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Joo JE, Clendenning M, Wong EM, Rosty C, Mahmood K, Georgeson P, Winship IM, Preston SG, Win AK, Dugué PA, Jayasekara H, English D, Macrae FA, Hopper JL, Jenkins MA, Milne RL, Giles GG, Southey MC, Buchanan DD. DNA Methylation Signatures and the Contribution of Age-Associated Methylomic Drift to Carcinogenesis in Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13112589. [PMID: 34070516 PMCID: PMC8199056 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The role of DNA methylation in the carcinogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC) diagnosed <50 years of age (early-onset CRC or EOCRC) is currently unknown. In this study, we investigated the genome-wide DNA methylation of 97 tumour and 54 normal colonic mucosa samples from people with EOCRC with the aim of identifying unique DNA methylation signatures and determining the role of ageing-related DNA methylation drift and age-acceleration in EOCRC aetiology. We found extensive DNA methylation alterations associated with EOCRC carcinogenesis, including a unique signature comprising 234 loci compared with CRCs from people >50 years of age. CpGs that undergo ageing-related methylation drift were significantly altered in EOCRC, and accelerated ageing was also evident in normal mucosa from people with EOCRC. Our study is the first study to identify unique DNA methylation changes in EOCRC, contributing novel information that may aid future efforts towards EOCRC prevention. Abstract We investigated aberrant DNA methylation (DNAm) changes and the contribution of ageing-associated methylomic drift and age acceleration to early-onset colorectal cancer (EOCRC) carcinogenesis. Genome-wide DNAm profiling using the Infinium HM450K on 97 EOCRC tumour and 54 normal colonic mucosa samples was compared with: (1) intermediate-onset CRC (IOCRC; diagnosed between 50–70 years; 343 tumour and 35 normal); and (2) late-onset CRC (LOCRC; >70 years; 318 tumour and 40 normal). CpGs associated with age-related methylation drift were identified using a public dataset of 231 normal mucosa samples from people without CRC. DNAm-age was estimated using epiTOC2. Common to all three age-of-onset groups, 88,385 (20% of all CpGs) CpGs were differentially methylated between tumour and normal mucosa. We identified 234 differentially methylated genes that were unique to the EOCRC group; 13 of these DMRs/genes were replicated in EOCRC compared with LOCRCs from TCGA. In normal mucosa from people without CRC, we identified 28,154 CpGs that undergo ageing-related DNAm drift, and of those, 65% were aberrantly methylated in EOCRC tumours. Based on the mitotic-based DNAm clock epiTOC2, we identified age acceleration in normal mucosa of people with EOCRC compared with normal mucosa from the IOCRC, LOCRC groups (p = 3.7 × 10−16) and young people without CRC (p = 5.8 × 10−6). EOCRC acquires unique DNAm alterations at 234 loci. CpGs associated with ageing-associated drift were widely affected in EOCRC without needing the decades-long accrual of DNAm drift as commonly seen in intermediate- and late-onset CRCs. Accelerated ageing in normal mucosa from people with EOCRC potentially underlies the earlier age of diagnosis in CRC carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihoon E. Joo
- Colorectal Oncogenomics Group, Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne 3010, Australia; (J.E.J.); (M.C.); (C.R.); (K.M.); (P.G.); (S.G.P.); (H.J.)
- University of Melbourne Centre for Cancer Research, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Parkville, Melbourne 3000, Australia
| | - Mark Clendenning
- Colorectal Oncogenomics Group, Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne 3010, Australia; (J.E.J.); (M.C.); (C.R.); (K.M.); (P.G.); (S.G.P.); (H.J.)
- University of Melbourne Centre for Cancer Research, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Parkville, Melbourne 3000, Australia
| | - Ee Ming Wong
- Precision Medicine, Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne 3800, Australia; (E.M.W.); (P.-A.D.); (R.L.M.); (G.G.G.); (M.C.S.)
| | - Christophe Rosty
- Colorectal Oncogenomics Group, Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne 3010, Australia; (J.E.J.); (M.C.); (C.R.); (K.M.); (P.G.); (S.G.P.); (H.J.)
