1
|
Supuramanian SS, Dsa S, Harihar S. Molecular interaction of metastasis suppressor genes and tumor microenvironment in breast cancer. EXPLORATION OF TARGETED ANTI-TUMOR THERAPY 2023; 4:912-932. [PMID: 37970212 PMCID: PMC10645471 DOI: 10.37349/etat.2023.00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women worldwide where the process of metastasis is a major contributor to the mortality associated with this disease. Metastasis suppressor genes are a group of genes that play a crucial role in preventing or inhibiting the spread of cancer cells. They suppress the metastasis process by inhibiting colonization and by inducing dormancy. These genes function by regulating various cellular processes in the tumor microenvironment (TME), such as cell adhesion, invasion, migration, and angiogenesis. Dysregulation of metastasis suppressor genes can lead to the acquisition of an invasive and metastatic phenotype and lead to poor prognostic outcomes. The components of the TME generally play a necessary in the metastasis progression of tumor cells. This review has identified and elaborated on the role of a few metastatic suppressors associated with the TME that have been shown to inhibit metastasis in BC by different mechanisms, such as blocking certain cell signaling molecules involved in cancer cell migration, invasion, enhancing immune surveillance of cancer cells, and promoting the formation of a protective extracellular matrix (ECM). Understanding the interaction of metastatic suppressor genes and the components of TME has important implications for the development of novel therapeutic strategies to target the metastatic cascade. Targeting these genes or their downstream signaling pathways offers a promising approach to inhibiting the spread of cancer cells and improves patient outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sid Dsa
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sitaram Harihar
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xiao T, Bao J, Tian J, Lin R, Zhang Z, Zhu Y, He Y, Gao D, Sun R, Zhang F, Cheng Y, Shaletanati J, Zhou H, Xie C, Yang C. Flavokawain A suppresses the vasculogenic mimicry of HCC by inhibiting CXCL12 mediated EMT. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 112:154687. [PMID: 36804756 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma has high ability of vascular invasion and metastasis. Vasculogenic mimicry (VM) is closely related to the metastasis and recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). According to previous research, Chloranthus henryi has anti-tumor effect, but its molecular mechanism in the treatment of HCC has not yet been stated. PURPOSE In our study, we aimed to investigate the effect of the extract of Chloranthus henryi in HCC and its target and molecular mechanism. We hoped to explore potential drugs for HCC treatment. STUDY DESIGN/METHODS In this study, we isolated a chalcone compound from Chloranthus henryi, compound 4, identified as flavokawain A (FKA). We determined the anti-HCC effect of FKA by MTT and identified the target of FKA by molecular docking and CETSA. Hepatoma cells proliferation, migration, invasion, and VM formation were examined using EDU, wound healing, transwell, vasculogenic mimicry, and IF. WB, RT-PCR, and cell transfection were used to explore the mechanism of FKA on hepatoma cells. Tissue section staining is mainly used to demonstrate the effect of FKA on HCC in vivo. RESULTS We confirmed that FKA can directly interact with CXCL12 and HCC proliferation, migration, invasion, and VM formation were all inhibited through reversing the EMT progress in vitro and in vivo through the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway. Additionally, by overexpressing and knocking down CXCL12, we got the same results. CONCLUSION FKA attenuated proliferation, invasion and metastatic and reversed EMT in HCC via PI3K/Akt/HIF-1α/NF-κB/Twist1 pathway by targeting CXCL12. This study proposed that FKA may be a candidate drug and prospective strategy for HCC therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, China.
| | - Jiali Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Jiao Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, China.
| | - Rong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, China
| | - Zihui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, China
| | - Yuxin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Yiming He
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Dandi Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Ronghao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, China
| | - Fubo Zhang
- Organ Transplantation Center, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Yexin Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, China
| | - Jiadelati Shaletanati
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, China
| | - Honggang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Chunfeng Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, China.
| | - Cheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin 300457, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lack of Oestrogen Receptor Expression in Breast Cancer Cells Does Not Correlate with Kisspeptin Signalling and Migration. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158744. [PMID: 35955878 PMCID: PMC9368979 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Kisspeptin is an anti-metastatic mediator in many cancer types, acting through its receptor, KISS1R. However, controversy remains regarding its role in breast cancer since both pro- and anti-metastatic roles have been ascribed to it. In KISS1R overexpressing triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells, stimulation has been associated with increased invasion and MMP-9 expression, leading to the suggestion that hormone receptor status determines the metastatic effects of kisspeptin. To assess the veracity of this claim, we compared endogenous KISS1R signalling and physiological output in the hormone receptor-negative MDA-MB-231 and BT-20 cell lines after KP-10 (shortest active kisspeptin peptide) stimulation. MDA-MB-231 cells are metastatic when implanted in mice while BT-20 are not and remain epithelial-like. We show that both cell lines express KISS1R mRNA and respond to KP-10 by elevating calcium mobilisation. However, KP-10 stimulation induced migration of MDA-MB-231, but not BT-20 cells, in a calcium-dependent manner. Moreover, only BT-20 cells responded to KP-10 by increasing ERK phosphorylation in a β-arrestin-dependent manner. Interestingly, both cell lines displayed different complements of β-arrestin 1 and 2 expression. Overall, our data shows that, in TNBC, it is not universally true that kisspeptin/KISS1R stimulate migration or pro-metastatic behaviour, as divergent responses were observed in the two TNBC lines tested. Whether this divergence is related to the observed differences in β-arrestin complements warrants further investigation and may enable further stratification of the ability of kisspeptin to influence breast tumour behaviour.
Collapse
|
4
|
Ospina-Muñoz N, Vernot JP. Partial acquisition of stemness properties in tumorspheres obtained from interleukin-8-treated MCF-7 cells. Tumour Biol 2020; 42:1010428320979438. [PMID: 33325322 DOI: 10.1177/1010428320979438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The interleukin-8 is an important regulator of the tumor microenvironment, promoting the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and the acquisition of stem-like cell properties in cancer cells. The tumorsphere-formation assay has been used for the identification of cancer stem cell. Interleukin-8 induces the formation of larger tumorspheres in Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF-7) cells, suggesting cancer stem cell enrichment. In this work, we aimed to study the phenotypic and functional characteristics of the cells present within the tumorspheres of MCF-7 cells previously treated with interleukin-8. MCF-7 cells treated for 5 days or not with this cytokine were further cultivated in ultralow attachment plates for another 5 days to allow tumorspheres formation. We showed that the enhanced sphere formation by MCF-7 cells was not a consequence of higher cell proliferation by interleukin-8 stimulation. Despite maintaining an epithelial-mesenchymal transition phenotype with the presence of epithelial and mesenchymal markers, basic stemness properties were impaired in tumorspheres and in those treated with interleukin-8, while others were increased. Self-renewal capacity was increased in interleukin-8-treated cells only in the first generation of tumorspheres but was not sustained in consecutive assays. Accordingly, self-renewal and reprogramming gene expression, differentiation capacity to adipocytes, and clonogenicity were also impaired. We showed also that tumorspheres were enriched in differentiated luminal cells (EpCAM+/CD49f-). Nevertheless, cells were more quiescent and maintain a partial epithelial-mesenchymal transition, consistent with their increased resistance to Paclitaxel and Doxorubicin. They also presented higher migration and interleukin-8-directed invasion. Therefore, the breast cancer cell line MCF-7, having a low stemness index, might partially acquire some stem-like cell attributes after interleukin-8 stimulation, increasing its aggressiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Ospina-Muñoz
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Group, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, DC, Colombia
| | - Jean-Paul Vernot
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Group, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, DC, Colombia.,Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, DC, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhu T, Bao X, Chen M, Lin R, Zhuyan J, Zhen T, Xing K, Zhou W, Zhu S. Mechanisms and Future of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Metastasis. Front Oncol 2020; 10:585284. [PMID: 33262947 PMCID: PMC7686569 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.585284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer, renowned for its fast progression and metastatic potency, is rising to become a leading cause of death globally. It has been long observed that lung cancer is particularly ept in spawning distant metastasis at its early stages, and it can readily colonize virtually any