1
|
Su K, Yu Q, Shen R, Sun SY, Moreno CS, Li X, Qin ZS. Pan-cancer analysis of pathway-based gene expression pattern at the individual level reveals biomarkers of clinical prognosis. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2021; 1:100050. [PMID: 34671755 PMCID: PMC8525796 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2021.100050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Identifying biomarkers to predict the clinical outcomes of individual patients is a fundamental problem in clinical oncology. Multiple single-gene biomarkers have already been identified and used in clinics. However, multiple oncogenes or tumor-suppressor genes are involved during the process of tumorigenesis. Additionally, the efficacy of single-gene biomarkers is limited by the extensively variable expression levels measured by high-throughput assays. In this study, we hypothesize that in individual tumor samples, the disruption of transcription homeostasis in key pathways or gene sets plays an important role in tumorigenesis and has profound implications for the patient's clinical outcome. We devised a computational method named iPath to identify, at the individual-sample level, which pathways or gene sets significantly deviate from their norms. We conducted a pan-cancer analysis and demonstrated that iPath is capable of identifying highly predictive biomarkers for clinical outcomes, including overall survival, tumor subtypes, and tumor-stage classifications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenong Su
- Department of Computer Science, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Qi Yu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ronglai Shen
- Department of Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10017, USA
| | - Shi-Yong Sun
- Department of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Carlos S. Moreno
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Xiaoxian Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Zhaohui S. Qin
- Department of Computer Science, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Schuler LA, Murdoch FE. Endogenous and Therapeutic Estrogens: Maestro Conductors of the Microenvironment of ER+ Breast Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13153725. [PMID: 34359625 PMCID: PMC8345134 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) marks heterogeneous breast cancers which display a repertoire of somatic genomic mutations and an immune environment that differs from other breast cancer subtypes. These cancers also exhibit distinct biological behaviors; despite an overall better prognosis than HER2+ or triple negative breast cancers, disseminated dormant cells can lead to disease recurrence decades after the initial diagnosis and treatment. Estrogen is the best studied driver of these cancers, and antagonism or reduction of estrogen activity is the cornerstone of therapeutic approaches. In addition to reducing proliferation of ERα+ cancer cells, these treatments also alter signals to multiple other target cells in the environment, including immune cell subpopulations, cancer-associated fibroblasts, and endothelial cells via several distinct estrogen receptors. In this review, we update progress in our understanding of the stromal cells populating the microenvironments of primary and metastatic ER+ tumors, the effects of estrogen on tumor and stromal cells to modulate immune activity and the extracellular matrix, and net outcomes in experimental and clinical studies. We highlight new approaches that will illuminate the unique biology of these cancers, provide the foundation for developing new treatment and prevention strategies, and reduce mortality of this disease.
Collapse
|
3
|
Petrović N, Nakashidze I, Nedeljković M. Breast Cancer Response to Therapy: Can microRNAs Lead the Way? J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2021; 26:157-178. [PMID: 33479880 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-021-09478-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is a leading cause of death among women with malignant diseases. The selection of adequate therapies for highly invasive and metastatic BCs still represents a major challenge. Novel combinatorial therapeutic approaches are urgently required to enhance the efficiency of BC treatment. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) emerged as key regulators of the complex mechanisms that govern BC therapeutic resistance and susceptibility. In the present review we aim to critically examine how miRNAs influence BC response to therapies, or how to use miRNAs as a basis for new therapeutic approaches. We summarized recent findings in this rapidly evolving field, emphasizing the challenges still ahead for the successful implementation of miRNAs into BC treatment while providing insights for future BC management.The goal of this review was to propose miRNAs, that might simultaneously improve the efficacy of all four therapies that are the backbone of current BC management (radio-, chemo-, targeted, and hormone therapy). Among the described miRNAs, miR-21 and miR-16 emerged as the most promising, closely followed by miR-205, miR-451, miR-182, and miRNAs from the let-7 family. miR-21 inhibition might be the best choice for future improvement of invasive BC treatment.New therapeutic strategies of miRNA-based agents alongside current standard treatment modalities could greatly benefit BC patients. This review represents a guideline on how to navigate this elaborate puzzle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Petrović
- Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, Department of Health and Environment, "VINČA" Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, 11001, Belgrade, Serbia.
- Department for Experimental Oncology, Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Pasterova 14, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Irina Nakashidze
- Department of Biology, Natural Science and Health Care, Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University, Ninoshvili str. 35, 6010, Batumi, Georgia
| | - Milica Nedeljković
- Department for Experimental Oncology, Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Pasterova 14, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Advances in endocrine and targeted therapy for hormone-receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative advanced breast cancer. Chin Med J (Engl) 2021; 133:1099-1108. [PMID: 32265426 PMCID: PMC7213629 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000000745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nearly 70% of breast cancer (BC) is hormone-receptor (HR)-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative, and endocrine therapy is the mainstay of treatment for this subtype. However, intrinsic or acquired endocrine resistance can occur during the endocrine treatment. Based on insights of endocrine resistance mechanisms, a number of targeted therapies have been and continue to be developed. With regard to HR-positive, HER2-negative advanced BC, aromatase inhibitor (AI) is superior to tamoxifen, and fulvestrant is a better option for patients previously exposed to endocrine therapy. Targeted drugs, such as cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) 4/6 inhibitors, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors, phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors, and histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, play a significant role in the present and show a promising future. With the application of CDK4/6 inhibitors becoming common, mechanisms of acquired resistance to them should also be taken into consideration.
