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Kavarthapu R, Dufau ML. Prolactin receptor gene transcriptional control, regulatory modalities relevant to breast cancer resistance and invasiveness. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:949396. [PMID: 36187116 PMCID: PMC9520000 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.949396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The prolactin receptor (PRLR) is a member of the lactogen/cytokine receptor family, which mediates multiple actions of prolactin (PRL). PRL is a major hormone in the proliferation/differentiation of breast epithelium that is essential for lactation. It is also involved in breast cancer development, tumor growth and chemoresistance. Human PRLR expression is controlled at the transcriptional level by multiple promoters. Each promoter directs transcription/expression of a specific non-coding exon 1, a common non-coding exon 2 and coding exons E3-11. The identification of exon 11 of PRLR led to finding of alternative spliced products and two novel short forms (SF) that can inhibit the long form (LF) of PRLR activity with relevance in physiological regulation and breast cancer. Homo and heterodimers of LF and SF are formed in the absence of PRL that acts as a conformational modifier. Heterodimerization of SF with LF is a major mechanism through which SF inhibits some signaling pathways originating at the LF. Biochemical/molecular modeling approaches demonstrated that the human PRLR conformation stabilized by extracellular intramolecular S-S bonds and several amino acids in the extracellular D1 domain of PRLR SF are required for its inhibitory actions on PRLR LF-mediated functions. Studies in breast cancer cells demonstrated that the transcription of PRLR was directed by the preferentially utilized PIII promoter, which lacks an estrogen responsive element. Complex formation of non-DNA bound ERα dimer with Sp1 and C/EBPβ dimers bound to their sites at the PRLR promoter is required for basal activity. Estradiol induces transcriptional activation/expression of the PRLR gene, and subsequent studies revealed the essential role of autocrine PRL released by breast cancer cells and CDK7 in estradiol-induced PRLR promoter activation and upregulation. Other studies revealed stimulation of the PRLR promoter activity and PRLR LF protein by PRL in the absence of estrogen via the STAT5/phospho-ERα activation loop. Additionally, EGF/ERBB1 can induce the transcription of PRLR independent of estrogen and prolactin. The various regulatory modalities contributing to the upregulation of PRLR provide options for the development of therapeutic approaches to mitigate its participation in breast cancer progression and resistance.
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Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is characterized by a high morbidity and mortality, highlighting a great need for a better understanding of biological mechanisms that affect OC progression and improving its early detection methods. This study investigates effects of prolactin (PRL) on ovarian cancer cells, analyzes PRL receptors (PRLR) in tissue micro arrays and relates PRLR expression to survival of ovarian cancer. A database, composed of transcript profiles from OC, was searched for PRLR expression and results were put in relation to survival. Expression of PRLR in OC tissue sections and OC cell lines SKOV3, OV2008 and OVSAHO was assessed using immunohistochemistry, western blots and quantitative real-time PCR. The biological function of PRLR was evaluated by proliferation, colony formation and wound healing assays. Levels of PRLR mRNA are related to survival; in epithelial OC a high PRLR mRNA expression is related to a shorter survival. Analysis of a tissue micro array consisting of 84 OC showed that 72% were positive for PRLR immuno-staining. PRLR staining tended to be higher in OC of high grade tumors compared to lower grades. PRLR mRNA and protein can further be detected in OC cell lines. Moreover, in vitro treatment with PRL significantly activated the JAK/STAT pathway. PRLR expression is associated with OC survivals. PRL and its receptor may play an onco-modulatory role and promote tumor aggressiveness in OC. Alternatively, increased PRLR levels may form a base for the development of PRLR antagonist or PRLR antagonist-drug conjugate to increase selective uptake of anti-cancer drugs.
