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Langan LM, Lovin LM, Taylor RB, Scarlett KR, Kevin Chambliss C, Chatterjee S, Scott JT, Brooks BW. Proteome changes in larval zebrafish (Danio rerio) and fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) exposed to (±) anatoxin-a. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 185:108514. [PMID: 38394915 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Anatoxin-a and its analogues are potent neurotoxins produced by several genera of cyanobacteria. Due in part to its high toxicity and potential presence in drinking water, these toxins pose threats to public health, companion animals and the environment. It primarily exerts toxicity as a cholinergic agonist, with high affinity at neuromuscular junctions, but molecular mechanisms by which it elicits toxicological responses are not fully understood. To advance understanding of this cyanobacteria, proteomic characterization (DIA shotgun proteomics) of two common fish models (zebrafish and fathead minnow) was performed following (±) anatoxin-a exposure. Specifically, proteome changes were identified and quantified in larval fish exposed for 96 h (0.01-3 mg/L (±) anatoxin-a and caffeine (a methodological positive control) with environmentally relevant treatment levels examined based on environmental exposure distributions of surface water data. Proteomic concentration - response relationships revealed 48 and 29 proteins with concentration - response relationships curves for zebrafish and fathead minnow, respectively. In contrast, the highest number of differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) varied between zebrafish (n = 145) and fathead minnow (n = 300), with only fatheads displaying DEPs at all treatment levels. For both species, genes associated with reproduction were significantly downregulated, with pathways analysis that broadly clustered genes into groups associated with DNA repair mechanisms. Importantly, significant differences in proteome response between the species was also observed, consistent with prior observations of differences in response using both behavioral assays and gene expression, adding further support to model specific differences in organismal sensitivity and/or response. When DEPs were read across from humans to zebrafish, disease ontology enrichment identified diseases associated with cognition and muscle weakness consistent with the prior literature. Our observations highlight limited knowledge of how (±) anatoxin-a, a commonly used synthetic racemate surrogate, elicits responses at a molecular level and advances its toxicological understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Langan
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA; Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
| | - Lea M Lovin
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA; Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA; Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Raegyn B Taylor
- Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA; Department of Chemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Kendall R Scarlett
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA; Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - C Kevin Chambliss
- Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA; Department of Chemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Saurabh Chatterjee
- Department of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
| | - J Thad Scott
- Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA; Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Bryan W Brooks
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA; Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA.
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Orsolic I, Carrier A, Esteller M. Genetic and epigenetic defects of the RNA modification machinery in cancer. Trends Genet 2023; 39:74-88. [PMID: 36379743 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2022.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer was initially considered to be an exclusively genetic disease, but an interplay of dysregulated genetic and epigenetic mechanisms is now known to contribute to the cancer phenotype. More recently, chemical modifications of RNA molecules - the so-called epitranscriptome - have been found to regulate various aspects of RNA function and homeostasis. Specific enzymes, known as RNA-modifying proteins (RMPs), are responsible for depositing, removing, and reading chemical modifications in RNA. Intensive investigations in the epitranscriptomic field in recent years, in conjunction with great technological advances, have revealed the critical role of RNA modifications in regulating numerous cellular pathways. Furthermore, growing evidence has revealed that RNA modification machinery is often altered in human cancers, highlighting the enormous potential of RMPs as pharmacological targets or diagnostic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Orsolic
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute (IJC), Badalona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Arnaud Carrier
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute (IJC), Badalona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Manel Esteller
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute (IJC), Badalona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Cancer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain; Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Physiological Sciences Department, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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Sulukan E, Şenol O, Baran A, Kankaynar M, Yıldırım S, Kızıltan T, Bolat İ, Ceyhun SB. Nano-sized polystyrene plastic particles affect many cancer-related biological processes even in the next generations; zebrafish modeling. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:156391. [PMID: 35654199 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
With the ever-increasing plastic pollution, the nano-sized plastic particles that are constantly released from the main materials have a greater potential threat. Studies continue on how to eliminate plastic waste, which has become a global problem, from nature. We are aware that complete elimination is not easy at all, but it is not known clearly that even if it is successful, its effects on organisms will also disappear completely. In this study, zebrafish injected with 20 nm-sized polystyrene particles (PS) only during the embryonic period were grown in an environment without plastic exposure. The effects of PS on their offspring embryo/larvae were examined at morphological, molecular and metabolomic levels. Results showed that parental PNP exposure caused significant malformations, decreased survival rate, increased heart rate and blood flow rate, as well as decreased eye size, height and locomotor activity, which were attributed to growth retardation in the offspring. According to the results of whole-mount immunofluorescence larval staining, cell death and reactive oxygen species were significantly increased, while lipid accumulation was decreased in new generation larvae from zebrafish injected with PNP. In order to elucidate the mechanisms underlying these morphological, physiological and molecular damages, the metabolome analyses were performed by evaluating the Q-TOF MS/MS spectra with chemometric analyses in the offspring larvae. According to the metabolomics results, 28 annotated metabolomes suggested by the OPLS-DA analysis that may vary significantly through a variable in projection scores were detected. In addition, it was detected that the significantly increased histopathological findings and immunopositivity of JNK, H2A.X, PI3 and NOP10 in new generation larvae. In conclusion, it has been shown that exposure to PS, even only during the embryonic period, may affect many cancer-related biological processes in the next generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekrem Sulukan
- Aquatic Biotechnology Laboratory, Fisheries Faculty, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey; Department of Aquaculture, Fisheries Faculty, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Onur Şenol
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Alper Baran
- Department of Food Quality Control and Analysis, Erzurum Vocational School, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Meryem Kankaynar
- Aquatic Biotechnology Laboratory, Fisheries Faculty, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey; Department of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Science, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Serkan Yıldırım
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Tuba Kızıltan
- Aquatic Biotechnology Laboratory, Fisheries Faculty, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey; Department of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Science, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - İsmail Bolat
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Saltuk Buğrahan Ceyhun
- Aquatic Biotechnology Laboratory, Fisheries Faculty, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey; Department of Aquaculture, Fisheries Faculty, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey.