human organ. In recent years, cancer research has shed light on why lung cancer is endowed with its exceptional ability to metastasize. In this review, we will take a comprehensive look at the current research on lung cancer metastasis, including molecular pathways, anatomical features and genetic traits that make lung cancer intrinsically metastatic, as we go from lung cancer’s general metastatic potential to the particular metastasis mechanisms in multiple organs. We highly concerned about the advanced discovery and development of lung cancer metastasis, indicating the importance of lung cancer specific gene mutations, heterogeneity or biomarker discovery, and discussing potential opportunities and challenges. We will also introduce some current treatments that targets certain metastatic strategies of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Advances made in these regards could be critical to our current knowledge base of lung cancer metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianhao Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Starriver Bilingual School, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Mingyu Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Lin
- Department of General Surgery, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University Medical School, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianan Zhuyan
- Shanghai Starriver Bilingual School, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Emergency, Souths Campus, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sibo Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
The Signaling Duo CXCL12 and CXCR4: Chemokine Fuel for Breast Cancer Tumorigenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12103071. [PMID: 33096815 PMCID: PMC7590182 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12103071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Breast cancer remains the most common malignancy in women. In this review, we explore the role of the CXCL12/CXCR4 pathway in breast cancer. We show that the CXCL12/CXCR4 cascade is involved in nearly every aspect of breast cancer tumorigenesis including proliferation, cell motility and distant metastasis. Moreover, we summarize current knowledge about the CXCL12/CXCR4-targeted therapies. Due to the critical roles of this pathway in breast cancer and other malignancies, we believe that audiences in different fields will find this overview helpful. Abstract The CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling pathway has emerged in the recent years as a key player in breast cancer tumorigenesis. This pathway controls many aspects of breast cancer development including cancer cell proliferation, motility and metastasis to all target organs. Moreover, the CXCL12/CXCR4 cascade affects both immune and stromal cells, creating tumor-supporting microenvironment. In this review, we examine state-of-the-art knowledge about detrimental roles of the CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling, discuss its therapeutic potential and suggest further research directions beneficial both for basic research and personalized medicine in breast cancer.
Collapse
|
7
|
Avagliano A, Fiume G, Ruocco MR, Martucci N, Vecchio E, Insabato L, Russo D, Accurso A, Masone S, Montagnani S, Arcucci A. Influence of Fibroblasts on Mammary Gland Development, Breast Cancer Microenvironment Remodeling, and Cancer Cell Dissemination. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1697. [PMID: 32604738 PMCID: PMC7352995 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The stromal microenvironment regulates mammary gland development and tumorigenesis. In normal mammary glands, the stromal microenvironment encompasses the ducts and contains fibroblasts, the main regulators of branching morphogenesis. Understanding the way fibroblast signaling pathways regulate mammary gland development may offer insights into the mechanisms of breast cancer (BC) biology. In fact, the unregulated mammary fibroblast signaling pathways, associated with alterations in extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and branching morphogenesis, drive breast cancer microenvironment (BCM) remodeling and cancer growth. The BCM comprises a very heterogeneous tissue containing non-cancer stromal cells, namely, breast cancer-associated fibroblasts (BCAFs), which represent most of the tumor mass. Moreover, the different components of the BCM highly interact with cancer cells, thereby generating a tightly intertwined network. In particular, BC cells activate recruited normal fibroblasts in BCAFs, which, in turn, promote BCM remodeling and metastasis. Thus, comparing the roles of normal fibroblasts and BCAFs in the physiological and metastatic processes, could provide a deeper understanding of the signaling pathways regulating BC dissemination. Here, we review the latest literature describing the structure of the mammary gland and the BCM and summarize the influence of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EpMT) and autophagy in BC dissemination. Finally, we discuss the roles of fibroblasts and BCAFs in mammary gland development and BCM remodeling, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Avagliano
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (N.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Giuseppe Fiume
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (G.F.); (E.V.)
