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Valentini V, Bucalo A, Conti G, Celli L, Porzio V, Capalbo C, Silvestri V, Ottini L. Gender-Specific Genetic Predisposition to Breast Cancer: BRCA Genes and Beyond. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:579. [PMID: 38339330 PMCID: PMC10854694 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16030579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Among neoplastic diseases, breast cancer (BC) is one of the most influenced by gender. Despite common misconceptions associating BC as a women-only disease, BC can also occur in men. Additionally, transgender individuals may also experience BC. Genetic risk factors play a relevant role in BC predisposition, with important implications in precision prevention and treatment. The genetic architecture of BC susceptibility is similar in women and men, with high-, moderate-, and low-penetrance risk variants; however, some sex-specific features have emerged. Inherited high-penetrance pathogenic variants (PVs) in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are the strongest BC genetic risk factor. BRCA1 and BRCA2 PVs are more commonly associated with increased risk of female and male BC, respectively. Notably, BRCA-associated BCs are characterized by sex-specific pathologic features. Recently, next-generation sequencing technologies have helped to provide more insights on the role of moderate-penetrance BC risk variants, particularly in PALB2, CHEK2, and ATM genes, while international collaborative genome-wide association studies have contributed evidence on common low-penetrance BC risk variants, on their combined effect in polygenic models, and on their role as risk modulators in BRCA1/2 PV carriers. Overall, all these studies suggested that the genetic basis of male BC, although similar, may differ from female BC. Evaluating the genetic component of male BC as a distinct entity from female BC is the first step to improve both personalized risk assessment and therapeutic choices of patients of both sexes in order to reach gender equality in BC care. In this review, we summarize the latest research in the field of BC genetic predisposition with a particular focus on similarities and differences in male and female BC, and we also discuss the implications, challenges, and open issues that surround the establishment of a gender-oriented clinical management for BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Valentini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (V.V.); (A.B.); (G.C.); (L.C.); (V.P.); (C.C.); (V.S.)
| | - Agostino Bucalo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (V.V.); (A.B.); (G.C.); (L.C.); (V.P.); (C.C.); (V.S.)
| | - Giulia Conti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (V.V.); (A.B.); (G.C.); (L.C.); (V.P.); (C.C.); (V.S.)
| | - Ludovica Celli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (V.V.); (A.B.); (G.C.); (L.C.); (V.P.); (C.C.); (V.S.)
| | - Virginia Porzio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (V.V.); (A.B.); (G.C.); (L.C.); (V.P.); (C.C.); (V.S.)
| | - Carlo Capalbo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (V.V.); (A.B.); (G.C.); (L.C.); (V.P.); (C.C.); (V.S.)
- Medical Oncology Unit, Sant’Andrea University Hospital, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Silvestri
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (V.V.); (A.B.); (G.C.); (L.C.); (V.P.); (C.C.); (V.S.)
| | - Laura Ottini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (V.V.); (A.B.); (G.C.); (L.C.); (V.P.); (C.C.); (V.S.)
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Narayan P, Ahsan MD, Webster EM, Perez L, Levi SR, Harvey B, Wolfe I, Beaumont S, Brewer JT, Siegel D, Thomas C, Christos P, Hickner A, Chapman-Davis E, Cantillo E, Holcomb K, Sharaf RN, Frey MK. Partner and localizer of BRCA2 (PALB2) pathogenic variants and ovarian cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Gynecol Oncol 2023; 177:72-85. [PMID: 37651980 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2023.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Approximately 20% of ovarian cancers are due to an underlying germline pathogenic variant. While pathogenic variants in several genes have been well-established in the development of hereditary ovarian cancer (e.g. BRCA1/2, RAD51C, RAD51D, BRIP1, mismatch repair genes), the role of partner and localizer of BRCA2 (PALB2) remains uncertain. We sought to utilize meta-analysis to evaluate the association between PALB2 germline pathogenic variants and ovarian cancer. METHODS We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis. We searched key electronic databases to identify studies evaluating multigene panel testing in people with ovarian cancer. Eligible trials were subjected to meta-analysis. RESULTS Fifty-five studies met inclusion criteria, including 48,194 people with ovarian cancer and information available on germline PALB2 pathogenic variant status. Among people with ovarian cancer and available PALB2 sequencing data, 0.4% [95% CI 0.3-0.4] harbored a germline pathogenic variant in the PALB2 gene. The pooled odds ratio (OR) for carrying a PALB2 pathogenic variant among the ovarian cancer population of 20,474 individuals who underwent germline testing was 2.48 [95% CI 1.57-3.90] relative to 123,883 controls. CONCLUSIONS Our meta-analysis demonstrates that the pooled OR for harboring a PALB2 germline pathogenic variant among people with ovarian cancer compared to the general population is 2.48 [95% CI 1.57-3.90]. Prospective studies evaluating the role of germline PALB2 pathogenic variants in the development of ovarian cancer are warranted.
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Pensabene M, Von Arx C, De Laurentiis M. Male Breast Cancer: From Molecular Genetics to Clinical Management. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:2006. [PMID: 35454911 PMCID: PMC9030724 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14082006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
MBC is a rare disease accounting for almost 1% of all cancers in men and less than 1% of breast cancer. Emerging data on the genetic drivers of predisposition for MBC are available and different risk factors have been associated with its pathogenesis. Genetic alterations, such as pathogenetic variants in BRCA1/2 and other moderate-/low-penetrance genes, along with non-genetic risk factors, have been recognized as pathogenic factors for MBC. Preventive and therapeutic implications could be related to the detection of alterations in predisposing genes, especially BRCA1/2, and to the identification of oncogenic drivers different from FBC. However, approved treatments for MBC remain the same as FBC. Cancer genetic counseling has to be considered in the diagnostic work-up of MBC with or without positive oncological family history. Here, we review the literature, reporting recent data about this malignancy with a specific focus on epidemiology, and genetic and non-genetic risk factors. We introduce the perspective of cancer genetic counseling for MBC patients and their healthy at-risk family members, with a focus on different hereditary cancer syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Pensabene
- National Cancer Institute, IRCCS Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.V.A.); (M.D.L.)