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Asad AS, Nicola Candia AJ, Gonzalez N, Zuccato CF, Seilicovich A, Candolfi M. The role of the prolactin receptor pathway in the pathogenesis of glioblastoma: what do we know so far? Expert Opin Ther Targets 2020; 24:1121-1133. [PMID: 32896197 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2020.1821187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Prolactin (PRL) and its receptor (PRLR) have been associated with the development of hormone-dependent tumors and have been detected in glioblastoma (GBM) biopsies. GBM is the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor in adults and the prognosis for patients is dismal; hence researchers are exploring the PRLR pathway as a therapeutic target in this disease. Areas covered: This paper explores the effects of PRLR activation on the biology of GBM, the correlation between PRL and PRLR expression and GBM progression and survival in male and female patients. Finally, we discuss how a better understanding of the PRLR pathway may allow the development of novel treatments for GBM. Expert opinion: We propose PRL and PRLR as potential prognosis biomarkers and therapeutic targets in GBM. Local administration of PRLR inhibitors using gene therapy may offer a beneficial strategy for targeting GBM cells disseminated in the non-neoplastic brain; however, efficacy and safety require careful and extensive evaluation. The data depicted herein underline the need to (i) improve our understanding of sexual dimorphism in GBM, and (ii) develop accurate preclinical models that take into consideration different hormonal contexts, specific genetic alterations, and tumor grades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonela S Asad
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro J Nicola Candia
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nazareno Gonzalez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Camila F Zuccato
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adriana Seilicovich
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires, Argentina.,departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marianela Candolfi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Chhatriya B, Mukherjee M, Ray S, Sarkar P, Chatterjee S, Nath D, Das K, Goswami S. Comparison of tumour and serum specific microRNA changes dissecting their role in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: a meta-analysis. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:1175. [PMID: 31795960 PMCID: PMC6891989 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-6380-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is considered as one of the most aggressive cancers lacking efficient early detection biomarkers. Circulating miRNAs are now being considered to have potency to be used as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in different diseases as well as cancers. In case of cancer, a fraction of the circulating miRNAs is actually derived from the tumour tissue. This fraction would function as stable biomarker for the disease and also would contribute to the understanding of the disease development. There are not many studies exploring this aspect in pancreatic cancer and even there is not much overlap of results between existing studies. Methods In order to address that gap, we performed a miRNA microarray analysis to identify differentially expressed circulating miRNAs between PDAC patients and normal healthy individuals and also found two more similar datasets to perform a meta-analysis using a total of 182 PDAC patients and 170 normal, identifying a set of miRNAs significantly altered in patient serum. Next, we found five datasets studying miRNA expression profile in tumour tissues of PDAC patients as compared to normal pancreas and performed a second meta-analysis using data from a total of 183 pancreatic tumour and 47 normal pancreas to detect significantly deregulated miRNAs in pancreatic carcinoma. Comparison of these two lists and subsequent search for their target genes which were also deregulated in PDAC in inverse direction to miRNAs was done followed by investigation of their role in disease development. Results We identified 21 miRNAs altered in both pancreatic tumour tissue and serum. While deciphering the functions of their target genes, we characterized key miR-Gene interactions perturbing the biological pathways. We identified important cancer related pathways, pancreas specific pathways, AGE-RAGE signaling, prolactin signaling and insulin resistance signaling pathways among the most affected ones. We also reported the possible involvement of crucial transcription factors in the process. Conclusions Our study identified a unique meta-signature of 21 miRNAs capable of explaining pancreatic carcinogenesis and possibly holding the potential to act as biomarker for the disease detection which could be explored further.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Moumita Mukherjee
- National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, West Bengal, India
| | - Sukanta Ray
- School of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Piyali Sarkar
- Present Address: Tata Medical Centre, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Debashis Nath
- Indira Gandhi Memorial Hospital, Agartala, Tripura, India
| | - Kshaunish Das
- School of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Srikanta Goswami
- National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, West Bengal, India.