Collapse
|
5
|
Li C, Li X. Advances in Therapy for Hormone Receptor (HR)-Positive, Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2)-Negative Advanced Breast Cancer Patients Who Have Experienced Progression After Treatment with CDK4/6 Inhibitors. Onco Targets Ther 2021; 14:2929-2939. [PMID: 33976551 PMCID: PMC8104980 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s298720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 70% of breast cancer (BC) cases are hormone receptor-positive (HR+) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative (HER2-) BC. Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and 6 (CDK4/6) inhibitors have acted as star drugs for reversing endocrine therapy (ET) resistance and improving the prognosis of patients with HR+ advanced breast cancer (ABC) since they were initially approved. However, progression eventually occurs. In this review, we summarize the recent treatment strategies post CDK4/6 inhibitors: 1) CDK4/6 inhibitors plus exemestane and everolimus; 2) phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor alpelisib plus fulvestrant for patients with PIK3CA mutation; 3) poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor for patients with germline PALB2 mutations, somatic BRCA1/2 mutations, or germline BRCA1/2 mutations; 4) exemestane and everolimus; and (5) chemotherapy. These strategies are all supported by evidence from clinical trials and retrospective studies. We also describe potential future treatment strategies post CDK4/6 inhibitors, such as the trophoblast cell surface antigen 2 (Trop-2) directed antibody–drug conjugate, cyclin-dependent kinase 7 (CDK7) inhibitors, and B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2) inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315000, People's Republic of China.,Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xujun Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315000, People's Republic of China.,Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315000, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nagaraj G, Ma CX. Clinical Challenges in the Management of Hormone Receptor-Positive, Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2-Negative Metastatic Breast Cancer: A Literature Review. Adv Ther 2021; 38:109-136. [PMID: 33190190 PMCID: PMC7854469 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-020-01552-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine therapy (ET) is integral to the treatment of hormone receptor-positive (HR+), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative (HER2-) metastatic breast cancer (MBC). Aromatase inhibitors (AIs; e.g., anastrozole, letrozole, exemestane), selective estrogen receptor modulators (e.g., tamoxifen), and the selective estrogen receptor degrader, fulvestrant, inhibit tumor cell proliferation by targeting ER signaling. However, the efficacy of ET could be limited by intrinsic and acquired resistance mechanisms, which has prompted the development of targeted agents and combination strategies. In recent years, the treatment landscape for HR+, HER2- MBC has evolved rapidly. AIs, historically the first-line treatment for postmenopausal patients with HR+, HER2- MBC, have been challenged by more effective ET, such as fulvestrant alone or in combination with an AI, and the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)4/6 inhibitors, which have increasingly become the new standard of care. For endocrine-resistant disease (≥ second-line), clinical trials demonstrated that the mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor, everolimus, enhanced the efficacy of exemestane or fulvestrant after progression on an AI. CDK4/6 inhibitors in combination with fulvestrant have demonstrated superior progression-free survival and overall survival versus fulvestrant alone. Recently, the combination of fulvestrant with alpelisib in phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PIK3CA) mutated HR+, HER2- MBC following progression on or after ET was approved, based on the SOLAR-1 study. However, the optimal sequencing of treatments is unknown, especially following disease progression on a CDK4/6 inhibitor. This review aims to provide practical guidance for the management of HR+, HER2- MBC based on available data and the utility of genomic biomarkers, including germline breast cancer genes 1 and 2 (BRCA1/2) mutations, and somatic estrogen receptor alpha gene (ESR1), HER2, and PIK3CA mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gayathri Nagaraj
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA.
| | - Cynthia X Ma
- Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fang J, Pian C, Xu M, Kong L, Li Z, Ji J, Zhang L, Chen Y. Revealing Prognosis-Related Pathways at the Individual Level by a Comprehensive Analysis of Different Cancer Transcription Data. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11111281. [PMID: 33138076 PMCID: PMC7692404 DOI: 10.3390/genes11111281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying perturbed pathways at an individual level is important to discover the causes of cancer and develop individualized custom therapeutic strategies. Though prognostic gene lists have had success in prognosis prediction, using single genes that are related to the relevant system or specific network cannot fully reveal the process of tumorigenesis. We hypothesize that in individual samples, the disruption of transcription homeostasis can influence the occurrence, development, and metastasis of tumors and has implications for patient survival outcomes. Here, we introduced the individual-level pathway score, which can measure the correlation perturbation of the pathways in a single sample well. We applied this method to the expression data of 16 different cancer types from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Our results indicate that different cancer types as well as their tumor-adjacent tissues can be clearly distinguished by the individual-level pathway score. Additionally, we found that there was strong heterogeneity among different cancer types and the percentage of perturbed pathways as well as the perturbation proportions of tumor samples in each pathway were significantly different. Finally, the prognosis-related pathways of different cancer types were obtained by survival analysis. We demonstrated that the individual-level pathway score (iPS) is capable of classifying cancer types and identifying some key prognosis-related pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingya Fang
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.F.); (M.X.); (L.K.); (Z.L.); (J.J.)
| | - Cong Pian
- Department of Mathematics, College of Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China;
| | - Mingmin Xu
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.F.); (M.X.); (L.K.); (Z.L.); (J.J.)
| | - Lingpeng Kong
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.F.); (M.X.); (L.K.); (Z.L.); (J.J.)
| | - Zutan Li
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.F.); (M.X.); (L.K.); (Z.L.); (J.J.)
| | - Jinwen Ji
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.F.); (M.X.); (L.K.); (Z.L.); (J.J.)
| | - Liangyun Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.F.); (M.X.); (L.K.); (Z.L.); (J.J.)
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Department of Mathematics, College of Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China;
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (Y.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hamid AB, Petreaca RC. Secondary Resistant Mutations to Small Molecule Inhibitors in Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12040927. [PMID: 32283832 PMCID: PMC7226513 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary resistant mutations in cancer cells arise in response to certain small molecule inhibitors. These mutations inevitably cause recurrence and often progression to a more aggressive form. Resistant mutations may manifest in various forms. For example, some mutations decrease or abrogate the affinity of the drug for the protein. Others restore the function of the enzyme even in the presence of the inhibitor. In some cases, resistance is acquired through activation of a parallel pathway which bypasses the function of the drug targeted pathway. The Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer (COSMIC) produced a compendium of resistant mutations to small molecule inhibitors reported in the literature. Here, we build on these data and provide a comprehensive review of resistant mutations in cancers. We also discuss mechanistic parallels of resistance.