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Gianni P, Matenoglou E, Geropoulos G, Agrawal N, Adnani H, Zafeiropoulos S, Miyara SJ, Guevara S, Mumford JM, Molmenti EP, Giannis D. The Fanconi anemia pathway and Breast Cancer: A comprehensive review of clinical data. Clin Breast Cancer 2021; 22:10-25. [PMID: 34489172 DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The development of breast cancer depends on several risk factors, including environmental, lifestyle and genetic factors. Despite the evolution of DNA sequencing techniques and biomarker detection, the epidemiology and mechanisms of various breast cancer susceptibility genes have not been elucidated yet. Dysregulation of the DNA damage response causes genomic instability and increases the rate of mutagenesis and the risk of carcinogenesis. The Fanconi Anemia (FA) pathway is an important component of the DNA damage response and plays a critical role in the repair of DNA interstrand crosslinks and genomic stability. The FA pathway involves 22 recognized genes and specific mutations have been identified as the underlying defect in the majority of FA patients. A thorough understanding of the function and epidemiology of these genes in breast cancer is critical for the development and implementation of individualized therapies that target unique tumor profiles. Targeted therapies (PARP inhibitors) exploiting the FA pathway gene defects have been developed and have shown promising results. This narrative review summarizes the current literature on the involvement of FA genes in sporadic and familial breast cancer with a focus on clinical data derived from large cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Gianni
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology, Oncology, Palliative Medicine, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Ulm, Germany
| | - Evangelia Matenoglou
- Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios Geropoulos
- Thoracic Surgery Department, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London
| | - Nirav Agrawal
- Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research at Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, NY
| | - Harsha Adnani
- Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research at Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, NY
| | - Stefanos Zafeiropoulos
- Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research at Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, NY; Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, NY
| | - Santiago J Miyara
- Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research at Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, NY; Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, NY
| | - Sara Guevara
- Department of Surgery, North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, New York, NY
| | - James M Mumford
- Department of Family Medicine, Glen Cove Hospital, Glen Cove, New York, NY; Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York, NY
| | - Ernesto P Molmenti
- Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research at Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, NY; Department of Surgery, North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, New York, NY; Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York, NY
| | - Dimitrios Giannis
- Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research at Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, NY.
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Nawar N, Paul A, Mahmood HN, Faisal MI, Hosen MI, Shekhar HU. Structure analysis of deleterious nsSNPs in human PALB2 protein for functional inference. Bioinformation 2021; 17:424-438. [PMID: 34092963 PMCID: PMC8131579 DOI: 10.6026/97320630017424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Partner and Localizer of BRCA2 or PALB2 is a typical tumor suppressor protein, that responds to DNA double stranded breaks through homologous recombination repair. Heterozygous mutations in PALB2 are known to contribute to the susceptibility of breast and ovarian cancer. However, there is no comprehensive study characterizing the structural and functional impacts of SNPs located in the PALB2 gene. Therefore, it is of interest to document a comprehensive analysis of coding and non-coding SNPs located at the PALB2 loci using in silico tools. The data for 1455 non-synonymous SNPs (nsSNPs) located in the PALB2 loci were retrieved from the dbSNP database. Comprehensive characterization of the SNPs using a combination of in silico tools such as SIFT, PROVEAN, PolyPhen, PANTHER, PhD-SNP, Pmut, MutPred 2.0 and SNAP-2, identified 28 functionally important SNPs. Among these, 16 nsSNPs were further selected for structural analysis using conservation profile and protein stability. The most deleterious nsSNPs were documented within the WD40 domain of PALB2. A general outline of the structural consequences of each variant was developed using the HOPE project data. These 16 mutant structures were further modelled using SWISS Model and three most damaging mutant models (rs78179744, rs180177123 and rs45525135) were identified. The non-coding SNPs in the 3' UTR region of the PALB2 gene were analyzed for altered miRNA target sites. The comprehensive characterization of the coding and non-coding SNPs in the PALB2 locus has provided a list of damaging SNPs with potential disease association. Further validation through genetic association study will reveal their clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noshin Nawar
- Clinical Biochemistry and Translational Medicine Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Anik Paul
- Clinical Biochemistry and Translational Medicine Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Hamida Nooreen Mahmood
- Clinical Biochemistry and Translational Medicine Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Ismail Faisal
- Clinical Biochemistry and Translational Medicine Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Ismail Hosen
- Clinical Biochemistry and Translational Medicine Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Hossain Uddin Shekhar
- Clinical Biochemistry and Translational Medicine Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Gentiluomo M, Canzian F, Nicolini A, Gemignani F, Landi S, Campa D. Germline genetic variability in pancreatic cancer risk and prognosis. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 79:105-131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Wu S, Zhou J, Zhang K, Chen H, Luo M, Lu Y, Sun Y, Chen Y. Molecular Mechanisms of PALB2 Function and Its Role in Breast Cancer Management. Front Oncol 2020; 10:301. [PMID: 32185139 PMCID: PMC7059202 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Partner and localizer of BRCA2 (PALB2) is vital for homologous recombination (HR) repair in response to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). PALB2 functions as a tumor suppressor and participates in the maintenance of genome integrity. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the biological roles of the multifaceted PALB2 protein and of its regulation. Moreover, we describe the link between PALB2 pathogenic variants (PVs) and breast cancer predisposition, aggressive clinicopathological features, and adverse clinical prognosis. We also refer to both the opportunities and challenges that the identification of PALB2 PVs provides in breast cancer genetic counseling and precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Wu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,The Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiaojiao Zhou
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,The Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,The Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huihui Chen
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,The Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meng Luo
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,The Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuexin Lu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,The Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuting Sun
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,The Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiding Chen
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,The Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Rashid MU, Khan FA, Muhammad N, Loya A, Hamann U. Prevalence of PALB2 Germline Mutations in Early-onset and Familial Breast/Ovarian Cancer Patients from Pakistan. Cancer Res Treat 2019; 51:992-1000. [PMID: 30309218 PMCID: PMC6639217 DOI: 10.4143/crt.2018.356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Partner and localizer of BRCA2 (PALB2) is a breast cancer susceptibility gene that plays an important role in DNA repair. This is the first study assessing the prevalence of PALB2 mutations in early-onset and familial breast/ovarian cancer patients from Pakistan. MATERIALS AND METHODS PALB2 mutation screening was performed in 370 Pakistani patients with early-onset and familial breast/ovarian cancer, who were negative for BRCA1, BRCA2, TP53, CHEK2, and RAD51C mutations, using denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. Mutations were confirmed by DNA sequencing. Novel PALB2 alterations were analyzed for their potential effect on protein function or splicing using various in silico prediction tools. Three-hundred and seventy-two healthy controls were screened for the presence of the identified (potentially) functional mutations. RESULTS A novel nonsense mutation, p.Y743*, was identified in one familial breast cancer patient (1/127, 0.8%). Besides, four in silico-predicted potentially functional mutations including three missense mutations and one 5' untranslated region mutation were identified: p.D498Y, novel p.G644R, novel p.E744K, and novel c.-134_-133delTCinsGGGT. The mutations p.Y743* and p.D498Y were identified in two familial patients diagnosed with unilateral or synchronous bilateral breast cancer at the ages of 29 and 39, respectively. The other mutations were identified in an early-onset (≤ 30 years of age) breast cancer patient each. All five mutations were absent in 372 healthy controls suggesting that they are disease associated. CONCLUSION Our findings show that PALB2 mutations account for a small proportion of early-onset and hereditary breast/ovarian cancer cases in Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Usman Rashid
- Department of Basic Sciences Research, Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre (SKMCH&RC), Lahore, Pakistan
- Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Faiz Ali Khan
- Department of Basic Sciences Research, Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre (SKMCH&RC), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Noor Muhammad
- Department of Basic Sciences Research, Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre (SKMCH&RC), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Asif Loya
- Department of Pathology, Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre (SKMCH&RC), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ute Hamann
- Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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Abbas S, Siddique A, Shahid N, Khan RT, Fatima W. Breast cancer risk associated with BRCA1/2 variants in the Pakistani population. Breast Cancer 2018; 26:365-372. [PMID: 30430339 DOI: 10.1007/s12282-018-0932-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Majority of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations are associated with the risk of sporadic and familial breast cancer. Since these genes are significant in DNA repair mechanisms, we focused homology-directed DNA repair (HDDR) and BRCA complex. METHODS We selected BRCA1 variant (rs80356932, 4491C/T) and BRCA2 variant (rs80359182, 319T/C) from the interaction region of BRCA complex and studied in 100 breast cancer patients and 100 controls using tetra-ARMS-PCR. RESULTS Here we show that BRCA1 and BRCA2 variants are significantly associated with high breast cancer risk (BRCA1 rs80356932; Genotype T/T OR 8.66, 95% CI 3.16-23.71, p < 0.0001; Allele-T, OR 2.48, 95% CI 1.62-3.81, p < 0.0001 and BRCA2 rs80359182; Genotype C/C OR 4.32, 95% CI 1.95-9.53, p = 0.0001; Allele-C, OR 2.19, 95% CI 1.43-3.34, p = 0.0002). Additionally, bioinformatics analysis showed that BRCA2-tryptophan > arginine substitutions result in altered interaction of BRCA1/PALB2/BRCA2/protein complex and impaired HDDR pathway. We also observed that breast cancer risk was significantly increased in over-weighted and obese women. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that high risk of breast cancer is significantly associated with BRCA1 and BRCA2 variants, and mutations may alter the protein interactions of BRCA complex that results in tumor genesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Abbas
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-azam Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Siddique
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-azam Campus, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Naeem Shahid
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Pakistan
| | - Rabbia Tariq Khan
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-azam Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Warda Fatima
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-azam Campus, Lahore, Pakistan.