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Griffith OL, Chan SR, Griffith M, Krysiak K, Skidmore ZL, Hundal J, Allen JA, Arthur CD, Runci D, Bugatti M, Miceli AP, Schmidt H, Trani L, Kanchi KL, Miller CA, Larson DE, Fulton RS, Vermi W, Wilson RK, Schreiber RD, Mardis ER. Truncating Prolactin Receptor Mutations Promote Tumor Growth in Murine Estrogen Receptor-Alpha Mammary Carcinomas. Cell Rep 2017; 17:249-260. [PMID: 27681435 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.08.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptor alpha-positive (ERα+) luminal tumors are the most frequent subtype of breast cancer. Stat1(-/-) mice develop mammary tumors that closely recapitulate the biological characteristics of this cancer subtype. To identify transforming events that contribute to tumorigenesis, we performed whole genome sequencing of Stat1(-/-) primary mammary tumors and matched normal tissues. This investigation identified somatic truncating mutations affecting the prolactin receptor (PRLR) in all tumor and no normal samples. Targeted sequencing confirmed the presence of these mutations in precancerous lesions, indicating that this is an early event in tumorigenesis. Functional evaluation of these heterozygous mutations in Stat1(-/-) mouse embryonic fibroblasts showed that co-expression of truncated and wild-type PRLR led to aberrant STAT3 and STAT5 activation downstream of the receptor, cellular transformation in vitro, and tumor formation in vivo. In conclusion, truncating mutations of PRLR promote tumor growth in a model of human ERα+ breast cancer and warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obi L Griffith
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Ave., St. Louis, MO 63108, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 4921 Parkview Pl., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Szeman Ruby Chan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Malachi Griffith
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Ave., St. Louis, MO 63108, USA; Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 4921 Parkview Pl., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kilannin Krysiak
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Ave., St. Louis, MO 63108, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Zachary L Skidmore
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Ave., St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Jasreet Hundal
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Ave., St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Julie A Allen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Cora D Arthur
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Daniele Runci
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Mattia Bugatti
- Section of Pathology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, Piazza del Mercato, 15, 25121 Brescia, Italy
| | - Alexander P Miceli
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Heather Schmidt
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Ave., St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Lee Trani
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Ave., St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Krishna-Latha Kanchi
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Ave., St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Christopher A Miller
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Ave., St. Louis, MO 63108, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David E Larson
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Ave., St. Louis, MO 63108, USA; Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Robert S Fulton
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Ave., St. Louis, MO 63108, USA; Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - William Vermi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Section of Pathology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, Piazza del Mercato, 15, 25121 Brescia, Italy
| | - Richard K Wilson
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Ave., St. Louis, MO 63108, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 4921 Parkview Pl., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Robert D Schreiber
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, 425 S Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Elaine R Mardis
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Ave., St. Louis, MO 63108, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 4921 Parkview Pl., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Goffin V. Prolactin receptor targeting in breast and prostate cancers: New insights into an old challenge. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 179:111-126. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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7
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Logan GJ, Dabbs DJ, Lucas PC, Jankowitz RC, Brown DD, Clark BZ, Oesterreich S, McAuliffe PF. Molecular drivers of lobular carcinoma in situ. Breast Cancer Res 2015; 17:76. [PMID: 26041550 PMCID: PMC4453073 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-015-0580-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) is considered to be a risk factor for the development of invasive breast carcinoma, but it may also be a non-obligate precursor to invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC). Many LCIS lesions do not progress to ILC, and the molecular changes that are necessary for progression from LCIS to ILC are poorly understood. Disruption in the E-cadherin complex is the hallmark of lobular lesions, but other signaling molecules, such as PIK3CA and c-src, are consistently altered in LCIS. This review focuses on the molecular drivers of lobular carcinoma, a more complete understanding of which may give perspective on which LCIS lesions progress, and which will not, thus having immense clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg J Logan
- Womens Cancer Research Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - David J Dabbs
- Womens Cancer Research Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA. .,Department of Pathology, Magee-Womens Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - Peter C Lucas
- Womens Cancer Research Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA. .,Department of Pathology, Magee-Womens Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - Rachel C Jankowitz
- Womens Cancer Research Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA. .,Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - Daniel D Brown
- Womens Cancer Research Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA. .,Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - Beth Z Clark