- University of Melbourne Centre for Cancer Research, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Parkville, Melbourne 3000, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Brisbane 4006, Australia
- Envoi Pathology, Brisbane 4059, Australia
| | - Khalid Mahmood
- Colorectal Oncogenomics Group, Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne 3010, Australia; (J.E.J.); (M.C.); (C.R.); (K.M.); (P.G.); (S.G.P.); (H.J.)
- University of Melbourne Centre for Cancer Research, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Parkville, Melbourne 3000, Australia
- Melbourne Bioinformatics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne 3010, Australia
| | - Peter Georgeson
- Colorectal Oncogenomics Group, Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne 3010, Australia; (J.E.J.); (M.C.); (C.R.); (K.M.); (P.G.); (S.G.P.); (H.J.)
- University of Melbourne Centre for Cancer Research, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Parkville, Melbourne 3000, Australia
| | - Ingrid M. Winship
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne 3050, Australia; (I.M.W.); (F.A.M.)
- Genomic Medicine and Family Cancer Clinic, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Melbourne 3050, Australia
| | - Susan G. Preston
- Colorectal Oncogenomics Group, Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne 3010, Australia; (J.E.J.); (M.C.); (C.R.); (K.M.); (P.G.); (S.G.P.); (H.J.)
- University of Melbourne Centre for Cancer Research, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Parkville, Melbourne 3000, Australia
| | - Aung Ko Win
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia; (A.K.W.); (D.E.); (J.L.H.); (M.A.J.)
| | - Pierre-Antoine Dugué
- Precision Medicine, Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne 3800, Australia; (E.M.W.); (P.-A.D.); (R.L.M.); (G.G.G.); (M.C.S.)
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia; (A.K.W.); (D.E.); (J.L.H.); (M.A.J.)
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne 3004, Australia
| | - Harindra Jayasekara
- Colorectal Oncogenomics Group, Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne 3010, Australia; (J.E.J.); (M.C.); (C.R.); (K.M.); (P.G.); (S.G.P.); (H.J.)
- University of Melbourne Centre for Cancer Research, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Parkville, Melbourne 3000, Australia
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne 3004, Australia
| | - Dallas English
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia; (A.K.W.); (D.E.); (J.L.H.); (M.A.J.)
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne 3004, Australia
| | - Finlay A. Macrae
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne 3050, Australia; (I.M.W.); (F.A.M.)
- Genomic Medicine and Family Cancer Clinic, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Melbourne 3050, Australia
- Colorectal Medicine and Genetics, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Melbourne 3050, Australia
| | - John L. Hopper
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia; (A.K.W.); (D.E.); (J.L.H.); (M.A.J.)
| | - Mark A. Jenkins
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia; (A.K.W.); (D.E.); (J.L.H.); (M.A.J.)
| | - Roger L. Milne
- Precision Medicine, Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne 3800, Australia; (E.M.W.); (P.-A.D.); (R.L.M.); (G.G.G.); (M.C.S.)
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia; (A.K.W.); (D.E.); (J.L.H.); (M.A.J.)
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne 3004, Australia
| | - Graham G. Giles
- Precision Medicine, Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne 3800, Australia; (E.M.W.); (P.-A.D.); (R.L.M.); (G.G.G.); (M.C.S.)
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia; (A.K.W.); (D.E.); (J.L.H.); (M.A.J.)
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne 3004, Australia
| | - Melissa C. Southey
- Precision Medicine, Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne 3800, Australia; (E.M.W.); (P.-A.D.); (R.L.M.); (G.G.G.); (M.C.S.)
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne 3004, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne 3010, Australia
| | - Daniel D. Buchanan
- Colorectal Oncogenomics Group, Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne 3010, Australia; (J.E.J.); (M.C.); (C.R.); (K.M.); (P.G.); (S.G.P.); (H.J.)
