogen receptor (ER)α positive breast cancers (n = 9) and normal breast adipose fibroblasts (NAFs) (n = 7). Thirty-three of 48 NRs were expressed in both the groups, while 11 NRs were not detected in either. Three NRs (dosage-sensitive sex reversal, adrenal hypoplasia critical region, on chromosome X, gene 1 (DAX-1); estrogen-related receptor beta (ERR-β); and RAR-related orphan receptor beta (ROR-β)) were only detected in NAFs, while one NR (liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1)) was unique to CAFs. Of the NRs co-expressed, four were significantly down-regulated in CAFs compared with NAFs (RAR-related orphan receptor-α (ROR-α); Thyroid hormone receptor-β (TR-β); vitamin D receptor (VDR); and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ)). Quantitative immunohistochemistry for LRH-1, TR-β, and PPAR-γ proteins in stromal fibroblasts from an independent panel of breast cancers (ER-positive (n = 15), ER-negative (n = 15), normal (n = 14)) positively correlated with mRNA expression profiles. The differentially expressed NRs identified in tumor stroma are key mediators in aromatase regulation and subsequent estrogen production. Our findings reveal a distinct pattern of NR expression that therefore fits with a sustained and increased local estrogen microenvironment in ER-positive tumors. NRs in CAFs may provide a new avenue for the development of intratumoral-targeted therapies in breast cancer.
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Lazarus KA, Brown KA, Young MJ, Zhao Z, Coulson RS, Chand AL, Clyne CD. Conditional overexpression of liver receptor homolog-1 in female mouse mammary epithelium results in altered mammary morphogenesis via the induction of TGF-β. Endocrinology 2014; 155:1606-17. [PMID: 24564400 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1) is an orphan nuclear receptor that belongs to the NR5A subgroup of nuclear receptors. LRH-1 induces key genes to regulate metabolic process, ovarian function, cancer cell proliferation, and steroidogenesis. In the breast, LRH-1 modulates and synergizes with endogenous estrogen signaling to promote breast cancer cell proliferation. We used small interfering RNA knockdown strategies to deplete LRH-1 in breast cancer cells and followed with microarray analysis to identify LRH-1-dependent mechanisms. We identified key genes involved in TGF-β signaling to be highly responsive to LRH-1 knockdown. This relationship was validated in 2 breast cancer cell lines overexpressing LRH-1 in vitro and in a novel transgenic mouse with targeted LRH-1 overexpression in mammary epithelial cells. Notably, TGF-β signaling was activated in LRH-1-overexpressing breast cancer cells and mouse mammary glands. Further analyses of mammary gross morphology revealed a significant reduction in mammary lateral budding after LRH-1 overexpression. These findings suggest that the altered mammary morphogenesis in LRH-1 transgenic animals is mediated via enhanced TGF-β expression. The regulation of TGF-β isoforms and SMAD2/3-mediated downstream signaling by LRH-1 also implicates a potential contribution of LRH-1 in breast cancer. Collectively, these data demonstrate that LRH-1 regulates TGF-β expression and downstream signaling in mouse mammary glands.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Cell Proliferation
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Gene Silencing
- Humans
- MCF-7 Cells
- Mammary Glands, Animal/cytology
- Mammary Glands, Animal/growth & development
- Mammary Glands, Animal/metabolism
- Mammary Glands, Animal/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Morphogenesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Protein Isoforms/biosynthesis
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- Protein Isoforms/metabolism
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Smad Proteins, Receptor-Regulated/metabolism
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/biosynthesis
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyren A Lazarus
- Cancer Drug Discovery Laboratory (K.A.L., M.J.Y., Z.Z., R.S.C., A.L.C., C.D.C.) and Metabolism and Cancer Laboratory (K.A.B.), Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia; Environmental and Biotechnology Centre (K.A.L.), Swinburne University, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (C.D.C.), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
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43
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Bianco S, Brunelle M, Jangal M, Magnani L, Gévry N. LRH-1 Governs Vital Transcriptional Programs in Endocrine-Sensitive and -Resistant Breast Cancer Cells. Cancer Res 2014; 74:2015-25. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-2351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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44
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LRH1 as a driving factor in pancreatic cancer growth. Cancer Lett 2013; 345:85-90. [PMID: 24333731 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Liver receptor homolog 1 (LRH1), directs the development and differentiation of embryonic pancreas, and is overexpressed in pancreatic cancer (PC). We hypothesized that LRH1 promotes PC growth. Cell proliferation and tumorigenicity in nude mice were compared between empty vector-transfected (control) and stable LRH1-overexpressed PC cell lines. The subsequent tumor burden, vasculature development, and histologic features were evaluated. LRH1 overexpression enhanced the expression of downstream target genes (cyclin D1/E1) and stimulated cell proliferation in PC cell lines. LRH1 upregulated cyclin E1 truncated T1/T2 isoforms expression which may occur through ERα-calpain1 signaling. Compared with the control, LRH1 overexpressing stable cells generated tumors with increased weight, proliferation index and enhanced angiogenesis. Cyclin D1/E1 and calpain1 were overexpressed in human PC tumors compared to adjacent normal pancreas. These observations demonstrate that LRH1 promotes PC growth and angiogenesis, suggesting that LRH1 is a driving factor in tumorigenesis and may serve as a potential therapeutic target.