Collapse
|
9
|
Jallow F, O'Leary KA, Rugowski DE, Guerrero JF, Ponik SM, Schuler LA. Dynamic interactions between the extracellular matrix and estrogen activity in progression of ER+ breast cancer. Oncogene 2019; 38:6913-6925. [PMID: 31406251 PMCID: PMC6814534 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0941-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Metastatic, anti-estrogen resistant estrogen receptor α positive (ER+) breast cancer is the leading cause of breast cancer deaths in U.S. women. While studies have demonstrated the importance of the stromal tumor microenvironment in cancer progression and therapeutic responses, effects on the responses of ER+ cancers to estrogen and anti-estrogens are poorly understood, particularly in the complex in vivo environment. In this study, we used an estrogen responsive syngeneic mouse model to interrogate how a COL1A1-enriched fibrotic ECM modulates integrated hormonal responses in cancer progression. We orthotopically transplanted the ER+ TC11 cell line into wild-type (WT) or collagen-dense (Col1a1tm1Jae/+, mCol1a1) syngeneic FVB/N female mice. Once tumors were established, recipients were supplemented with 17β-estradiol (E2), tamoxifen, or left untreated. Although the dense/stiff environment in mCol1a1 recipients did not alter the rate of E2-induced proliferation of the primary tumor, it fostered the agonist activity of tamoxifen to increase proliferation and AP-1 activity. Manipulation of estrogen activity did not alter the incidence of lung lesions in either WT or mCol1a1 hosts. However, the mCol1a1 environment enabled tamoxifen-stimulated growth of pulmonary metastases and further fueled estrogen-driven growth. Moreover, E2 remodeled peritumoral ECM architecture in WT animals, modifying alignment of collagen fibers and altering synthesis of ECM components associated with increased alignment and stiffness, and increasing FN1 and POSTN expression in the pulmonary metastatic niche. These studies demonstrate dynamic interactions between ECM properties and estrogen activity in progression of ER+ breast cancer, and support the need for therapeutics that target both ER and the tumor microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatou Jallow
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Endocrinology-Reproductive Physiology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kathleen A O'Leary
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Debra E Rugowski
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jorge F Guerrero
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Suzanne M Ponik
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Linda A Schuler
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA. .,University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Palumbo R, Sottotetti F, Quaquarini E, Gambaro A, Ferzi A, Tagliaferri B, Teragni C, Licata L, Serra F, Lapidari P, Bernardo A. Patterns of treatment and outcome with 500-mg fulvestrant in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive/HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer: a real-life multicenter Italian experience. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2019; 11:1758835919833864. [PMID: 31210797 PMCID: PMC6552357 DOI: 10.1177/1758835919833864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Fulvestrant 500 mg (F500) is the most active endocrine single agent in hormone receptor-positive (HR+)/HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer (MBC). Few data are available regarding the effectiveness of the drug in a real-world setting. Patients and methods: This prospective, multicenter cohort study aimed to describe the patterns of treatment and performance of F500 in a large population of unselected women with MBC, focusing on potential prognostic or predictive factors for disease outcome and response. The primary endpoints were progression-free survival (PFS) and clinical benefit rate. Results: From January 2011 to December 2015, 490 consecutive patients treated with F500 were enrolled. Overall, three different cohorts were identified and analyzed: the first received F500 after progression from previous chemotherapy (CT) or endocrine therapy; the second received the drug for de novo metastatic disease; and the third was treated as maintenance following disease stabilization or a response from a previous CT line. Median overall survival (OS) in the whole population was 26.8 months, ranging from 32.4 in first line to 22.0 and 13.7 months in second line and subsequent lines, respectively. Both the presence of liver metastasis and the treatment line were significantly associated with a worse PFS, while only the presence of liver metastasis maintained its predictive role for OS in multivariate analysis. Conclusions: The effectiveness of F500 was detected in patients treated both upon disease progression and as maintenance. The relevant endocrine sensitivity of 80% of patients included in the study could probably explain the good results observed in terms of outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Federico Sottotetti
- Medical Oncology Unit, IRCCS-ICS Maugeri, Via Maugeri 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Erica Quaquarini
- Medical Oncology Unit, IRCCS-ICS Maugeri, Pavia, Italy; Experimental Medicine, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Anna Gambaro
- Medical Oncology, Luigi Sacco Hospital, Milano, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Luca Licata
- Medical Oncology Unit, IRCCS-ICS Maugeri, Pavia, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ecker BL, Lee JY, Sterner CJ, Solomon AC, Pant DK, Shen F, Peraza J, Vaught L, Mahendra S, Belka GK, Pan TC, Schmitz KH, Chodosh LA. Impact of obesity on breast cancer recurrence and minimal residual disease. Breast Cancer Res 2019; 21:41. [PMID: 30867005 PMCID: PMC6416940 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-018-1087-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer recurrence and cancer death. Recurrent cancers arise from the pool of residual tumor cells, or minimal residual disease (MRD), that survives primary treatment and persists in the host. Whether the association of obesity with recurrence risk is causal is unknown, and the impact of obesity on MRD and breast cancer recurrence has not been reported in humans or in animal models. METHODS Doxycycline-inducible primary mammary tumors were generated in intact MMTV-rtTA;TetO-HER2/neu (MTB/TAN) mice or orthotopic recipients fed a high-fat diet (HFD; 60% kcal from fat) or a control low-fat diet (LFD; 10% kcal from fat). Following oncogene downregulation and tumor regression, mice were followed for clinical recurrence. Body weight was measured twice weekly and used to segregate HFD mice into obese (i.e., responders) and lean (i.e., nonresponders) study arms, and obesity was correlated with body fat percentage, glucose tolerance (measured using intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests), serum biomarkers (measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), and tissue transcriptomics (assessed by RNA sequencing). MRD was quantified by droplet digital PCR. RESULTS HFD-Obese mice weighed significantly more than HFD-Lean and LFD control mice (p < 0.001) and had increased body fat percentage (p < 0.001). Obese mice exhibited fasting hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and impaired glucose tolerance, as well as decreased serum levels of adiponectin and increased levels of leptin, resistin, and insulin-like growth factor 1. Tumor recurrence was accelerated in HFD-Obese mice compared with HFD-Lean and LFD control mice (median relapse-free survival 53.0 days vs. 87.0 days vs. 80.0 days, log-rank p < 0.001; HFD-Obese compared with HFD-Lean HR 2.52, 95% CI 1.52-4.16; HFD-Obese compared with LFD HR 2.27, 95% CI 1.42-3.63). HFD-Obese mice harbored a significantly greater number of residual tumor cells than HFD-Lean and LFD mice (12,550 ± 991 vs. 7339 ± 2182 vs. 4793 ± 1618 cells, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION These studies provide a genetically engineered mouse model for study of the association of diet-induced obesity with breast cancer recurrence. They demonstrate that this model recapitulates physiological changes characteristic of obese patients, establish that the association between obesity and recurrence risk is causal in nature, and suggest that obesity is associated with the increased survival and persistence of residual tumor cells.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Body Mass Index
- Body Weight
- Breast Neoplasms/mortality
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor/transplantation
- Datasets as Topic
- Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects
- Disease-Free Survival
- Female
- Humans
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/mortality
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Mice, Obese
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/mortality
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/pathology
- Neoplasm, Residual
- Obesity/etiology
- Obesity/pathology
- Receptor, ErbB-2/genetics
- Survival Analysis
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brett L. Ecker
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Jun Y. Lee
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
- 2-PREVENT Translational Center of Excellence, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
- The Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160 USA
| | - Christopher J. Sterner
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
- 2-PREVENT Translational Center of Excellence, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
- The Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160 USA
| | - Aaron C. Solomon
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
- 2-PREVENT Translational Center of Excellence, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
- The Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160 USA
| | - Dhruv K. Pant
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
- 2-PREVENT Translational Center of Excellence, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
- The Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160 USA
| | - Fei Shen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
- 2-PREVENT Translational Center of Excellence, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
- The Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160 USA
| | - Javier Peraza
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
- 2-PREVENT Translational Center of Excellence, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
- The Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160 USA
| | - Lauren Vaught
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
- 2-PREVENT Translational Center of Excellence, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
- The Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160 USA
| | - Samyukta Mahendra
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
- 2-PREVENT Translational Center of Excellence, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
- The Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160 USA
| | - George K. Belka
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
- 2-PREVENT Translational Center of Excellence, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
- The Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160 USA
| | - Tien-chi Pan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
- 2-PREVENT Translational Center of Excellence, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
- The Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160 USA
| | - Kathryn H. Schmitz
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033 USA
| | - Lewis A. Chodosh
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
- 2-PREVENT Translational Center of Excellence, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
- The Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160 USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sun L, Sun X, Chen Y, Wang B, Chen X. Degradation Kinetics Study of Anastrozole in Different Conditions by Reverse-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Confirmation of its Major Degradation Product by Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry. CURR PHARM ANAL 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412914666180406130108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Drug stability is essential in the process of drug production, storage, appliance,
and so on. Some drugs’ degradation products may even have a toxic side effect, which can result in
safety risks and economic losses. Therefore, it is very imperative to develop a suitable stability indicating
an analytical method for anastrozole which could be used for stability testing, routine and in-process
quality control analysis or other further studies.