- University of Melbourne Centre for Cancer Research, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Parkville, Melbourne 3000, Australia
- Genomic Medicine and Family Cancer Clinic, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Melbourne 3050, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-3-8559-7004
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Suman M, Dugué PA, Wong EM, Joo JE, Hopper JL, Nguyen-Dumont T, Giles GG, Milne RL, McLean C, Southey MC. Association of variably methylated tumour DNA regions with overall survival for invasive lobular breast cancer. Clin Epigenetics 2021; 13:11. [PMID: 33461604 PMCID: PMC7814464 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-020-00975-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tumour DNA methylation profiling has shown potential to refine disease subtyping and improve the diagnosis and prognosis prediction of breast cancer. However, limited data exist regarding invasive lobular breast cancer (ILBC). Here, we investigated the genome-wide variability of DNA methylation levels across ILBC tumours and assessed the association between methylation levels at the variably methylated regions and overall survival in women with ILBC. Methods Tumour-enriched DNA was prepared by macrodissecting formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tumour tissue from 130 ILBCs diagnosed in the participants of the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study (MCCS). Genome-wide tumour DNA methylation was measured using the HumanMethylation 450K (HM450K) BeadChip array. Variably methylated regions (VMRs) were identified using the DMRcate package in R. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to assess the association between methylation levels at the ten most significant VMRs and overall survival. Gene set enrichment analyses were undertaken using the web-based tool Metaspace. Replication of the VMR and survival analysis findings was examined using data retrieved from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) for 168 ILBC cases. We also examined the correlation between methylation and gene expression for the ten VMRs of interest using TCGA data. Results We identified 2771 VMRs (P < 10−8) in ILBC tumours. The ten most variably methylated clusters were predominantly located in the promoter region of the genes: ISM1, APC, TMEM101, ASCL2, NKX6, HIST3H2A/HIST3H2BB, HCG4P3, HES5, CELF2 and EFCAB4B. Higher methylation level at several of these VMRs showed an association with reduced overall survival in the MCCS. In TCGA, all associations were in the same direction, however stronger than in the MCCS. The pooled analysis of the MCCS and TCGA data showed that methylation at four of the ten genes was associated with reduced overall survival, independently of age and tumour stage; APC: Hazard Ratio (95% Confidence interval) per one-unit M-value increase: 1.18 (1.02–1.36), TMEM101: 1.23 (1.02–1.48), HCG4P3: 1.37 (1.05–1.79) and CELF2: 1.21 (1.02–1.43). A negative correlation was observed between methylation and gene expression for CELF2 (R = − 0.25, P = 0.001), but not for TMEM101 and APC. Conclusions Our study identified regions showing greatest variability across the ILBC tumour genome and found methylation at several genes to potentially serve as a biomarker of survival for women with ILBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medha Suman
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Pierre-Antoine Dugué
- Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.,Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.,Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Ee Ming Wong
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - JiHoon Eric Joo
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - John L Hopper
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.,Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Tu Nguyen-Dumont
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Graham G Giles
- Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.,Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.,Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Roger L Milne
- Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.,Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.,Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Catriona McLean
- Anatomical Pathology, Alfred Health, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, 3181, Australia
| | - Melissa C Southey
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia. .,Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia. .,Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.