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45
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Lai CF, Flach KD, Alexi X, Fox SP, Ottaviani S, Thiruchelvam PTR, Kyle FJ, Thomas RS, Launchbury R, Hua H, Callaghan HB, Carroll JS, Charles Coombes R, Zwart W, Buluwela L, Ali S. Co-regulated gene expression by oestrogen receptor α and liver receptor homolog-1 is a feature of the oestrogen response in breast cancer cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41:10228-40. [PMID: 24049078 PMCID: PMC3905875 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oestrogen receptor α (ERα) is a nuclear receptor that is the driving transcription factor expressed in the majority of breast cancers. Recent studies have demonstrated that the liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1), another nuclear receptor, regulates breast cancer cell proliferation and promotes motility and invasion. To determine the mechanisms of LRH-1 action in breast cancer, we performed gene expression microarray analysis following RNA interference for LRH-1. Interestingly, gene ontology (GO) category enrichment analysis of LRH-1-regulated genes identified oestrogen-responsive genes as the most highly enriched GO categories. Remarkably, chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled to massively parallel sequencing (ChIP-seq) to identify genomic targets of LRH-1 showed LRH-1 binding at many ERα binding sites. Analysis of select binding sites confirmed regulation of ERα-regulated genes by LRH-1 through binding to oestrogen response elements, as exemplified by the TFF1/pS2 gene. Finally, LRH-1 overexpression stimulated ERα recruitment, while LRH-1 knockdown reduced ERα recruitment to ERα binding sites. Taken together, our findings establish a key role for LRH-1 in the regulation of ERα target genes in breast cancer cells and identify a mechanism in which co-operative binding of LRH-1 and ERα at oestrogen response elements controls the expression of oestrogen-responsive genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Fui Lai
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK, Department of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands and Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
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46
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Bianco C, Castro NP, Baraty C, Rollman K, Held N, Rangel MC, Karasawa H, Gonzales M, Strizzi L, Salomon DS. Regulation of human Cripto-1 expression by nuclear receptors and DNA promoter methylation in human embryonal and breast cancer cells. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:1174-88. [PMID: 23129342 PMCID: PMC3573215 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Human Cripto-1 (CR-1) plays an important role in regulating embryonic development while also regulating various stages of tumor progression. However, mechanisms that regulate CR-1 expression during embryogenesis and tumorigenesis are still not well defined. In the present study, we investigated the effects of two nuclear receptors, liver receptor homolog (LRH)-1 and germ cell nuclear factor receptor (GCNF) and epigenetic modifications on CR-1 gene expression in NTERA-2 human embryonal carcinoma cells and in breast cancer cells. CR-1 expression in NTERA-2 cells was positively regulated by LRH-1 through direct binding to a DR0 element within the CR-1 promoter, while GCNF strongly suppressed CR-1 expression in these cells. In addition, the CR-1 promoter was unmethylated in NTERA-2 cells, while T47D, ZR75-1, and MCF7 breast cancer cells showed high levels of CR-1 promoter methylation and low CR-1 mRNA and protein expression. Treatment of breast cancer cells with a demethylating agent and histone deacetylase inhibitors reduced methylation of the CR-1 promoter and reactivated CR-1 mRNA and protein expression in these cells, promoting migration and invasion of breast cancer cells. Analysis of a breast cancer tissue array revealed that CR-1 was highly expressed in the majority of human breast tumors, suggesting that CR-1 expression in breast cancer cell lines might not be representative of in vivo expression. Collectively, these findings offer some insight into the transcriptional regulation of CR-1 gene expression and its critical role in the pathogenesis of human cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Azacitidine/analogs & derivatives
- Azacitidine/pharmacology
- Binding Sites
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/genetics
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Carcinoma, Embryonal/genetics
- Carcinoma, Embryonal/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Embryonal/pathology
- Cell Movement
- DNA Methylation/drug effects
- DNA Modification Methylases/antagonists & inhibitors
- DNA Modification Methylases/metabolism
- Decitabine
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Embryonal Carcinoma Stem Cells/metabolism
- Embryonal Carcinoma Stem Cells/pathology
- Female
- GPI-Linked Proteins/genetics
- GPI-Linked Proteins/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, Reporter
- Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Humans
- Hydroxamic Acids/pharmacology
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Luciferases/biosynthesis
- Luciferases/genetics
- MCF-7 Cells
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 6, Group A, Member 1/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 6, Group A, Member 1/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Time Factors
- Tissue Array Analysis
- Transcription, Genetic
- Transfection
- Tretinoin/pharmacology
- Valproic Acid/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Bianco
- Laboratory of Cancer Prevention, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Nadia P. Castro
- Laboratory of Cancer Prevention, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Christina Baraty
- Laboratory of Cancer Prevention, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Kelly Rollman
- Laboratory of Cancer Prevention, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Natalie Held
- Laboratory of Cancer Prevention, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Maria Cristina Rangel