| | - Maria Rosaria Ruocco
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Nunzia Martucci
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (N.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Eleonora Vecchio
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (G.F.); (E.V.)
| | - Luigi Insabato
- Anatomic Pathology Unit, Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.I.); (D.R.)
| | - Daniela Russo
- Anatomic Pathology Unit, Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.I.); (D.R.)
| | - Antonello Accurso
- Department of General, Oncological, Bariatric and Endocrine-Metabolic Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Stefania Masone
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Stefania Montagnani
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (N.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Alessandro Arcucci
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (N.M.); (S.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pelon F, Bourachot B, Kieffer Y, Magagna I, Mermet-Meillon F, Bonnet I, Costa A, Givel AM, Attieh Y, Barbazan J, Bonneau C, Fuhrmann L, Descroix S, Vignjevic D, Silberzan P, Parrini MC, Vincent-Salomon A, Mechta-Grigoriou F. Cancer-associated fibroblast heterogeneity in axillary lymph nodes drives metastases in breast cancer through complementary mechanisms. Nat Commun 2020; 11:404. [PMID: 31964880 PMCID: PMC6972713 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14134-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Although fibroblast heterogeneity is recognized in primary tumors, both its characterization in and its impact on metastases remain unknown. Here, combining flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry and RNA-sequencing on breast cancer samples, we identify four Cancer-Associated Fibroblast (CAF) subpopulations in metastatic lymph nodes (LN). Two myofibroblastic subsets, CAF-S1 and CAF-S4, accumulate in LN and correlate with cancer cell invasion. By developing functional assays on primary cultures, we demonstrate that these subsets promote metastasis through distinct functions. While CAF-S1 stimulate cancer cell migration and initiate an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition through CXCL12 and TGFβ pathways, highly contractile CAF-S4 induce cancer cell invasion in 3-dimensions via NOTCH signaling. Patients with high levels of CAFs, particularly CAF-S4, in LN at diagnosis are prone to develop late distant metastases. Our findings suggest that CAF subset accumulation in LN is a prognostic marker, suggesting that CAF subsets could be examined in axillary LN at diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Floriane Pelon
- Institut Curie, Stress and Cancer Laboratory, Equipe labélisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, PSL Research University, 26, rue d'Ulm, F-75005, Paris, France
- Inserm, U830, 26, rue d'Ulm, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Brigitte Bourachot
- Institut Curie, Stress and Cancer Laboratory, Equipe labélisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, PSL Research University, 26, rue d'Ulm, F-75005, Paris, France
- Inserm, U830, 26, rue d'Ulm, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Yann Kieffer
- Institut Curie, Stress and Cancer Laboratory, Equipe labélisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, PSL Research University, 26, rue d'Ulm, F-75005, Paris, France
- Inserm, U830, 26, rue d'Ulm, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Ilaria Magagna
- Institut Curie, Stress and Cancer Laboratory, Equipe labélisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, PSL Research University, 26, rue d'Ulm, F-75005, Paris, France
- Inserm, U830, 26, rue d'Ulm, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Fanny Mermet-Meillon
- Analysis of Transduction Pathway, Institut Curie, Inserm, U830, PSL Research University, 26 rue d'Ulm, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Bonnet
- Institut Curie, Biology-inspired Physics at MesoScales Laboratory, Equipe labélisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, CNRS UMR168, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, 26, rue d'Ulm, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Ana Costa
- Institut Curie, Stress and Cancer Laboratory, Equipe labélisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, PSL Research University, 26, rue d'Ulm, F-75005, Paris, France
- Inserm, U830, 26, rue d'Ulm, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Marie Givel
- Institut Curie, Stress and Cancer Laboratory, Equipe labélisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, PSL Research University, 26, rue d'Ulm, F-75005, Paris, France
- Inserm, U830, 26, rue d'Ulm, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Youmna Attieh
- Institut Curie, Cell Migration and Invasion, UMR144, PSL Research University, 26, rue d'Ulm, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Jorge Barbazan
- Institut Curie, Cell Migration and Invasion, UMR144, PSL Research University, 26, rue d'Ulm, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Claire Bonneau