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Dugué PA, Dowty JG, Joo JE, Wong EM, Makalic E, Schmidt DF, English DR, Hopper JL, Pedersen J, Severi G, MacInnis RJ, Milne RL, Giles GG, Southey MC. Heritable methylation marks associated with breast and prostate cancer risk. Prostate 2018; 78:962-969. [PMID: 30133758 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA methylation can mimic the effects of germline mutations in cancer predisposition genes. Recently, we identified twenty-four heritable methylation marks associated with breast cancer risk. As breast and prostate cancer share genetic risk factors, including rare, high-risk mutations (eg, in BRCA2), we hypothesized that some of these heritable methylation marks might also be associated with the risk of prostate cancer. METHODS We studied 869 incident prostate cancers (430 aggressive and 439 non-aggressive) and 869 matched controls nested within a prospective cohort study. DNA methylation was measured in pre-diagnostic blood samples using the Illumina Infinium HM450K BeadChip. Conditional logistic regression models, adjusted for prostate cancer risk factors and blood cell composition, were used to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the association between the 24 methylation marks and the risk of prostate cancer. RESULTS Five methylation marks within the VTRNA2-1 promoter region (cg06536614, cg00124993, cg26328633, cg25340688, and cg26896946), and one in the body of CLGN (cg22901919) were associated with the risk of prostate cancer. In stratified analyses, the five VTRNA2-1 marks were associated with the risk of aggressive prostate cancer. CONCLUSIONS This work highlights a potentially important new area of investigation for prostate cancer susceptibility and adds to our knowledge about shared risk factors for breast and prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Antoine Dugué
- Cancer Epidemiology and Intelligence Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Epidmiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - James G Dowty
- Centre for Epidmiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jihoon E Joo
- Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ee M Wong
- Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Enes Makalic
- Centre for Epidmiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel F Schmidt
- Centre for Epidmiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dallas R English
- Cancer Epidemiology and Intelligence Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Epidmiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - John L Hopper
- Centre for Epidmiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Gianluca Severi
- Cancer Epidemiology and Intelligence Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Epidmiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre de Recherche en Épidémiologie et Santé des Populations (CESP, Inserm U1018), Université Paris-Saclay, UPS, UVSQ, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Robert J MacInnis
- Cancer Epidemiology and Intelligence Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Epidmiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Roger L Milne
- Cancer Epidemiology and Intelligence Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Epidmiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Graham G Giles
- Cancer Epidemiology and Intelligence Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Epidmiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Melissa C Southey
- Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Scott CM, Joo JE, O’Callaghan N, Buchanan DD, Clendenning M, Giles GG, Hopper JL, Wong EM, Southey MC. Methylation of Breast Cancer Predisposition Genes in Early-Onset Breast Cancer: Australian Breast Cancer Family Registry. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165436. [PMID: 27902704 PMCID: PMC5130174 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation can mimic the effects of both germline and somatic mutations for cancer predisposition genes such as BRCA1 and p16INK4a. Constitutional DNA methylation of the BRCA1 promoter has been well described and is associated with an increased risk of early-onset breast cancers that have BRCA1-mutation associated histological features. The role of methylation in the context of other breast cancer predisposition genes has been less well studied and often with conflicting or ambiguous outcomes. We examined the role of methylation in known breast cancer susceptibility genes in breast cancer predisposition and tumor development. We applied the Infinium HumanMethylation450 Beadchip (HM450K) array to blood and tumor-derived DNA from 43 women diagnosed with breast cancer before the age of 40 years and measured the methylation profiles across promoter regions of BRCA1, BRCA2, ATM, PALB2, CDH1, TP53, FANCM, CHEK2, MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 and PMS2. Prior genetic testing had demonstrated that these women did not carry a germline mutation in BRCA1, ATM, CHEK2, PALB2, TP53, BRCA2, CDH1 or FANCM. In addition to the BRCA1 promoter region, this work identified regions with variable methylation at multiple breast cancer susceptibility genes including PALB2 and MLH1. Methylation at the region of MLH1 in these breast cancers was not associated with microsatellite instability. This work informs future studies of the role of methylation in breast cancer susceptibility gene silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron M. Scott
- Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - JiHoon Eric Joo
- Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Neil O’Callaghan
- Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Daniel D. Buchanan
- Colorectal Oncogenomics Group, Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark Clendenning
- Colorectal Oncogenomics Group, Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Graham G. Giles
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - John L. Hopper
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ee Ming Wong
- Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Melissa C. Southey
- Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
- * E-mail:
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