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MESH Headings
- Aftercare
- Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/adverse effects
- Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/therapeutic use
- Aromatase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Breast Neoplasms, Male/diagnosis
- Breast Neoplasms, Male/drug therapy
- Breast Neoplasms, Male/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms, Male/surgery
- Chemotherapy, Adjuvant
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Genes, BRCA1
- Genes, BRCA2
- Humans
- Male
- Mutation
- Prognosis
- Risk Factors
- Tamoxifen/adverse effects
- Tamoxifen/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon H Giordano
- From the Departments of Health Services Research and Breast Medical Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
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11
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Ottini L, Capalbo C. Male Breast Cancer. Breast Cancer 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-48848-6_63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Deb S, Lakhani SR, Ottini L, Fox SB. The cancer genetics and pathology of male breast cancer. Histopathology 2016; 68:110-8. [PMID: 26768033 DOI: 10.1111/his.12862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Male breast cancer (MBC) is an uncommon and poorly understood disease. Recent molecular studies have shown important differences from female breast cancer which are likely to influence treatment strategies from the current female-based management towards a more tailored approach. Significantly more MBCs than female breast cancers arise with an underlying germline cancer predisposition, and display a vastly different penetrance compared with females. Furthermore, the genophenotypical association of basal-like cancer with BRCA1 present in female breast cancer is not observed in male breast cancer. Differences in somatic changes between male and female breast cancer have also been reported, with particular enrichment of PIK3CA mutations and a paucity of TP53 mutations. In general, chromosomal-based changes, in particular regions of gains, are seen more frequently in male than female breast cancer and methylation is seen less frequently. Clinically, several molecular subtypes with prognostic relevance have been described, including chromosomal complex high and methylation high groups, and subgroups with profiling signatures pertaining to epithelial mesenchymal transition and hormonal therapy insensitivity. As with female breast cancer, attention to male specific multicentre trials based on the individual characteristics are needed, together with establishment of reliable preclinical models to understand more clearly the pathogenesis of male breast cancer and improve the general poor outcome of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhartha Deb
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Department of Pathology and Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Anatomical Pathology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Sunil R Lakhani
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Pathology Queensland, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.,The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Laura Ottini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Stephen B Fox
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Department of Pathology and Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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Silvestri V, Zelli V, Valentini V, Rizzolo P, Navazio AS, Coppa A, Agata S, Oliani C, Barana D, Castrignanò T, Viel A, Russo A, Tibiletti MG, Zanna I, Masala G, Cortesi L, Manoukian S, Azzollini J, Peissel B, Bonanni B, Peterlongo P, Radice P, Palli D, Giannini G, Chillemi G, Montagna M, Ottini L. Whole-exome sequencing and targeted gene sequencing provide insights into the role of PALB2 as a male breast cancer susceptibility gene. Cancer 2016; 123:210-218. [PMID: 27648926 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.30337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Male breast cancer (MBC) is a rare disease whose etiology appears to be largely associated with genetic factors. BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations account for about 10% of all MBC cases. Thus, a fraction of MBC cases are expected to be due to genetic factors not yet identified. To further explain the genetic susceptibility for MBC, whole-exome sequencing (WES) and targeted gene sequencing were applied to high-risk, BRCA1/2 mutation-negative MBC cases. METHODS Germ-line DNA of 1 male and 2 female BRCA1/2 mutation-negative breast cancer (BC) cases from a pedigree showing a first-degree family history of MBC was analyzed with WES. Targeted gene sequencing for the validation of WES results was performed for 48 high-risk, BRCA1/2 mutation-negative MBC cases from an Italian multicenter study of MBC. A case-control series of 433 BRCA1/2 mutation-negative MBC and female breast cancer (FBC) cases and 849 male and female controls was included in the study. RESULTS WES in the family identified the partner and localizer of BRCA2 (PALB2) c.419delA truncating mutation carried by the proband, her father, and her paternal uncle (all affected with BC) and the N-acetyltransferase 1 (NAT1) c.97C>T nonsense mutation carried by the proband's maternal aunt. Targeted PALB2 sequencing detected the c.1984A>T nonsense mutation in 1 of the 48 BRCA1/2 mutation-negative MBC cases. NAT1 c.97C>T was not found in the case-control series. CONCLUSIONS These results add strength to the evidence showing that PALB2 is involved in BC risk for both sexes and indicate that consideration should be given to clinical testing of PALB2 for BRCA1/2 mutation-negative families with multiple MBC and FBC cases. Cancer 2017;123:210-218. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Veronica Zelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Virginia Valentini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Piera Rizzolo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Sara Navazio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Coppa
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Agata
- Immunology and Molecular Oncology Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV, Padua, Italy
| | - Cristina Oliani
- Oncology Unit, Local Health and Social Care Unit ULSS5 Ovest Vicentino, Montecchio Maggiore, Italy
| | - Daniela Barana
- Oncology Unit, Local Health and Social Care Unit ULSS5 Ovest Vicentino, Montecchio Maggiore, Italy
| | - Tiziana Castrignanò
- Supercomputing Applications and Innovation Department, Interuniversity Consortium for Super Computing CINECA, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Viel
- Unit of Functional Onco-Genomics and Genetics, Aviano Oncology Reference Center CRO, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Antonio Russo
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Surgical and Oncological Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Ines Zanna
- Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute ISPO, Florence, Italy
| | - Giovanna Masala
- Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute ISPO, Florence, Italy
| | - Laura Cortesi
- Department of Oncology and Haematology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Siranoush Manoukian
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, National Cancer Institute INT, Milan, Italy
| | - Jacopo Azzollini
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, National Cancer Institute INT, Milan, Italy
| | - Bernard Peissel
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, National Cancer Institute INT, Milan, Italy
| | - Bernardo Bonanni
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Genetics, European Institute of Oncology IEO, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Peterlongo
- Italian Foundation for Cancer Research (FIRC) Institute of Molecular Oncology INT, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Radice
- Unit of Molecular Bases of Genetic Risk and Genetic Testing, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, National Cancer Institute INT, Milan, Italy
| | - Domenico Palli
- Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute ISPO, Florence, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Giannini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Chillemi