- Institut Curie, Stress and Cancer Laboratory, Equipe labélisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, PSL Research University, 26, rue d'Ulm, F-75005, Paris, France
- Inserm, U830, 26, rue d'Ulm, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Laetitia Fuhrmann
- Department of Pathology, Institut Curie Hospital, 26, rue d'Ulm, F-75248, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Descroix
- Institut Curie, Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, CNRS UMR168, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Danijela Vignjevic
- Institut Curie, Cell Migration and Invasion, UMR144, PSL Research University, 26, rue d'Ulm, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Pascal Silberzan
- Institut Curie, Biology-inspired Physics at MesoScales Laboratory, Equipe labélisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, CNRS UMR168, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, 26, rue d'Ulm, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Maria Carla Parrini
- Analysis of Transduction Pathway, Institut Curie, Inserm, U830, PSL Research University, 26 rue d'Ulm, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Anne Vincent-Salomon
- Department of Pathology, Institut Curie Hospital, 26, rue d'Ulm, F-75248, Paris, France
| | - Fatima Mechta-Grigoriou
- Institut Curie, Stress and Cancer Laboratory, Equipe labélisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, PSL Research University, 26, rue d'Ulm, F-75005, Paris, France.
- Inserm, U830, 26, rue d'Ulm, F-75005, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Stathaki M, Stamatiou ME, Magioris G, Simantiris S, Syrigos N, Dourakis S, Koutsilieris M, Armakolas A. The role of kisspeptin system in cancer biology. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2019; 142:130-140. [PMID: 31401420 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2019.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Kisspeptins are a family of neuropeptides that are known to be critical in puberty initiation and ovulation. Apart from that kisspeptin derived peptides (KPs) are also known for their antimetastatic activities in several malignancies. Herein we report recent evidence of the role of kisspeptins in cancer biology and we examine the prospective of targeting the kisspeptin pathways leading to a better prognosis in patients with malignant diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martha Stathaki
- Physiology Laboratory, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodestrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Evanthia Stamatiou
- Physiology Laboratory, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodestrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - George Magioris
- Physiology Laboratory, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodestrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Spyridon Simantiris
- Physiology Laboratory, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodestrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Syrigos
- Physiology Laboratory, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodestrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Spyridon Dourakis
- 2nd Academic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine Hippokration General Hospital Athens Greece, Greece
| | - Michael Koutsilieris
- Physiology Laboratory, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodestrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios Armakolas
- Physiology Laboratory, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodestrian University of Athens, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
KiSS1 in regulation of metastasis and response to antitumor drugs. Drug Resist Updat 2019; 42:12-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
11
|
Xia R, Xu G, Huang Y, Sheng X, Xu X, Lu H. Hesperidin suppresses the migration and invasion of non-small cell lung cancer cells by inhibiting the SDF-1/CXCR-4 pathway. Life Sci 2018; 201:111-120. [PMID: 29604270 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to investigate the ability of hesperidin to suppress the migration and invasion of A549 cells, and to investigate the role of the SDF-1/CXCR-4 cascade in this suppression. METHODS We performed a Transwell migration assay to measure the migratory capability of A549 cells treated with 0.5% DMSO, SDF-1α, AMD3100 or hesperidin. The SDF-1 level in the culture medium was determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect whether different concentrations of hesperidin affected SDF-1 secretion. A wound-healing assay was performed to determine the effects of different concentrations of hesperidin on the migration inhibition of A549, H460 and H1975 cells. Additionally, the effect of various hesperidin concentrations on the rate of A549 cell invasion and migration was examined with and without Matrigel in Transwell assays, respectively. Western blot analysis was used to evaluate the protein levels of CXCR-4, MMP-9, CK-19, Vimentin, p65, p-p65, p-IκB, IκB, p-Akt and Akt. RT-qPCR was used to detect the mRNA levels of CXCR-4, MMP-9, CK-19, Vimentin, p65, IκB, SDF-1 and Akt. RESULTS The Transwell migration assay indicated