- Womens Cancer Research Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA. .,Department of Pathology, Magee-Womens Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - Steffi Oesterreich
- Womens Cancer Research Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - Priscilla F McAuliffe
- Womens Cancer Research Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA. .,Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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Abstract
Prolactin has, for long, been associated with galactorrhea and infertility in women while its role in men is largely unknown. Recently, expression of prolactin in various other tissues like the breast, prostate, decidua, and the brain has been recognized. This has led to evaluation of paracrine and autocrine actions of prolactin at these tissues and a possible role in development of various cancers. Increased expression of PRL receptors has also been implicated in carcinogenesis. Breast cancer has the strongest association with increased prolactin and prolactin receptor levels. Prostate cancer also has reported significant association, while the role of prolactin in colorectal, gynecological, laryngeal, and hepatocellular cancers is more tenuous. Prolactin/prolactin receptor pathway has also been implicated in development of resistance to chemotherapy. Thus, the effects of this pathway in carcinogenesis seem widespread. At the same time, they also offer an exciting new approach to hormonal manipulation of cancers, especially the treatment-resistant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bipin Kumar Sethi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Care Hospitals, Banjara Hills, Road Number 1, Hyderabad - 500 034, Andhra, Pradesh, India
| | - G.V. Chanukya
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Care Hospitals, Banjara Hills, Road Number 1, Hyderabad - 500 034, Andhra, Pradesh, India
| | - V. Sri Nagesh
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Care Hospitals, Banjara Hills, Road Number 1, Hyderabad - 500 034, Andhra, Pradesh, India
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Hou L, Xu B, Mohankumar KM, Goffin V, Perry JK, Lobie PE, Liu DX. The prolactin receptor mediates HOXA1-stimulated oncogenicity in mammary carcinoma cells. Int J Oncol 2012; 41:2285-95. [PMID: 23064471 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2012.1660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The HOX genes are a highly conserved subgroup of homeodomain-containing transcription factors that are crucial to normal development. Forced expression of HOXA1 results in oncogenic transformation of immortalized human mammary cells with aggressive tumour formation in vivo. Microarray analysis identified that the prolactin receptor (PRLR) was significantly upregulated by forced expression of HOXA1 in mammary carcinoma cells. To determine prolactin (PRL) involvement in HOXA1‑induced oncogenicity in mammary carcinoma cells (MCF-7), we examined the effect of human prolactin (hPRL)-initiated PRLR signal transduction on changes in cellular behaviour mediated by HOXA1. Forced expression of HOXA1 in MCF-7 cells increased PRLR mRNA and protein expression. Forced expression of HOXA1 also enhanced hPRL-stimulated phosphorylation of both STAT5A/B and p44/42 MAPK, and increased subsequent transcriptional activity of STAT5A and STAT5B, and Elk-1 and Sap1a, respectively. Moreover, forced expression of HOXA1 in MCF-7 cells enhanced the hPRL‑stimulated increase in total cell number as a consequence of enhanced cell proliferation and cell survival, and also enhanced hPRL-stimulated anchorage-independent growth in soft agar. Increased anchorage-independent growth was attenuated by the PRLR antagonist ∆1-9-G129R‑hPRL. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that HOXA1 increases expression of the cell surface receptor PRLR and enhances PRLR-mediated signal transduction. Thus, the PRLR is one mediator of HOXA1‑stimulated oncogenicity in mammary carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Hou
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
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10
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Idelman G, Jacobson EM, Tuttle TR, Ben-Jonathan N. Lactogens and estrogens in breast cancer chemoresistance. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2011; 6:411-422. [PMID: 21731573 PMCID: PMC3125604 DOI: 10.1586/eem.11.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tumor resistance to chemotherapy in advanced breast cancer is a major impediment to treatment success. Resistance can be induced by the drugs themselves or result from the action of internal factors. The role of hormones in chemoresistance has received little attention. This article focuses on two classes of hormones: lactogens and estrogens. Lactogens include prolactin, growth hormone and placental lactogen, all of which can activate the prolactin receptor. Estrogens include endogenous steroids and nonsteroidal compounds from the environment termed endocrine disruptors, all of which can activate 'classical' estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ), as well as other types of receptors. Both lactogens and estrogens antagonize cytotoxicity of multiple chemotherapeutic agents through complementary mechanisms. The implications of chemoresistance by these hormones to patients with breast cancer, and the potential benefits of developing combinatorial anti-lactogen/anti-estrogen treatment regimens, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gila Idelman
- Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, University of Cincinnati, 7315 Eden Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0521, USA
| | - Eric M Jacobson
- Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, University of Cincinnati, 7315 Eden Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0521, USA
| | - Traci R Tuttle
- Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, University of Cincinnati, 7315 Eden Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0521, USA
| | - Nira Ben-Jonathan
- Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, University of Cincinnati, 7315 Eden Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0521, USA
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11
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Gru A, Craig Allred D. High-resolution analyses of gene copy number reveal new insights into the prognosis and progression of breast cancers. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010; 128:41-3. [PMID: 20814818 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-010-1146-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 08/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Gru
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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