- Supercomputing Applications and Innovation Department, Interuniversity Consortium for Super Computing CINECA, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Montagna
- Immunology and Molecular Oncology Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV, Padua, Italy
| | - Laura Ottini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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14
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Jiang W, Zhuang C, Zheng L, Wang X. Role of PALB2 Polymorphisms with Regard to Susceptibility to Female Breast Cancer Risk in the Chinese Population. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2016; 20:229-34. [PMID: 26981788 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2015.0303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Weichao Jiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Chunbo Zhuang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Lei Zheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Xiaobei Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
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15
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Borecka M, Zemankova P, Vocka M, Soucek P, Soukupova J, Kleiblova P, Sevcik J, Kleibl Z, Janatova M. Mutation analysis of the PALB2 gene in unselected pancreatic cancer patients in the Czech Republic. Cancer Genet 2016; 209:199-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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16
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Pathogenic and likely pathogenic variant prevalence among the first 10,000 patients referred for next-generation cancer panel testing. Genet Med 2015; 18:823-32. [PMID: 26681312 PMCID: PMC4985612 DOI: 10.1038/gim.2015.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Germ-line testing for panels of cancer genes using next-generation sequencing is becoming more common in clinical care. We report our experience as a clinical laboratory testing both well-established, high-risk cancer genes (e.g., BRCA1/2, MLH1, MSH2) as well as more recently identified cancer genes (e.g., PALB2, BRIP1), many of which have increased but less well-defined penetrance. Genet Med18 8, 823–832. Methods: Clinical genetic testing was performed on over 10,000 consecutive cases referred for evaluation of germ-line cancer genes, and results were analyzed for frequency of pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants, and were stratified by testing panel, gene, and clinical history. Genet Med18 8, 823–832. Results: Overall, a molecular diagnosis was made in 9.0% of patients tested, with the highest yield in the Lynch syndrome/colorectal cancer panel. In patients with breast, ovarian, or colon/stomach cancer, positive yields were 9.7, 13.4, and 14.8%, respectively. Approximately half of the pathogenic variants identified in patients with breast or ovarian cancer were in genes other than BRCA1/2. Genet Med18 8, 823–832. Conclusion: The high frequency of positive results in a wide range of cancer genes, including those of high penetrance and with clinical care guidelines, underscores both the genetic heterogeneity of hereditary cancer and the usefulness of multigene panels over genetic tests of one or two genes. Genet Med18 8, 823–832.
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17
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Thompson ER, Gorringe KL, Rowley SM, Wong-Brown MW, McInerny S, Li N, Trainer AH, Devereux L, Doyle MA, Li J, Lupat R, Delatycki MB, Mitchell G, James PA, Scott RJ, Campbell IG. Prevalence of PALB2 mutations in Australian familial breast cancer cases and controls. Breast Cancer Res 2015; 17:111. [PMID: 26283626 PMCID: PMC4539664 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-015-0627-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction PALB2 is emerging as a high-penetrance breast cancer predisposition gene in the order of BRCA1 and BRCA2. However, large studies that have evaluated the full gene rather than just the most common variants in both cases and controls are required before all truncating variants can be included in familial breast cancer variant testing. Methods In this study we analyse almost 2000 breast cancer cases sourced from individuals referred to familial cancer clinics, thus representing typical cases presenting in clinical practice. These cases were compared to a similar number of population-based cancer-free controls. Results We identified a significant excess of truncating variants in cases (1.3 %) versus controls (0.2 %), including six novel variants (p = 0.0001; odds ratio (OR) 6.58, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 2.3–18.9). Three of the four control individuals carrying truncating variants had at least one relative with breast cancer. There was no excess of missense variants in cases overall, but the common c.1676A > G variant (rs152451) was significantly enriched in cases and may represent a low-penetrance polymorphism (p = 0.002; OR 1.24 (95 % CI 1.09–1.47). Conclusions Our findings support truncating variants in PALB2 as high-penetrance breast cancer susceptibility alleles, and suggest that a common missense variant may also lead to a low level of increased breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella R Thompson
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Locked Bag 1, A'Beckett St, East Melbourne, VIC, 8006, Australia. .,The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, St Andrews Place, East Melbourne, VIC, 3002, Australia.
| | - Kylie L Gorringe
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Locked Bag 1, A'Beckett St, East Melbourne, VIC, 8006, Australia. .,The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, St Andrews Place, East Melbourne, VIC, 3002, Australia. .,Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Corner GrattonStree and Royal Parade, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - Simone M Rowley
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Locked Bag 1, A'Beckett St, East Melbourne, VIC, 8006, Australia.
| | - Michelle W Wong-Brown
- Discipline of Medical Genetics and Centre for Information-Based Medicine, The University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, 1 Kookaburra Circuit, Newcastle, NSW, 2305, Australia.
| | - Simone McInerny
- Familial Cancer Centre, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Andrews Place, East Melbourne, VIC, 3002, Australia.
| | - Na Li
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Locked Bag 1, A'Beckett St, East Melbourne, VIC, 8006, Australia. .,Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Alison H Trainer
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Locked Bag 1, A'Beckett St, East Melbourne, VIC, 8006, Australia. .,Familial Cancer Centre, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Andrews Place, East Melbourne, VIC, 3002, Australia.
| | - Lisa Devereux
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Locked Bag 1, A'Beckett St, East Melbourne, VIC, 8006, Australia. .,LifePool, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Andrews Place, East Melbourne, VIC, 3002, Australia.
| | - Maria A Doyle
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Andrews Place, East Melbourne, VIC, 3002, Australia.
| | - Jason Li
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Andrews Place, East Melbourne, VIC, 3002, Australia.
| | - Richard Lupat
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Andrews Place, East Melbourne, VIC, 3002, Australia.
| | | | | | - Gillian Mitchell
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, St Andrews Place, East Melbourne, VIC, 3002, Australia. .,Familial Cancer Centre, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Andrews Place, East Melbourne, VIC, 3002, Australia. .,Hereditary Cancer Program, BC Cancer Agency, 600 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4E6, Canada.
| | - Paul A James
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, St Andrews Place, East Melbourne, VIC, 3002, Australia. .,Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Corner GrattonStree and Royal Parade, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia. .,Familial Cancer Centre, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Andrews Place, East Melbourne, VIC, 3002, Australia.
| | - Rodney J Scott
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, China. .,Division of Genetics, Hunter Area Pathology Service, Lookout Road, Newcastle, NSW, 2305, Australia.