that SDF-1α promoted A549 cell migration, while AMD3100 and hesperidin significantly inhibited the migratory capability. The wound-healing assay demonstrated that hesperidin treatment significantly reduced the rate of wound closure compared with the control group in a dose-dependent manner. Similarly, the migration and invasive abilities of A549 cells, H460 and H1975 cells treated with hesperidin were significantly decreased compared with the control group. The ELISA data suggested that hesperidin attenuated the secretion of SDF-1 from A549 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, western blot analysis indicated that SDF-1α treatment significantly increased the levels of CXCR-4, p-p65, p-IκB and p-Akt in A549 cells. In contrast, AMD3100 or hesperidin reversed the effect induced by SDF-1α through decreasing the expression of CXCR-4. Subsequent RT-qPCR and western blot analyses also confirmed that hesperidin had a significant effect on the expression of EMT-related proteins, including MMP-9, CK-19 and Vimentin, in A549 cells. CONCLUSION In summary, we demonstrated that hesperidin inhibited the migratory and invasive capabilities of A549 human non-small cell lung cancer cells by the mediation of the SDF-1/CXCR-4 signaling cascade, thus providing the foundation for the development of hesperidin as a safer and more effective anticancer drug for non-small cell lung cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rongmu Xia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, PR China
| | - Gang Xu
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiac Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, PR China
| | - Yue Huang
- Morphological Laboratory Department, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, PR China
| | - Xin Sheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, PR China
| | - Xianlin Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, PR China
| | - Hongling Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Aversa I, Zolea F, Ieranò C, Bulotta S, Trotta AM, Faniello MC, De Marco C, Malanga D, Biamonte F, Viglietto G, Cuda G, Scala S, Costanzo F. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in FHC-silenced cells: the role of CXCR4/CXCL12 axis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2017; 36:104. [PMID: 28774348 PMCID: PMC5543736 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-017-0571-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Ferritin plays a central role in the intracellular iron metabolism; the molecule is a nanocage of 24 subunits of the heavy and light types. The heavy subunit (FHC) is provided of a ferroxidase activity and thus performs the key transformation of iron in a non-toxic form. Recently, it has been shown that FHC is also involved in additional not iron-related critical pathways including, among the others, p53 regulation, modulation of oncomiRNAs expression and chemokine signalling. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a cellular mechanism by which the cell acquires a fibroblast-like phenotype along with a decreased adhesion and augmented motility. In this work we have focused our attention on the role of the FHC on EMT induction in the human cell lines MCF-7 and H460 to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms. Methods Targeted silencing of the FHC was performed by lentiviral-driven shRNA strategy. Reconstitution of the FHC gene product was obtained by full length FHC cDNA transfection with Lipofectamine 2000. MTT and cell count assays were used to evaluate cell viability and proliferation; cell migration capability was assayed by the wound-healing assay and transwell strategy. Quantification of the CXCR4 surface expression was performed by flow cytometry. Results Experimental data indicated that FHC-silenced MCF-7 and H460 cells (MCF-7shFHC, H460shFHC) acquire a mesenchymal phenotype, accompanied by a significant enhancement of their migratory and proliferative capacity. This shift is coupled to an increase in ROS production and by an activation of the CXCR4/CXCL12 signalling pathway. We present experimental data indicating that the cytosolic increase in ROS levels is responsible for the enhanced proliferation of FHC-silenced cells, while the higher migration rate is attributable to a dysregulation of the CXCR4/CXCL12 axis. Conclusions Our findings indicate that induction of EMT, increased migration and survival depend, in MCF-7 and H460 cells, on the release of FHC control on two pathways, namely the iron/ROS metabolism and CXCR4/CXCL12 axis. Besides constituting a further confirmation of the multifunctional nature of FHC, this data also suggest that the analysis of FHC amount/function might be an important additional tool to predict tumor aggressiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Aversa
- Research Center of Advanced Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Salvatore Venuta Campus, Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - F Zolea
- Research Center of Advanced Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Salvatore Venuta Campus, Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - C Ieranò
- Genomica Funzionale, INT Pascale, Napoli, Italy