Methods:
A reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method was developed and validated
for the degradation kinetics study of anastrozole, a selective non-steroid third-generation aromatase
inhibitor, which would provide a basis for further studies on anastrozole. The degradation product
was confirmed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry.
Results:
Results showed that the degradation behavior of anastrozole followed first-order kinetics in
different temperatures, pH values and oxidation conditions. It was suggested that the degradation behavior
of anastrozole was pH-dependent and it’s more stable at lower pH values.
Conclusion:
A high performance liquid chromatography method was established and used to determine
the residual concentration of anastrozole in this study. It was found that the degradation behavior of
anastrozole followed first-order kinetics at different temperatures, pH values and oxidation conditions.
According to the results, the degradation of anastrozole was found to be pH-dependent and it is more
unstable in alkaline conditions. The information of degradation kinetics will be useful for understanding
the chemical stability of anastrozole and provide a reference for the further preparation research and
clinical therapy of anastrozole.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linjia Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoyang Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Binjie Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaohui Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ballinger TJ, Meier JB, Jansen VM. Current Landscape of Targeted Therapies for Hormone-Receptor Positive, HER2 Negative Metastatic Breast Cancer. Front Oncol 2018; 8:308. [PMID: 30148117 PMCID: PMC6095972 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of deaths from MBC are in patients with hormone receptor (HR) positive, HER2 negative disease. Endocrine therapy (ET) remains the backbone of treatment in these cases, improving survival and quality of life. However, treatment can lose effectiveness due to primary or acquired endocrine resistance. Analysis of mechanisms of ET resistance has led to the development of a new generation of targeted therapies for advanced breast cancer. In addition to anti-estrogen therapy with selective estrogen receptor modulators, aromatase inhibitors, and/or selective estrogen receptor degraders, combinations with cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) 4/6 inhibitors have led to substantial progression free survival (PFS) improvements in the first and second line settings. While the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is known to be an important growth pathway in HR positive breast cancer, PI3K inhibitors have been disappointing due to modest effect sizes and significant toxicity. The mTOR inhibitor everolimus significantly improves progression free survival when added to ET, and recent studies have improved supportive care allowing less toxicity. While these combination targeted therapies improve outcomes and often delay initiation of chemotherapy, long term overall survival data are lacking and data for the ideal strategy for sequencing these agents remains unclear. Ongoing research evaluating potential biomarkers and mechanisms of resistance is anticipated to continue to improve outcomes for patients with HR positive metastatic breast cancer. In this review, we will discuss management and ongoing challenges in the treatment of advanced HR positive, HER2 negative breast cancer, highlighting single agent and combination endocrine therapies, targeted therapies including palbociclib, ribociclib, abemaciclib, and everolimus, and sequencing of therapies in the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tarah J. Ballinger
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Jason B. Meier
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Valerie M. Jansen
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Warth B, Raffeiner P, Granados A, Huan T, Fang M, Forsberg EM, Benton HP, Goetz L, Johnson CH, Siuzdak G. Metabolomics Reveals that Dietary Xenoestrogens Alter Cellular Metabolism Induced by Palbociclib/Letrozole Combination Cancer Therapy. Cell Chem Biol 2018; 25:291-300.e3. [PMID: 29337187 PMCID: PMC5856613 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the palbociclib/letrozole combination therapy was granted accelerated US FDA approval for the treatment of estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer. Since the underlying metabolic effects of these drugs are yet unknown, we investigated their synergism at the metabolome level in MCF-7 cells. As xenoestrogens interact with the ER, we additionally aimed at deciphering the impact of the phytoestrogen genistein and the estrogenic mycotoxin zearalenone. A global metabolomics approach was applied to unravel metabolite and pathway modifications. The results clearly showed that the combined effects of palbociclib and letrozole on cellular metabolism were far more pronounced than that of each agent alone and potently influenced by xenoestrogens. This behavior was confirmed in proliferation experiments and functional assays. Specifically, amino acids and central carbon metabolites were attenuated, while higher abundances were observed for fatty acids and most nucleic acid-related metabolites. Interestingly, exposure to model xenoestrogens appeared to counteract these effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Warth
- The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Center for Metabolomics and Mass Spectrometry, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Währingerstraße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Vienna Metabolomics Center (VIME), University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Philipp Raffeiner
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ana Granados
- The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Center for Metabolomics and Mass Spectrometry, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tao Huan
- The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Center for Metabolomics and Mass Spectrometry, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mingliang Fang
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Erica M Forsberg
- The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Center for Metabolomics and Mass Spectrometry, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - H Paul Benton
- The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Center for Metabolomics and Mass Spectrometry, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Laura Goetz
- Department of Surgery, Scripps Clinic Medical Group, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Caroline H Johnson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Gary Siuzdak
- The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Center for Metabolomics and Mass Spectrometry, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Integrative and Computational Biology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Chang BY, Kim DS, Kim HS, Kim SY. Evaluation of estrogenic potential by herbal formula, HPC 03 for in vitro and in vivo. Reproduction 2018; 155:105-115. [PMID: 29326134 DOI: 10.1530/rep-17-0530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