| | - Ian G Campbell
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Locked Bag 1, A'Beckett St, East Melbourne, VIC, 8006, Australia. .,The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, St Andrews Place, East Melbourne, VIC, 3002, Australia. .,Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Corner GrattonStree and Royal Parade, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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18
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Leyton Y, Gonzalez-Hormazabal P, Blanco R, Bravo T, Fernandez-Ramires R, Morales S, Landeros N, Reyes JM, Peralta O, Tapia JC, Gomez F, Waugh E, Ibañez G, Pakomio J, Grau G, Jara L. Association of PALB2 sequence variants with the risk of familial and early-onset breast cancer in a South-American population. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:30. [PMID: 25636233 PMCID: PMC4323211 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1033-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Germline mutations in PALB2 have been identified in approximately 1% of familial breast cancer (BC) in several populations. Nevertheless its contribution in the South-American population is unknown. The goal of this study was to determine the prevalence of PALB2 mutations in the Chilean population. Methods 100 Chilean BRCA1/2-negatives familial BC cases were included for the PALB2 mutation analysis. We use conformational sensitive gel electrophoresis and direct sequencing. Using a case-control design, we studied the identified variants in 436 BC cases and 809 controls to evaluate their possible association with BC risk. Results No pathogenic mutations were detected. We identified three variants, the variant c.1861C > A not previously described was found in one of the 436 cases and none of the 809 controls. The bioinformatic analyses indicate that this variant probably is not pathogenic. PALB2 c.1676A > G (rs152451A/G) and c.2993C > T (rs45551636C/T) variants were significantly associated with increased BC risk only in cases with a strong family history of BC (OR = 1.9 [CI 95% 1.3-2.8] p < 0.01 and OR = 3.3 [CI 95% 1.4-7.3] p < 0.01, respectively). The rs152451A/G-rs45551636C/T composite genotype produce increase of the BC risk in cases with a strong family history of BC (OR = 3.6 [CI 95% 1.7-8.0] p = 0.003). The rs152451-G/rs45551636-C and rs152451-G/rs45551636-T haplotypes were associated with an increased BC risk only in cases with a strong family history of BC (OR = 1.6 [CI 95% 1.0-2.5] p = 0.05 and OR = 3.7 [CI 95% 1.8-7.5] p < 0.001, respectively). Conclusion Our results suggest that PALB2 c.1676A > G and c.2993C > T play roles in BC risk in women with a strong family history of BC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1033-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yessica Leyton
- Human Genetics Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), School of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Patricio Gonzalez-Hormazabal
- Human Genetics Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), School of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Rafael Blanco
- Human Genetics Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), School of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Teresa Bravo
- National Cancer Society (Corporación Nacional del Cáncer -CONAC-), Santiago, Chile.
| | - Ricardo Fernandez-Ramires
- Research Institute in Dental Sciences, School of Odontology, University of Chile, Sergio Livingstone Pohlhammer 943, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Sebastian Morales
- Human Genetics Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), School of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Natalia Landeros
- Human Genetics Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), School of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile.
| | | | - Octavio Peralta
- Clínca Las Condes, Santiago, Chile. .,Department of Gyneacology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, University of Chile, Av Santa Rosa 1234, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Julio C Tapia
- Cell Transformation Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), School of Medicine, Unversity of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile.
| | | | | | - Gladys Ibañez
- Clínica Dávila, Av. Recoleta 464, Santiago, Chile. .,Hospital San José, San José 1196, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Janara Pakomio
- Human Genetics Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), School of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Gilberto Grau
- Human Genetics Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), School of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Lilian Jara
- Human Genetics Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), School of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile.
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19
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Shiovitz S, Korde LA. Genetics of breast cancer: a topic in evolution. Ann Oncol 2015; 26:1291-9. [PMID: 25605744 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdv022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A hereditary predisposition to breast cancer significantly influences screening and follow-up recommendations for high-risk women. However, in patients with a suggestive personal and/or family history, a specific predisposing gene is identified in <30% of cases. Up to 25% of hereditary cases are due to a mutation in one of the few identified rare, but highly penetrant genes (BRCA1, BRCA2, PTEN, TP53, CDH1, and STK11), which confer up to an 80% lifetime risk of breast cancer. An additional 2%-3% of cases are due to a mutation in a rare, moderate-penetrance gene (e.g. CHEK2, BRIP1, ATM, and PALB2), each associated with a twofold increase in risk. Prediction models suggest that there are unlikely to be additional yet to be identified high-penetrance genes. Investigation of common, low-penetrance alleles contributing to risk in a polygenic fashion has yielded a small number of suggestive single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), but the contributive risk of an individual SNP is quite small. Mutation testing is currently recommended for individual genes in the appropriate clinical setting where there is a high index of suspicion for a specific mutated gene or syndrome. Next-generation sequencing offers a new venue for risk assessment. At the present time, there are clear clinical guidelines for individuals with a mutation in a high-penetrance gene. Otherwise, standard models are used to predict an individual's lifetime risk by clinical and family history rather than genomic information.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shiovitz
- Divison of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle Divisions of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, USA
| | - L A Korde
- Divison of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle Divisions of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, USA Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, USA
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20
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Vietri MT, Caliendo G, Casamassimi A, Cioffi M, De Paola ML, Napoli C, Molinari AM. A novel PALB2 truncating mutation in an Italian family with male breast cancer. Oncol Rep 2014; 33:1243-7. [PMID: 25529982 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Male breast cancer (MBC) is a rare disease, accounting for ~1% of all breast cancer cases worldwide. Although other genes are also involved, predisposing genetic factors to MBC include germline mutations in the BRCA genes (BRCA2). Among the other genes, partner and localizer of BRCA2 (PALB2) is considered a moderate-penetrance breast cancer susceptibility gene that may also play a role in MBC predisposition. Thus, the aim of the present study was to determine the PALB2 gene status in 8 MBC cases selected from a cohort of 181 hereditary breast and/or ovarian cancer probands. We performed PALB2 mutational analysis by direct sequencing of 13 exons and adjacent intronic regions. This study showed the presence of a PALB2 truncating mutation in 1/8 (12.5%) cases. This novel mutation was named c.1285_1286delAinsTC (p.I429SfsX12) and is localized in exon 4 of PALB2, in the region encoding for the ChAM motif which is important for the efficient association of PALB2 to chromatin and for recruitment of the BRCA complex to accumulate RAD51 at double-strand break sites. Our findings indicate that PALB2 could be added to the list of breast cancer susceptibility genes also in families with MBC cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Vietri
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, School of Medicine, Second University of Naples, I-80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Gemma Caliendo
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, School of Medicine, Second University of Naples, I-80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Amelia Casamassimi
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, School of Medicine, Second University of Naples, I-80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Michele Cioffi
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, School of Medicine, Second University of Naples, I-80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Laura De Paola
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, School of Medicine, Second University of Naples, I-80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Claudio Napoli
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, School of Medicine, Second University of Naples, I-80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Molinari
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, School of Medicine, Second University of Naples, I-80138 Naples, Italy
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21
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Abstract
PALB2 [partner and localizer of BRCA2 (breast cancer early-onset 2)] [corrected] has emerged as a key player in the maintenance of genome integrity. Biallelic mutations in PALB2 cause FA (Fanconi's anaemia) subtype FA-N, a devastating inherited disorder marked by developmental abnormalities, bone marrow failure and childhood cancer susceptibility, whereas monoallelic mutations predispose to breast, ovarian and pancreatic cancer. The tumour suppressor role of PALB2 has been intimately linked to its ability to promote HR (homologous recombination)-mediated repair of DNA double-strand breaks. Because PALB2 lies at the crossroads between FA, HR and cancer susceptibility, understanding its function has become the primary focus of several studies. The present review discusses a current synthesis of the contribution of PALB2 to these pathways. We also provide a molecular description of FA- or cancer-associated PALB2 mutations.