| | - S Bulotta
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Salvatore Venuta Campus, Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - A M Trotta
- Genomica Funzionale, INT Pascale, Napoli, Italy
| | - M C Faniello
- Research Center of Advanced Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Salvatore Venuta Campus, Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - C De Marco
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - D Malanga
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - F Biamonte
- Research Center of Advanced Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Salvatore Venuta Campus, Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - G Viglietto
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - G Cuda
- Research Center of Advanced Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Salvatore Venuta Campus, Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - S Scala
- Genomica Funzionale, INT Pascale, Napoli, Italy
| | - F Costanzo
- Research Center of Advanced Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Salvatore Venuta Campus, Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yang QL, Zhang LY, Wang HF, Li Y, Wang YY, Chen TT, Dai MF, Wu HH, Chen SL, Wang WR, Wu Q, Chen CJ, Zhou CZ. The N-terminal polypeptide derived from viral macrophage inflammatory protein II reverses breast cancer epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition via a PDGFRα-dependent mechanism. Oncotarget 2017; 8:37448-37463. [PMID: 28415580 PMCID: PMC5514921 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
NT21MP, a 21-residue peptide derived from the viral macrophage inflammatory protein II, competed effectively with the natural ligand of CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4), stromal cell-derived factor 1-alpha, to induce apoptosis and inhibit growth in breast cancer. Its role in tumor epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) regulation remains unknown. In this study, we evaluated the reversal of EMT upon NT21MP treatment and examined its role in the inhibition of EMT in breast cancer. The parental cells of breast cancer (SKBR-3 and MCF-7) and paclitaxel-resistant (SKBR-3 PR and MCF-7 PR) cells were studied in vitro and in combined immunodeficient mice. The mice injected with SKBR-3 PR cells were treated with NT21MP through the tail vein or intraperitoneally with paclitaxel or saline. Sections from tumors were evaluated for tumor weight and EMT markers based on Western blot. In vitro, the effects of NT21MP, CXCR4 and PDGFRα on tumor EMT were assessed by relative quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, western blot and biological activity in breast cancer cell lines expressing high or low levels of CXCR4. Our results illustrated that NT21MP could reverse the phenotype of EMT in paclitaxel-resistant cells. Furthermore, we found that NT21MP governed PR-mediated EMT partly due to controlling platelet-derived growth factors A and B (PDGFA and PDGFB) and their receptor (PDGFRα). More importantly, NT21MP down-regulated AKT and ERK1/2 activity, which were activated by PDGFRα, and eventually reversed the EMT. Together, these results indicated that CXCR4 overexpression drives acquired paclitaxel resistance, partly by activating the PDGFA and PDGFB/PDGFRα autocrine signaling loops that activate AKT and ERK1/2. Inhibition of the oncogenic EMT process by targeting CXCR4/PDGFRα-mediated pathways using NT21MP may provide a novel therapeutic approach towards breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Ling Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and the Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 233030, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, China
| | - Ling-Yu Zhang
- Clinical Testing and Diagnose Experimental Center of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233000, China
| | - Hai-Feng Wang
- Clinical Testing and Diagnose Experimental Center of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233000, China
| | - Yu Li
- Clinical Testing and Diagnose Experimental Center of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233000, China
| | - Yue-Yue Wang
- Clinical Testing and Diagnose Experimental Center of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233000, China
| | - Tian-Tian Chen
- Clinical Testing and Diagnose Experimental Center of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233000, China
| | - Meng-Fen Dai
- Clinical Testing and Diagnose Experimental Center of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233000, China
| | - Hai-Hua Wu
- Clinical Testing and Diagnose Experimental Center of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233000, China
| | - Su-Lian Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, China
| | - Wen-Rui Wang
- Department of Biotechnology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, China
| | - Chang-Jie Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, China
| | - Cong-Zhao Zhou