HPC 03 is herbal formula that consists of extracts from Angelica gigas, Cnidium officinale Makino and Cinnamomum cassia Presl. The present study evaluated the estrogenic potential of HPC 03 by using in vitro and in vivo models. The regulatory mechanisms of HPC 03 in estrogen-dependent MCF-7 cells were assessed. HPC 03 induced the proliferation of estrogen receptor-positive MCF-7 cells, and the proliferation was blocked by the addition of the estrogen antagonist tamoxifen. The estrogen receptorα/β luciferase activities were significantly increased by HPC 03 treatment, which also increased the mRNA expression of the estrogen-responsive genes Psen2, Pgr and Ctsd Also, we evaluated the ameliorative effects of HPC 03 on menopausal symptoms in ovariectomized rats. HPC 03 treatment in OVX rats significantly affected the uterine weight, increased the expression of estrogen-responsive genes Pgr and Psen2 in uterus, increased bone mineral density loss in the femur and inhibited body weight increase. Serum E2, collagen type 1 and osteocalcin were significantly increased, while serum LH, FSH and ALP were decreased compared with OVX rats. HPC 03 may be a promising candidate for the treatment of menopause, but further research is necessary to determine whether the observed effects also occur in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yoon Chang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research and DevelopmentCollege of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, South Korea
| | - Dae Sung Kim
- Hanpoong Pharm. Co. LtdJeonju-si, Jeonbuk, South Korea
| | - Hye Soo Kim
- Hanpoong Pharm. Co. LtdJeonju-si, Jeonbuk, South Korea
| | - Sung Yeon Kim
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research and DevelopmentCollege of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Di Lorenzo R, Ahluwalia MS. Targeted therapy of brain metastases: latest evidence and clinical implications. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2017; 9:781-796. [PMID: 29449898 PMCID: PMC5808839 DOI: 10.1177/1758834017736252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain metastases (BM) occur in 20-40% of patients with cancer and 60-75% of patients with BM become symptomatic. Due to an aging population and advances in the treatment of primary cancers, patients are living longer and are more likely to experience complications from BM. The diagnosis of BM drastically worsens long-term survival rates, with multiple metastases being a poor prognostic factor. Until recently, the mainstay of treatment consisted of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), surgical resection, whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT), or a combination of these modalities. Systemic chemotherapy has been felt largely ineffective in the treatment of BM due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which includes efflux pumps on brain capillaries. Over the past decade however, researchers have identified therapeutic agents that are able to cross the BBB. These findings could make a multimodality treatment approach possible, consisting of surgery, radiation, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy, which could lead to better disease control in this patient population and prolong survival. In this review, we discuss present evidence on available targeted therapies and their role in the treatment of BM from primary tumors with the highest prevalence of central nervous system (CNS) involvement, specifically non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), breast cancer melanoma, and renal cell carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodica Di Lorenzo
- Brain Tumor and Neuro-Oncology Center, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Manmeet S Ahluwalia
- Brain Tumor and Neuro-Oncology Center, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, CA-51, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Brufsky AM. Long-term management of patients with hormone receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer: Concepts for sequential and combination endocrine-based therapies. Cancer Treat Rev 2017; 59:22-32. [PMID: 28719836 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Treatment options for hormone receptor-positive (HR-positive) metastatic breast cancer (MBC) continue to increase in parallel with expanding knowledge about the complex biology of breast cancer subtypes and resistance mechanisms to endocrine therapy. For patients with HR-positive MBC, there are now an unprecedented number of endocrine-based treatment options that can improve long-term outcomes, while preserving or optimizing quality of life, and that can be used before selecting more cytotoxic chemotherapeutic regimens. In addition to antiestrogens, steroidal and nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitors, the selective estrogen-receptor degrader, fulvestrant, and new endocrine-based combinations provide significant and clinically meaningful improvements in outcomes in the first line setting and beyond. Also, new clinical scenarios and indications for monotherapy endocrine and targeted therapies continue to be explored. Patients have several therapeutic options when their disease progresses or becomes resistant, although the optimal sequencing of these therapies remains unclear. Ongoing research in the resistant/refractory setting is anticipated to continue improving the outlook for these patients. This review will discuss current and investigational approaches to sequential single-agent endocrine and endocrine-based combination therapy for the long-term management of patients with HR-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative MBC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Brufsky
- University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, 300 Halket Street, Suite 4628, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
HER2 and CDK4/6 are undoubted two most important biological targets for breast cancer. Anti-HER2 treatments enhance objective response and progression-free survival/disease-free survival as well as overall survival. Three CDK4/6 inhibitors consistently improve objective response and progression-free survival; however, overall survival data are waited. Optimization of chemotherapy and endocrine strategies remains an unmet need. Check point inhibitor-based immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy is a promising field, especially for triple-negative breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xichun Hu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032 China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Wei Huang
- Roche Product Development in Asia Pacific.5F, Tower C, Parkview Green, No.9, Dongdaqiao Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100020 People’s Republic of China
| | - Minhao Fan
- Hutchison MediPharma Limited, Building 4 917 Halei Road Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai, 201203 China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Timmermans-Sprang EPM, Gracanin A, Mol JA. Molecular Signaling of Progesterone, Growth Hormone, Wnt, and HER in Mammary Glands of Dogs, Rodents, and Humans: New Treatment Target Identification. Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:53. [PMID: 28451590 PMCID: PMC5389977 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammary tumors are the most common form of neoplasia in the bitch. Female dogs are protected when they are spayed before the first estrus cycle, but this effect readily disappears and is already absent when dogs are spayed after the second heat. As the ovaries are removed during spaying, ovarian steroids are assumed to play an essential role in tumor development. The sensitivity toward tumor development is already present during early life, which may be caused by early mutations in stem cells during the first estrus cycles. Later on in life, tumors arise that are mostly steroid-receptor positive, although a small subset of tumors overexpressing human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) and some lacking estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor (PR), and HER2 (triple negative) are present, as is the situation in humans. Progesterone (P4), acting through PR, is the major steroid involved in outgrowth of mammary tissue. PRs are expressed in two forms, the progesterone receptor A (PRA) and progesterone receptor B (PRB) isoforms derived from splice variants from a single gene. The dog and the whole family of canids have only a functional PRA isoform, whereas the PRB isoform, if expressed at all, is devoid of intrinsic biological activity. In human breast cancer, overexpression of the PRA isoform is related to more aggressive carcinomas making the dog a unique model to study PRA-related mammary cancer. Administration of P4 to adult dogs results in local mammary expression of growth hormone (GH) and wing less-type mouse mammary tumor virus integration site family 4 (Wnt4). Both proteins play a role in activation of mammary stem cells. In this review, we summarize what is known on P4, GH, and Wnt signaling in canine mammary cancer, how the family of HER receptors could interact with this signaling, and what this means for comparative and translational oncological aspects of human breast cancer development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Gracanin
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jan A Mol
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Glück S. Consequences of the Convergence of Multiple Alternate Pathways on the Estrogen Receptor in the Treatment of Metastatic Breast Cancer. Clin Breast Cancer 2017; 17:79-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
21
|
Reinert T, Saad ED, Barrios CH, Bines J. Clinical Implications of ESR1 Mutations in Hormone Receptor-Positive Advanced Breast Cancer. Front Oncol 2017; 7:26. [PMID: 28361033 PMCID: PMC5350138 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hormone receptor-positive breast cancer is the most frequent breast cancer subtype. Endocrine therapy (ET) targeting the estrogen receptor (ER) pathway represents the main initial therapeutic approach. The major strategies include estrogen deprivation and the use of selective estrogen modulators or degraders, which show efficacy in the management of metastatic and early-stage disease. However, clinical resistance associated with progression of disease remains a significant therapeutic challenge. Mutations of the ESR1 gene, which encodes the ER, have been increasingly recognized as an important mechanism of ET resistance, with a prevalence that ranges from 11 to 39%. The majority of these mutations are located within the ligand-binding domain and result in an estrogen-independent constitutive activation of the ER and, therefore, resistance to estrogen deprivation therapy such as aromatase inhibition. ESR1 mutations, most often detected from liquid biopsies, have been consistently associated with a worse outcome and are being currently evaluated as a potential biomarker to guide therapeutic decisions. At the same time, targeted therapy directed to ESR1-mutated clones is an appealing concept with preclinical and clinical work in progress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Reinert
- Hospital de Câncer Mãe de Deus, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , Brazil
| | | | | | - José Bines
- Instituto Nacional de Câncer , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Muluhngwi P, Krishna A, Vittitow SL, Napier JT, Richardson KM, Ellis M, Mott JL, Klinge CM. Tamoxifen differentially regulates miR-29b-1 and miR-29a expression depending on endocrine-sensitivity in breast cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2016; 388:230-238. [PMID: 27986463 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine-resistance develops in ∼40% of breast cancer patients after tamoxifen (TAM) therapy. Although microRNAs are dysregulated in breast cancer, their contribution to endocrine-resistance is not yet understood. Previous microarray analysis identified miR-29a and miR-29b-1 as repressed by TAM in MCF-7 endocrine-sensitive breast cancer cells but stimulated by TAM in LY2 endocrine-resistant breast cancer cells. Here we examined the mechanism for the differential regulation of these miRs by TAM in MCF-7 versus TAM-resistant LY2 and LCC9 breast cancer cells and the functional role of these microRNAs in these cells. Knockdown studies revealed that ERα is responsible for TAM regulation of miR-29b-1/a transcription. We also demonstrated that transient overexpression of miR-29b-1/a decreased MCF-7, LCC9, and LY2 proliferation and inhibited LY2 cell migration and colony formation but did not sensitize LCC9 or LY2 cells to TAM. Furthermore, TAM reduced DICER1 mRNA and protein in LY2 cells, a known target of miR-29. Supporting this observation, anti-miR-29b-1 or anti-miR-29a inhibited the suppression of DICER by 4-OHT. These results suggest miR-29b-1/a has tumor suppressor activity in TAM-resistant cells and does not appear to play a role in mediating TAM resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Penn Muluhngwi
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, Center for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Abirami Krishna
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, Center for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Stephany L Vittitow
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, Center for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Joshua T Napier
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, Center for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Kirsten M Richardson
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, Center for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Mackenzie Ellis
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, Center for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Justin L Mott
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, Center for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Carolyn M Klinge
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, Center for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Gorges TM, Kuske A, Röck K, Mauermann O, Müller V, Peine S, Verpoort K, Novosadova V, Kubista M, Riethdorf S, Pantel K. Accession of Tumor Heterogeneity by Multiplex Transcriptome Profiling of Single Circulating Tumor Cells. Clin Chem 2016; 62:1504-1515. [DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2016.260299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Transcriptome analysis of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) holds great promise to unravel the biology of cancer cell dissemination and identify expressed genes and signaling pathways relevant to therapeutic interventions.
METHODS
CTCs were enriched based on their EpCAM expression (CellSearch®) or by size and deformability (ParsortixTM), identified by EpCAM and/or pan-keratin–specific antibodies, and isolated for single cell multiplex RNA profiling.
RESULTS
Distinct breast and prostate CTC expression signatures could be discriminated from RNA profiles of leukocytes. Some CTCs positive for epithelial transcripts (EpCAM and KRT19) also coexpressed leukocyte/mesenchymal associated markers (PTPRC and VIM). Additional subsets of CTCs within individual patients were characterized by divergent expression of genes involved in epithelial–mesenchymal transition (e.g., CDH2, MMPs, VIM, or ZEB1 and 2), DNA repair (RAD51), resistance to cancer therapy (e.g., AR, AR-V7, ERBB2, EGFR), cancer stemness (e.g., CD24 and CD44), activated signaling pathways involved in tumor progression (e.g., PIK3CA and MTOR) or cross talks between tumors and immune cells (e.g., CCL4, CXCL2, CXCL9, IL15, IL1B, or IL8).