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22
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Rizzolo P, Silvestri V, Tommasi S, Pinto R, Danza K, Falchetti M, Gulino M, Frati P, Ottini L. Male breast cancer: genetics, epigenetics, and ethical aspects. Ann Oncol 2014; 24 Suppl 8:viii75-viii82. [PMID: 24131976 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdt316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND STUDY DESIGN Male breast cancer (MBC) is a rare disease compared with female BC and our current understanding regarding breast carcinogenesis in men has been largely extrapolated from the female counterpart. We focus on differences between the ethical issues related to male and female BC patients. A systematic literature search by using PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/), was carried out to provide a synopsis of the current research in the field of MBC genetics, epigenetics and ethics. Original articles and reviews published up to September 2012 were selected by using the following search key words to query the PubMed website: 'male breast cancer', 'male breast cancer and genetic susceptibility', 'male breast cancer and epigenetics', 'male breast cancer and methylation', 'male breast cancer and miRNA', 'male breast cancer and ethics'. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS As in women, three classes of breast cancer genetic susceptibility (high, moderate, and low penetrance) are recognized in men. However, genes involved and their impact do not exactly overlap in female and male BC. Epigenetic alterations are currently scarcely investigated in MBC, however, the different methylation and miRNA expression profiles identified to date in female and male BCs suggest a potential role for epigenetic alterations as diagnostic biomarkers. Overall, much still needs to be learned about MBC and, because of its rarity, the main effort is to develop large consortia for moving forward in understanding MBC and improving the management of MBC patients on a perspective of gender medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rizzolo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Rome
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23
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Fernandes PH, Saam J, Peterson J, Hughes E, Kaldate R, Cummings S, Theisen A, Chen S, Trost J, Roa BB. Comprehensive sequencing of PALB2 in patients with breast cancer suggests PALB2 mutations explain a subset of hereditary breast cancer. Cancer 2014; 120:963-7. [PMID: 24415441 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.28504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study sought to determine the prevalence of PALB2 mutations in a cohort referred for diagnostic testing for hereditary breast cancer. METHODS Sanger sequencing was used to analyze the entire coding region and flanking introns of PALB2 in anonymized DNA samples from 1479 patients. Samples were stratified into a "high-risk" group, 955 samples from individuals predicted to have a high probability of carrying a mutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2 based on their personal and family history, and a "lower-risk" group consisting of 524 samples from patients with breast cancer, but fewer risk factors for being a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carrier. All patients were known to be negative for deleterious sequence mutations and large rearrangements in BRCA1 and BRCA2. RESULTS We identified 12 disease-associated PALB2 mutations among the 1479 patients (0.8%). The PALB2 mutations included 8 nonsense, 3 frameshift mutations and a splice-site mutation. The mutation prevalence for the high-risk population was 1.05% (95% CI = 0.5-1.92), whereas that for the lower-risk population was 0.38% (95% CI = 0.05-1.37). We identified 59 PALB2 variants of uncertain significance (VUS) among 57 of the 1479 patients (3.9%). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that PALB2 mutations occur at a frequency of ~1% in patients with hereditary breast cancer.
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Park JY, Singh TR, Nassar N, Zhang F, Freund M, Hanenberg H, Meetei AR, Andreassen PR. Breast cancer-associated missense mutants of the PALB2 WD40 domain, which directly binds RAD51C, RAD51 and BRCA2, disrupt DNA repair. Oncogene 2013; 33:4803-12. [PMID: 24141787 PMCID: PMC3994186 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Heterozygous carriers of germ-line mutations in the BRCA2/FANCD1, PALB2/FANCN and RAD51C/FANCO DNA repair genes have an increased lifetime risk of developing breast, ovarian and other cancers; bi-allelic mutations in these genes clinically manifest as Fanconi anemia (FA). Here, we demonstrate that RAD51C is part of a novel protein complex that contains PALB2 and BRCA2. Further, the PALB2 WD40 domain can directly and independently bind RAD51C and BRCA2. To understand the role of these homologous recombination (HR) proteins in DNA repair, we functionally characterize effects of missense mutants of the PALB2 WD40 domain that have been reported in breast cancer patients. In contrast to large truncations of PALB2, which display a complete loss of interaction, the L939W, T1030I and L1143P missense mutants/variants of the PALB2 WD40 domain are associated with altered patterns of direct binding to the RAD51C, RAD51 and BRCA2 HR proteins in biochemical assays. Further, the T1030I missense mutant is unstable, whereas the L939W and L1143P proteins are stable but partially disrupt the PALB2-RAD51C-BRCA2 complex in cells. Functionally, the L939W and L1143P mutants display a decreased capacity for DNA double-strand break-induced HR and an increased cellular sensitivity to ionizing radiation. As further evidence for the functional importance of the HR complex, RAD51C mutants that are associated with cancer susceptibility and FA also display decreased complex formation with PALB2. Together, our results suggest that three different cancer susceptibility and FA proteins function in a DNA repair pathway based upon the PALB2 WD40 domain binding to RAD51C and BRCA2.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-Y Park
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - T R Singh
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - N Nassar
- 1] Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, USA [2] Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - F Zhang
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - M Freund
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head/Neck Surgery, Heinrich Heine University School of Medicine, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - H Hanenberg
- 1] Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head/Neck Surgery, Heinrich Heine University School of Medicine, Duesseldorf, Germany [2] Unit of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, The Riley Hospital, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA [3] Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - A R Meetei
- 1] Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, USA [2] Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - P R Andreassen
- 1] Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, USA [2] Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Janatova M, Kleibl Z, Stribrna J, Panczak A, Vesela K, Zimovjanova M, Kleiblova P, Dundr P, Soukupova J, Pohlreich P. The PALB2 gene is a strong candidate for clinical testing in BRCA1- and BRCA2-negative hereditary breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2013; 22:2323-32. [PMID: 24136930 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-13-0745-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several reports indicate that inherited mutations in the PALB2 gene predispose to breast cancer. However, there is little agreement about the clinical relevance and usefulness of mutation screening in this gene. We analyzed the prevalence and spectrum of germline mutations in PALB2 to estimate their contribution to hereditary breast and/or ovarian cancer in the Czech Republic. METHODS The entire PALB2 coding region was sequenced in 409 breast/ovarian cancer patients negative for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. Testing for large genomic rearrangements (LGR) was performed by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) analysis. RESULTS We have identified 13 different pathogenic alterations including 10 truncating mutations and three LGRs in 16 of 409 patients (3.9%), whereas one truncating mutation was found in a group of 1,226 controls (0.08%; P = 2.6 × 10(-9)). Three novel LGRs included deletions involving exons 7-8 and 9-10, respectively, and a duplication spanning exons 9-11. Five frameshift and two nonsense mutations were novel, whereas three truncating mutations were described previously. The only recurrent mutation was the c.172_175delTTGT detected in four unrelated breast cancer individuals. CONCLUSIONS Our analyses demonstrated the significant role of the PALB2 gene in breast cancer susceptibility. The highest frequency of PALB2 mutations (comparable with that previously reported for BRCA2) was found in a subgroup of patients with hereditary breast cancer (HBC) (13/235; 5.5%). IMPACT Our results show that mutation analysis of the PALB2 gene, including the analysis of LGRs, is primarily indicated in patients with HBC in case of their BRCA1 and BRCA2 negativity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marketa Janatova