- Laboratory of Cancer Prevention, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Hideaki Karasawa
- Laboratory of Cancer Prevention, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Monica Gonzales
- Laboratory of Cancer Prevention, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Luigi Strizzi
- Children’s Memorial Research Center, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - David S. Salomon
- Laboratory of Cancer Prevention, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
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47
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Benod C, Carlsson J, Uthayaruban R, Hwang P, Irwin JJ, Doak AK, Shoichet BK, Sablin EP, Fletterick RJ. Structure-based discovery of antagonists of nuclear receptor LRH-1. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:19830-44. [PMID: 23667258 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.411686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver receptor homolog 1 (nuclear receptor LRH-1, NR5A2) is an essential regulator of gene transcription, critical for maintenance of cell pluripotency in early development and imperative for the proper functions of the liver, pancreas, and intestines during the adult life. Although physiological hormones of LRH-1 have not yet been identified, crystallographic and biochemical studies demonstrated that LRH-1 could bind regulatory ligands and suggested phosphatidylinositols as potential hormone candidates for this receptor. No synthetic antagonists of LRH-1 are known to date. Here, we identify the first small molecule antagonists of LRH-1 activity. Our search for LRH-1 modulators was empowered by screening of 5.2 million commercially available compounds via molecular docking followed by verification of the top-ranked molecules using in vitro direct binding and transcriptional assays. Experimental evaluation of the predicted ligands identified two compounds that inhibit the transcriptional activity of LRH-1 and diminish the expression of the receptor's target genes. Among the affected transcriptional targets are co-repressor SHP (small heterodimer partner) as well as cyclin E1 (CCNE1) and G0S2 genes that are known to regulate cell growth and proliferation. Treatments of human pancreatic (AsPC-1), colon (HT29), and breast adenocarcinoma cells T47D and MDA-MB-468 with the LRH-1 antagonists resulted in the receptor-mediated inhibition of cancer cell proliferation. Our data suggest that specific antagonists of LRH-1 could be used as specific molecular probes for elucidating the roles of the receptor in different types of malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Benod
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
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Abstract
The orphan nuclear receptors (ONRs) are a vital class of transcriptional regulators belonging to the larger nuclear receptors (NRs) superfamily in higher eukaryotes. As a result of non-identification of endogenous physiological ligands for this class of NRs, they are designated as "orphans". The ONRs on receiving appropriate signals translate into specific gene regulation. Elaborate studies on the ONRs in the past two decades have revealed crucial biological functions controlled by them relating to general metabolism, immunity, organogenesis, angiogenesis, growth and development, and numerous other tissue physiologies. Over the years, many of the ONRs have been studied for their participatory role in human health and disease. Results obtained are encouraging and interesting and shows a number of ONRs does modulate several patho-physiological conditions such as cancer and diabetes. This review discusses the current status about the interplay between select ONRs in cancer and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harmit S Ranhotra
- Orphan Nuclear Receptors Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, St. Edmund's College, Shillong, India.
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49
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Muscat GEO, Eriksson NA, Byth K, Loi S, Graham D, Jindal S, Davis MJ, Clyne C, Funder JW, Simpson ER, Ragan MA, Kuczek E, Fuller PJ, Tilley WD, Leedman PJ, Clarke CL. Research resource: nuclear receptors as transcriptome: discriminant and prognostic value in breast cancer. Mol Endocrinol 2013; 27:350-65. [PMID: 23292282 DOI: 10.1210/me.2012-1265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify biologically relevant groupings or clusters of nuclear receptors (NR) that are associated with breast neoplasia, with potentially diagnostic, discriminant or prognostic value, we quantitated mRNA expression levels of all 48 members of the human NR superfamily by TaqMan low-density array analysis in 116 curated breast tissue samples, including pre- and postmenopausal normal breast and both ERα(+) and ERα(-) tumor tissue. In addition, we have determined NR levels in independent cohorts of tamoxifen-treated ERα(+) and ERα(-) tissue samples. There were differences in relative NR mRNA expression between neoplastic and normal breast, and between ER(+) and ER(-) tumors. First, there is overexpression of the NUR77 subgroup and EAR2 in neoplastic breast. Second, we identify a signature of five NR (ERα, EAR2, NUR77, TRα, and RARγ) that classifies breast samples with more than 97% cross-validated accuracy into normal or cancer classes. Third, we find a novel negative association between five NR (TRβ, NUR77, RORγ, COUP-TFII, and LRH1) and histological grade. Finally, four NR (COUP-TFII, TRβ, PPARγ, and MR) are significant predictors of metastasis-free survival in tamoxifen-treated breast cancers, independent of ER expression. The present study highlights the discriminant and prognostic value of NR in breast cancer; identifies novel, clinically relevant, NR signatures; and highlights NR signaling pathways with potential roles in breast cancer pathophysiology and as new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- George E O Muscat
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
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50
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