CONCLUSIONS
Multimarker RNA profiling of single CTCs reveals distinct CTC subsets and provides important insights into gene regulatory networks relevant for cancer progression and therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias M Gorges
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andra Kuske
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Röck
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Mauermann
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Volkmar Müller
- Department of Gynecology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sven Peine
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Karl Verpoort
- Practice for Haematology and Oncology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Vendula Novosadova
- Department of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mikael Kubista
- Department of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- TATAA Biocenter, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sabine Riethdorf
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Pantel
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Maruthanila VL, Elancheran R, Kunnumakkara AB, Kabilan S, Kotoky J. Recent development of targeted approaches for the treatment of breast cancer. Breast Cancer 2016; 24:191-219. [PMID: 27796923 DOI: 10.1007/s12282-016-0732-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most prominent cause of cancer death in women worldwide. The highlights of this review are to provide an overview of the targeted therapeutic agents, challenges with metastatic breast cancer (MBCa), mechanisms of action through Hedgehog/Gli 1 signaling pathway and future prospective. Over a decade of success, several drugs have been approved and are in the advanced stages of clinical trials that target the receptors such as estrogen receptor, growth factor receptor, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B, etc. Currently, several monoclonal antibodies are also used for the treatment of breast cancer. Advances in understanding tumor biology, particularly signaling pathways such as Notch signaling pathway, Hedgehog/Gli 1 signaling pathway, and inhibitors are considered to be important for bone metastasis. These studies may provide vital information for the design and development of new strategies with respect to efficacy, reduction of the side effects, and treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V L Maruthanila
- Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Guwahati, Assam, 781035, India
| | - R Elancheran
- Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Guwahati, Assam, 781035, India
| | - A B Kunnumakkara
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, 781035, India
| | - S Kabilan
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamilnadu, 608002, India
| | - Jibon Kotoky
- Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Guwahati, Assam, 781035, India.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Tabarestani S, Motallebi M, Akbari ME. Are Estrogen Receptor Genomic Aberrations Predictive of Hormone Therapy Response in Breast Cancer? IRANIAN JOURNAL OF CANCER PREVENTION 2016; 9:e6565. [PMID: 27761212 PMCID: PMC5056018 DOI: 10.17795/ijcp-6565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide. Estrogen receptor (ER) positive breast cancer constitutes the majority of these cancers. Hormone therapy has significantly improved clinical outcomes for early- and late-stage hormone receptor positive breast cancer. Although most patients with early stage breast cancer are treated with curative intent, approximately 20% - 30% of patients eventually experience a recurrence. During the last two decades, there have been tremendous efforts to understand the biological mechanisms of hormone therapy resistance, with the ultimate goal of implementing new therapeutic strategies to improve the current treatments for ER positive breast cancer. Several mechanisms of hormone therapy resistance have been proposed, including genetic alterations that lead to altered ER expression or ERs with changed protein sequence. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A Pubmed search was performed utilizing various related terms. Articles over the past 20 years were analyzed and selected for review. RESULTS On the basis of published studies, the frequencies of ESR1 (the gene encoding ER) mutations in ER positive metastatic breast cancer range from 11% to 55%. Future larger prospective studies with standardized mutation detection methods may be necessary to determine the true incidence of ESR1 mutations. ESR1 amplification in breast cancer remains a controversial issue, with numerous studies either confirmed or challenged the reports of ESR1 amplification. The combination of intra-tumor heterogeneity regarding ESR1 copy number alterations and low level ESR1 copy number increase may account for these discrepancies. CONCLUSIONS While numerous unknown issues on the role of ESR1 mutations in advanced breast cancer remain, these new findings will certainly deepen current knowledge on molecular evolution of breast cancer and acquired resistance to hormone therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Tabarestani
- Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti Univeristy of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Marzieh Motallebi
- Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti Univeristy of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Poggio F, Lambertini M, Blondeaux E, Vaglica M, Levaggi A, Pronzato P, Del Mastro L. Role of fulvestrant in the treatment of postmenopausal metastatic breast cancer patients. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2016; 9:1153-61. [PMID: 27545815 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2016.1215243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Endocrine therapy is considered the cornerstone treatment for postmenopausal women with hormone-receptor positive metastatic breast cancer. Fulvestrant is a selective estrogen receptor down-regulator (SERD) with demonstrated activity and efficacy in the treatment of these patients. AREAS COVERED The present manuscript aims to review the mechanism of action of fulvestrant, the clinical efficacy data with the use of different dosages and schedules, and finally its role in association with other medications. Expert commentary: Fulvestrant is an active compound with an excellent safety profile for the treatment of women with hormone receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer, The combination of fulvestrant with targeted agents showed increased efficacy and is expected to become a new standard treatment. Results of two clinical trials (i.e. the FALCON and FEVEX trials) are awaited to better clarify the place of fulvestrant in the armamentarium of the available therapies for the treatment of hormone receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Poggio
- a Department of Medical Oncology, U.O. Oncologia Medica 2 , IRCCS AOU San Martino - IST , Genova , Italy
| | - Matteo Lambertini
- a Department of Medical Oncology, U.O. Oncologia Medica 2 , IRCCS AOU San Martino - IST , Genova , Italy.,b BrEAST Data Centre, Department of Medicine , Institut Jules Bordet, and l'Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.) , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Eva Blondeaux
- a Department of Medical Oncology, U.O. Oncologia Medica 2 , IRCCS AOU San Martino - IST , Genova , Italy
| | - Marina Vaglica
- c Department of Medical Oncology, U.O. Sviluppo Terapie Innovative , IRCCS AOU San Martino - IST , Genova , Italy
| | - Alessia Levaggi
- c Department of Medical Oncology, U.O. Sviluppo Terapie Innovative , IRCCS AOU San Martino - IST , Genova , Italy
| | - Paolo Pronzato
- a Department of Medical Oncology, U.O. Oncologia Medica 2 , IRCCS AOU San Martino - IST , Genova , Italy
| | - Lucia Del Mastro
- c Department of Medical Oncology, U.O. Sviluppo Terapie Innovative , IRCCS AOU San Martino - IST , Genova , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Fowler AM, Clark AS, Katzenellenbogen JA, Linden HM, Dehdashti F. Imaging Diagnostic and Therapeutic Targets: Steroid Receptors in Breast Cancer. J Nucl Med 2016; 57 Suppl 1:75S-80S. [PMID: 26834106 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.115.157933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and progesterone receptor (PR) are important steroid hormone receptor biomarkers used to determine prognosis and to predict benefit from endocrine therapies for breast cancer patients. Receptor expression is routinely measured in biopsy specimens using immunohistochemistry, although such testing can be challenging, particularly in the setting of metastatic disease. ERα and PR can be quantitatively assayed noninvasively with PET. This approach provides the opportunity to assess receptor expression and function in real time, within the entire tumor, and across distant sites of metastatic disease. This article reviews the current evidence of ERα and PR PET imaging as predictive and early-response biomarkers for endocrine therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Fowler
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Amy S Clark
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Hannah M Linden
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and
| | - Farrokh Dehdashti