- Authors' Affiliations: Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague; Institutes of Biology and Medical Genetics and Pathology, and Department of Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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Analysis of PALB2 gene in BRCA1/BRCA2 negative Spanish hereditary breast/ovarian cancer families with pancreatic cancer cases. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67538. [PMID: 23935836 PMCID: PMC3720732 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The PALB2 gene, also known as FANCN, forms a bond and co-localizes with BRCA2 in DNA repair. Germline mutations in PALB2 have been identified in approximately 1% of familial breast cancer and 3–4% of familial pancreatic cancer. The goal of this study was to determine the prevalence of PALB2 mutations in a population of BRCA1/BRCA2 negative breast cancer patients selected from either a personal or family history of pancreatic cancer. Methods 132 non-BRCA1/BRCA2 breast/ovarian cancer families with at least one pancreatic cancer case were included in the study. PALB2 mutational analysis was performed by direct sequencing of all coding exons and intron/exon boundaries, as well as multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification. Results Two PALB2 truncating mutations, the c.1653T>A (p.Tyr551Stop) previously reported, and c.3362del (p.Gly1121ValfsX3) which is a novel frameshift mutation, were identified. Moreover, several PALB2 variants were detected; some of them were predicted as pathological by bioinformatic analysis. Considering truncating mutations, the prevalence rate of our population of BRCA1/2-negative breast cancer patients with pancreatic cancer is 1.5%. Conclusions The prevalence rate of PALB2 mutations in non-BRCA1/BRCA2 breast/ovarian cancer families, selected from either a personal or family pancreatic cancer history, is similar to that previously described for unselected breast/ovarian cancer families. Future research directed towards identifying other gene(s) involved in the development of breast/pancreatic cancer families is required.
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Southey MC, Teo ZL, Winship I. PALB2 and breast cancer: ready for clinical translation! APPLICATION OF CLINICAL GENETICS 2013; 6:43-52. [PMID: 23935381 PMCID: PMC3735037 DOI: 10.2147/tacg.s34116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
For almost two decades, breast cancer clinical genetics has operated in an environment where a heritable cause of breast cancer susceptibility is identified in the vast minority of women seeking advice about their personal and/or family history of breast and/or ovarian cancer. A new wave of genetic information is upon us that promises to provide an explanation for the greater proportion of current missing heritability of breast cancer. Whilst researchers refine bioinformatic and analytic methodology necessary to interpret the new genetic data, attention needs to be paid to defining appropriate and coordinated pathways for the translation of this information so that it can be applied in clinical genetic services for the benefit of the majority of women who currently have no explanation for their breast cancer susceptibility. The search for additional breast cancer susceptibility genes remains a very active area of research. Exhausting the power of linkage studies that identified BRCA1 and BRCA2, the research community moved to candidate gene studies that led to the identification of ATM, BRIP1, CHEK2, and PALB2 as so-called "moderate-risk" breast cancer susceptibility genes. Mutations in these genes are rare and although early reports suggested that, on average, they are associated with moderate risks of breast cancer; population-based studies have demonstrated that at least some mutations in these genes are associated with breast cancer risks that are comparable to the average risk associated with BRCA2 mutations. The search for additional breast cancer susceptibility genes has now moved onto research platforms applying massively parallel sequencing capable of sequencing whole human exomes and genomes in single instrument runs. These programs are identifying a large number of additional putative breast cancer susceptibility genes, many of which are currently undergoing validation. It is highly anticipated that the remaining missing heritability of breast cancer will be due to mutations in many different genes, each explaining a small proportion of the currently unexplained heritable breast cancer susceptibility. The characterization of PALB2 as a breast cancer susceptibility gene and subsequent research that has refined our understanding of the prevalence and penetrance of heritable mutations in PALB2 offers a precious opportunity to use the data as a model and develop modes of translation that would be appropriate for the anticipated volume of imminent new information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa C Southey
- Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Abstract
It is estimated that 5% to 10% of pancreatic cancer is familial. Although there is evidence of a major pancreatic cancer susceptibility gene, the majority of families with multiple cases of pancreatic cancer do not have an identifiable causative gene or syndrome. However, a subset of pancreatic cancer is attributable to known inherited cancer predisposition syndromes, including several hereditary breast cancer genes (BRCA1, BRCA2, and PALB2), CDKN2A, hereditary pancreatitis, hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer, and Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. In addition to explaining a proportion of familial pancreatic cancer, individuals with these conditions are at increased risk for pancreatic cancer. Relatives from familial pancreatic cancer kindreds without one of these identifiable syndromes may have as high as a 32-fold risk of pancreatic cancer, depending on the number of affected first-degree relatives. Such high-risk individuals may benefit from increased surveillance, and strategies for early detection of pancreatic cancer are under evaluation.
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Ghiorzo P, Pensotti V, Fornarini G, Sciallero S, Battistuzzi L, Belli F, Bonelli L, Borgonovo G, Bruno W, Gozza A, Gargiulo S, Mastracci L, Nasti S, Palmieri G, Papadia F, Pastorino L, Russo A, Savarino V, Varesco L, Bernard L, Bianchi Scarrà G. Contribution of germline mutations in the BRCA and PALB2 genes to pancreatic cancer in Italy. Fam Cancer 2012; 11:41-7. [PMID: 21989927 DOI: 10.1007/s10689-011-9483-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PC) is the third most common cancer associated with BRCA mutations. Most notice has been given to BRCA2, while the association between BRCA1 and PC is less widely reported. Recently, PALB2 has been implicated in both PC and breast cancer (BC) susceptibility. We selected 29 Italian PC patients from a case-control study of PC according to their personal and family history of both PC and breast/ovarian cancer (BC/OC) and tested them for presence of germline mutations in BRCA1, BRCA2 and PALB2. We identified no germline mutations or deletions in PALB2, but detected 7 BRCA mutations (4 in BRCA1 and 3 in BRCA2). These findings suggest that PALB2 does not play a major role in PC susceptibility in our population. As we found an almost equal frequency of germline mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2, germline alterations in either of these genes may explain a subset of Italian families presenting both PC and BC/OC. Moreover, as we began the observation of these families from probands who are affected by PC, we provide here a direct assessment of the role of PALB2 and BRCA mutations in PC susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ghiorzo
- Department of Oncology, Biology and Genetics, University of Genoa, V.le Benedetto XV, 6, 16129, Genoa, Italy.