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and the Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 233030, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Yin Y, Tang L, Shi L. The metastasis suppressor gene KISS-1 regulates osteosarcoma apoptosis and autophagy processes. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:1286-1290. [PMID: 28075440 PMCID: PMC5367324 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of the metastasis suppressor gene KISS-1 in osteosarcoma cells during apoptosis and autophagy was evaluated. MG-63 osteosarcoma cells were transfected with either KISS-1 overexpression or KISS-1 knockdown expression vector in vitro, and compared with cell lines transfected with empty vector. After 12, 24, 48 and 72 h of cell culture, the cell proliferation was examined. The MTT method was used to detect apoptosis by flow cytometry, and the mRNA levels of apoptosis and autophagy markers caspase-3, Bcl-2, Bax, LC3 and Beclin1 were assessed by RT-PCR. Our results showed that cells in the control and low expression group kept proliferating during the cell culture period of 72 h, while the cells in the overexpression group progressively decreased in number. Also, the proliferation rate of the low expression group was significantly higher than that of the control group. The relative mRNA expression levels of caspase-3 and Bax mRNA in the control and low expression group showed no change (the expression was lowest in the low expression group). Moreover, the mRNA level of Bcl-2 increased in both cell groups. The mRNA expression levels of caspase-3 and Bax in the overexpression group were increased, and the level of Bcl-2 was reduced significantly. At the same time, the relative expression level of LC3 and Beclin1 mRNA in the control and low expression groups remained the same, and that of the overexpression group increased. The mRNA levels of LC3 and Beclin1 in the overexpression group were the highest, and that of the low expression group the lowest. The differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Based on these results, we showed that KISS-1 inhibited the proliferation of osteosarcoma in vitro, probably by accelerating the processes of apoptosis and autophagy in the cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Yin
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Lian Tang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gründker C, Bauerschmitz G, Schubert A, Emons G. Invasion and increased expression of S100A4 and CYR61 in mesenchymal transformed breast cancer cells is downregulated by GnRH. Int J Oncol 2016; 48:2713-21. [PMID: 27098123 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
S100 calcium binding protein A4 (S100A4) and cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61 (CYR61) play important roles in epithelial-mesenchymal-transition (EMT), invasion and metastasis by promoting cancer cell motility. Recently we were able to show that invasion of GnRH receptor-positive breast cancer cells is time- and dose-dependently reduced by GnRH analogs. We have now analyzed whether GnRH treatment affects S100A4 and CYR61 in mesenchymal transformed breast cancer cells. S100A4 and CYR61 expression was analyzed using RT-PCR. Invasion was quantified by assessment of breast cancer cell migration rate through an artificial basement membrane. The role of S100A4 and CYR61 in invasion of breast cancer cells was analyzed by neutralizing their biological activity. Expression of S100A4, CYR61 and GnRH receptor in human breast cancers, normal and other non-malignant breast tissues was analyzed by immuno-histochemistry. Invasion and expression of S100A4 and CYR61 in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells were significant higher as compared with MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Invasion and expression of S100A4 and CYR61 were significantly increased in mesenchymal transformed MCF-7 cells (MCF-7-EMT). The increased invasion of MCF-7-EMT cells could be reduced by anti-S100A4 and anti-CYR61 antibodies. In addition, invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells was decreased by anti-S100A4 and anti-CYR61 antibodies. Treatment of MCF-7-EMT and MDA-MB-231 cells with GnRH agonist Triptorelin resulted in a significant decrease of invasion and expression of S100A4 and CYR61. Both, S100A4 and CYR61 were found highly expressed in biopsy specimens of breast hyperplasia and malignant breast cancers. GnRH receptor expression was detectable in approximately 71% of malignant breast cancers. Our findings suggest that S100A4 and CYR61 play major roles in breast cancer invasion. Both, invasion and expression of S100A4 and CYR61 can be inhibited by GnRH treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Gründker
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Georg-August-University, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gerd Bauerschmitz
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Georg-August-University, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Antje Schubert
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Georg-August-University, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Günter Emons
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Georg-August-University, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|