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ehab M, Elbaz M. Profile of palbociclib in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. BREAST CANCER-TARGETS AND THERAPY 2016; 8:83-91. [PMID: 27274308 PMCID: PMC4876680 DOI: 10.2147/bctt.s83146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer diagnosed in women. Each year, thousands die either because of disease progression or failure of treatment. Breast cancer is classified into different subtypes based on the molecular expression of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor, and/or human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). These receptors represent important therapeutic targets either through monoclonal antibodies or through small-molecule inhibitors directed toward them. However, up to 40% of patients develop either a primary or a secondary resistance to the current treatments. Therefore, there is an urgent need for investigating new targets in order to overcome the resistance and/or enhance the current therapies. Cell cycle is altered in many human cancers, especially in breast cancer. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), especially CDK4 and CDK6, play a pivotal role in cell cycle progression that makes them potential targets for new promising therapies. CDK inhibition has shown strong antitumor activities, ranging from cytostatic antiproliferative effects to synergistic effects in combination with other antitumor drugs. In order to overcome the drawbacks of the first-generation CDK inhibitors, recently, new CDK inhibitors have emerged that are more selective to CDK4 and CDK6 such as palbociclib, which is the most advanced CDK4/6 inhibitor in trials. In preclinical studies, palbociclib has shown a very promising antitumor activity, especially against ERα+ breast cancer subtype. Palbociclib has gained world attention, and US the Food and Drug Administration has accelerated its approval for first-line treatment in combination with letrozole for the first-line systematic treatment of postmenopausal women with ERα+/HER2− locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer. In this review, we discuss the potential role of CDK inhibition in breast cancer treatment, and focus on palbociclib progress from preclinical studies to clinical trials with mentioning the most recent ongoing as well as planned Phase II and Phase III trials of palbociclib in advanced breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moataz Ehab
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Helwan University, Egypt
| | - Mohamad Elbaz
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy School, Helwan University, Egypt; Department of Pathology, The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Breast Cancer Invasion and Metastasis by mPRα Through the PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway. Pathol Oncol Res 2015; 22:471-6. [PMID: 26608797 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-015-0023-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Invasive breast cancer is the most common type of malignancy in women worldwide. However, the mechanism responsible for breast cancer metastasis is still unclear and needs further illustration. It has been proven that matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9) promotes metastasis of the cancer cells. However, the interaction between mPRα and MMP-9 has not been studied. Therefore, in the present research, the effect of MMP-9 on the malignant progression of invasive breast cancer promoted by membrane progesterone receptorα (mPRα) was investigated. The results showed that the protein expression of mPRα, p-Akt and MMP-9 increased in the cancerous tissues compared to that of the noncancerous breast tissue. Furthermore, a positive correlation was found between mPRα and C-erbB-2, as well as the number of involved local lymph nodes. On the other hand, a negative correlation was observed between mPRα and estrogen receptors (ER) along with progesterone receptors (PR). Similarly, a positive association was found between MMP-9 and the number of involved local lymph nodes. Besides, the high expression of MMP-9 also had a positive correlation with the tumor size. However, the high level of MMP-9 had a negative correlation with ER and PR. In addition, there was a positive correlation between mPRα and p-Akt together with MMP-9. The results confirm that mPRα was a major marker of harmful prognosis and it promoted the expression of MMP-9 during invasion to the local lymph nodes through the pathway of PI3K/Akt. The present study provided a novel therapeutic strategy to inhibit breast cancer growth by preventing mPRα signaling pathway.
Collapse
|
30
|
Reinert T, Barrios CH. Optimal management of hormone receptor positive metastatic breast cancer in 2016. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2015; 7:304-20. [PMID: 26557899 PMCID: PMC4622303 DOI: 10.1177/1758834015608993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hormone receptor positive tumors represent the most common form of breast cancer and account for most of the deaths from the disease. Endocrine therapy represents the main initial therapeutic strategy for these patients and has been associated with significant clinical benefits in a majority of patients. While in early stages endocrine therapy is administered as part of a curative approach once clinical metastases develop, the disease is considered incurable and the main management objectives are tumor control and quality of life. The two major clinical paradigms of always indicating endocrine therapy in the absence of visceral crises and sequencing endocrine treatments have been guiding our therapeutic approach to these patients. However, for many decades, we have delivered endocrine therapy with a 'one size fits all' approach by applying agents that interfere with hormone receptor signaling equally in every clinical patient scenario. We have been unable to incorporate the well-known biologic principle of different degrees of hormone receptor dependency in our therapeutic recommendations. Recent developments in the understanding of molecular interactions of hormone signaling with other important growth factor, metabolic and cell division pathways have opened the possibility of improving results by modulating hormone signaling and interfering with resistance mechanisms yet to be fully understood. Unfortunately, limitations in the design of trials conducted in this area have made it difficult to develop predictive biomarkers and most of the new combinations with targeted agents, even though showing improvements in clinical endpoints, have been directed to an unselected population of patients. In this review we explore some of the current and most relevant literature in the management of hormone receptor positive advance breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Reinert
- Instituto do Câncer, Sistema de Saúde Mãe de Deus, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carlos H. Barrios
- PUCRS School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Padre Chagas 66/203, CEP 90 570 080, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Therapies targeting estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), including selective ER modulators such as tamoxifen, selective ER downregulators such as fulvestrant (ICI 182 780), and aromatase inhibitors such as letrozole, are successfully used in treating breast cancer patients whose initial tumor expresses ERα. Unfortunately, the effectiveness of endocrine therapies is limited by acquired resistance. The role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the progression of endocrine-resistant breast cancer is of keen interest in developing biomarkers and therapies to counter metastatic disease. This review focuses on miRNAs implicated as disruptors of antiestrogen therapies, their bona fide gene targets and associated pathways promoting endocrine resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Penn Muluhngwi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular GeneticsCenter for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA
| | - Carolyn M Klinge
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular GeneticsCenter for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Berghoff AS, Preusser M. The future of targeted therapies for brain metastases. Future Oncol 2015; 11:2315-27. [DOI: 10.2217/fon.15.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain metastases (BM) are an increasing challenge in the management of patients with advanced cancer. Treatment options for BM are limited and mainly focus on the application of local therapies. Systemic therapies including targeted therapies are only poorly investigated, as patients with BM were frequently excluded from clinical trials. Several targeted therapies have shown promising activity in patients with BM. In the present review we discuss existing and emerging targeted therapies for the most frequent BM primary tumor types. We focus on challenges in the conduction of clinical trials on targeted therapies in BM patients such as patient selection, combination with radiotherapy, the obstacles of the blood–brain barrier and the definition of study end points.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna S Berghoff
- Department for Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center Central Nervous System Unit (CCC-CNS), Clinical Division of Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Cancer Center – CNS Tumors Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Preusser
- Department for Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center Central Nervous System Unit (CCC-CNS), Clinical Division of Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Cancer Center – CNS Tumors Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Witzel I, Müller V. Targeted Therapies in Breast Cancer: New Approaches and Old Challenges. Breast Care (Basel) 2015; 10:157-8. [PMID: 26557819 DOI: 10.1159/000431067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Isabell Witzel
- Dept. of Gynecology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Volkmar Müller
- Dept. of Gynecology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|