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Routine testing for PALB2 mutations in familial pancreatic cancer families and breast cancer families with pancreatic cancer is not indicated. Eur J Hum Genet 2011; 20:577-9. [PMID: 22166947 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2011.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PALB2-mutation carriers not only have an increased risk for breast cancer (BC) but also for pancreatic cancer (PC). Thus far, PALB2 mutations have been mainly found in PC patients from families affected by both PC and BC. As it is well known that the prevalence of gene mutations varies between different populations, we studied the prevalence of PALB2 mutations in a Dutch cohort of non-BRCA1/2 familial PC (FPC) families and in non-BRCA1/2 familial BC (FBC) families with at least one PC case. Mutation analysis included direct sequencing and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) and was performed in a total of 64 patients from 56 distinct families (28 FPC families, 28 FBC families). In total, 31 patients (48%) originated from FPC families; 24 were FPC patients (77%), 6 had a personal history of BC (19%) and 1 was a suspected carrier (3.2%). The remaining 33 patients (52%) were all female BC patients of whom 31 (94%) had a family history of PC and 2 (6.1%) had a personal history of PC. In none of these 64 patients a PALB2 mutation was found. Therefore, PALB2 does not have a major causal role in familial clustering of PC and BC in non-BRCA1/2 families in the Dutch population.
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Rizzolo P, Silvestri V, Falchetti M, Ottini L. Inherited and acquired alterations in development of breast cancer. APPLICATION OF CLINICAL GENETICS 2011; 4:145-58. [PMID: 23776375 PMCID: PMC3681186 DOI: 10.2147/tacg.s13226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women, accounting for about 30% of all cancers. In contrast, breast cancer is a rare disease in men, accounting for less than 1% of all cancers. Up to 10% of all breast cancers are hereditary forms, caused by inherited germ-line mutations in "high-penetrance," "moderate-penetrance," and "low-penetrance" breast cancer susceptibility genes. The remaining 90% of breast cancers are due to acquired somatic genetic and epigenetic alterations. A heterogeneous set of somatic alterations, including mutations and gene amplification, are reported to be involved in the etiology of breast cancer. Promoter hypermethylation of genes involved in DNA repair and hormone-mediated cell signaling, as well as altered expression of micro RNAs predicted to regulate key breast cancer genes, play an equally important role as genetic factors in development of breast cancer. Elucidation of the inherited and acquired genetic and epigenetic alterations involved in breast cancer may not only clarify molecular pathways involved in the development and progression of breast cancer itself, but may also have an important clinical and therapeutic impact on improving the management of patients with the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piera Rizzolo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, "La Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Hofstatter EW, Domchek SM, Miron A, Garber J, Wang M, Componeschi K, Boghossian L, Miron PL, Nathanson KL, Tung N. PALB2 mutations in familial breast and pancreatic cancer. Fam Cancer 2011; 10:225-31. [PMID: 21365267 DOI: 10.1007/s10689-011-9426-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PALB2 (Partner And Localizer of BRCA2) binds to and co-localizes with BRCA2 in DNA repair. Germline mutations in PALB2 have been identified in approximately 1-2% of familial breast cancer and 3-4% of familial pancreatic cancer cases. The goal of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of PALB2 mutations in women with breast cancer without BRCA1/2 mutations who also had a personal or family history of pancreatic cancer. PALB2 mutation analysis was performed in 94 non-BRCA1/2 breast cancer patients with a personal or family history of pancreatic cancer. Two truncating PALB2 mutations, c.3549C>CA and c.2962C>CT, were identified resulting in a mutation prevalence of 2.1%. The proband found to carry the c.3549C>CA PALB2 mutation had a mother diagnosed with both breast and pancreatic cancer; this relative was subsequently confirmed to carry the identical mutation. The proband with the c.2962C>CT mutation had a father and paternal aunt diagnosed with pancreatic cancer; neither relative was available for testing. Two novel PALB2 missense variants were also found, one of which was deemed potentially deleterious. The prevalence rate of PALB2 mutations in a non-BRCA1/2 breast cancer population specifically selected for a family history of pancreatic cancer does not appear to be significantly increased compared to that observed in other breast cancer populations studied thus far. Further evaluation is needed to determine the prevalence of PALB2 mutations and the clinical utility of such testing in those individuals affected with both breast and pancreatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin W Hofstatter
- Section of Medical Oncology, Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, PO Box 208032, New Haven, CT 06520-8032, USA.
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Zheng Y, Zhang J, Niu Q, Huo D, Olopade OI. Novel germline PALB2 truncating mutations in African American breast cancer patients. Cancer 2011; 118:1362-70. [PMID: 21932393 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.26388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Revised: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been demonstrated that the partner and localizer of breast cancer 2 (PALB2) acts as a bridging molecule between the breast cancer 1 (BRCA1) and BRCA2 proteins and is responsible for facilitating BRCA2-mediated DNA repair. Truncating mutations in the PALB2 gene reportedly are enriched in patients with Fanconi anemia and breast cancer in various populations. METHODS The authors evaluated the contribution of PALB2 germline mutations in 279 African American women with breast cancer, including 29 patients with a strong family history, 29 patients with a moderate family history, 75 patients with a weak family history, and 146 patients with nonfamilial or sporadic breast cancer. RESULTS After direct sequencing of all the coding exons, exon/intron boundaries, and 5' and 3' untranslated regions of PALB2, 3 novel, monoallelic, truncating mutations (1.08%; 3 in 279 patients) were identified (c.758dupT [exon 4], c.1479delC [exon 4], and c.3048delT [exon 10]) together with 50 sequence variants, 27 of which were novel. None of the truncating mutations were identified in a group of 262 controls from the same population. CONCLUSIONS PALB2 mutations were present in both familial and nonfamilial breast cancers among African Americans. Rare PALB2 mutations accounted for a small but substantial proportion of patients with breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonglan Zheng
- Center for Clinical Cancer Genetics and Global Health, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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Bogdanova N, Sokolenko AP, Iyevleva AG, Abysheva SN, Blaut M, Bremer M, Christiansen H, Rave-Fränk M, Dörk T, Imyanitov EN. PALB2 mutations in German and Russian patients with bilateral breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010; 126:545-50. [PMID: 21165770 PMCID: PMC3291835 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-010-1290-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Since germline mutations in the PALB2 (Partner and Localizer of BRCA2) gene have been identified as breast cancer (BC) susceptibility alleles, the geographical spread and risks associated with PALB2 mutations are subject of intense investigation. Patients with bilateral breast cancer constitute a valuable group for genetic studies. We have thus scanned the whole coding region of PALB2 in a total of 203 German or Russian bilateral breast cancer patients using an approach based on high-resolution melting analysis and direct sequencing of genomic DNA samples. Truncating PALB2 mutations were identified in 4/203 (2%) breast cancer patients with bilateral disease. The two nonsense mutations, p.E545X and p.Q921X, have not been previously described whereas the two other mutations, p.R414X and c.509_510delGA, are recurrent. Our results indicate that PALB2 germline mutations account for a small, but not negligible, proportion of bilateral breast carcinomas in German and Russian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Bogdanova
- Gynecology Research Unit, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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