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Molecular Mechanisms, Biomarkers and Emerging Therapies for Chemotherapy Resistant TNBC. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031665. [PMID: 35163586 PMCID: PMC8836182 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is associated with high recurrence rates, high incidence of distant metastases, and poor overall survival (OS). Taxane and anthracycline-containing chemotherapy (CT) is currently the main systemic treatment option for TNBC, while platinum-based chemotherapy showed promising results in the neoadjuvant and metastatic settings. An early arising of intrinsic or acquired CT resistance is common and represents the main hurdle for successful TNBC treatment. Numerous mechanisms were uncovered that can lead to the development of chemoresistance. These include cancer stem cells (CSCs) induction after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT), ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, hypoxia and avoidance of apoptosis, single factors such as tyrosine kinase receptors (EGFR, IGFR1), a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 10 (ADAM10), and a few pathological molecular pathways. Some biomarkers capable of predicting resistance to specific chemotherapeutic agents were identified and are expected to be validated in future studies for a more accurate selection of drugs to be employed and for a more tailored approach, both in neoadjuvant and advanced settings. Recently, based on specific biomarkers, some therapies were tailored to TNBC subsets and became available in clinical practice: olaparib and talazoparib for BRCA1/2 germline mutation carriers larotrectinib and entrectinib for neurotrophic tropomyosin receptor kinase (NTRK) gene fusion carriers, and anti-trophoblast cell surface antigen 2 (Trop2) antibody drug conjugate therapy for heavily pretreated metastatic TNBC (mTNBC). Further therapies targeting some pathologic molecular pathways, apoptosis, miRNAS, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), insulin growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R), and androgen receptor (AR) are under investigation. Among them, phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and EGFR inhibitors as well as antiandrogens showed promising results and are under evaluation in Phase II/III clinical trials. Emerging therapies allow to select specific antiblastics that alone or by integrating the conventional therapeutic approach may overcome/hinder chemoresistance.
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Telomere and Telomerase-Associated Proteins in Endometrial Carcinogenesis and Cancer-Associated Survival. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020626. [PMID: 35054812 PMCID: PMC8775816 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Risk of relapse of endometrial cancer (EC) after surgical treatment is 13% and recurrent disease carries a poor prognosis. Research into prognostic indicators is essential to improve EC management and outcome. "Immortality" of most cancer cells is dependent on telomerase, but the role of associated proteins in the endometrium is poorly understood. The Cancer Genome Atlas data highlighted telomere/telomerase associated genes (TTAGs) with prognostic relevance in the endometrium, and a recent in silico study identified a group of TTAGs and proteins as key regulators within a network of dysregulated genes in EC. We characterise relevant telomere/telomerase associated proteins (TTAPs) NOP10, NHP2, NOP56, TERF1, TERF2 and TERF2IP in the endometrium using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). qPCR data demonstrated altered expression of multiple TTAPs; specifically, increased NOP10 (p = 0.03) and reduced NHP2 (p = 0.01), TERF2 (p = 0.01) and TERF2IP (p < 0.003) in EC relative to post-menopausal endometrium. Notably, we report reduced NHP2 in EC compared to post-menopausal endometrium in qPCR and IHC (p = 0.0001) data; with survival analysis indicating high immunoscore is favourable in EC (p = 0.0006). Our findings indicate a potential prognostic role for TTAPs in EC, particularly NHP2. Further evaluation of the prognostic and functional role of the examined TTAPs is warranted to develop novel treatment strategies.
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Zhang M, Zhao W, Liu S, Liu H, Liu L, Peng Q, Du C, Jiang N. H/ACA snoRNP Gene Family as Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. PHARMACOGENOMICS & PERSONALIZED MEDICINE 2021; 14:1331-1345. [PMID: 34703278 PMCID: PMC8541795 DOI: 10.2147/pgpm.s333838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Background The H/ACA small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein (snoRNP) gene family, including GAR1 ribonucleoprotein (GAR1), NHP2 ribonucleoprotein (NHP2), NOP10 ribonucleoprotein (NOP10), and dyskerin pseudouridine synthase 1 (DKC1), play important roles in ribosome biogenesis. However, the potential clinical value of the H/ACA snoRNP gene family in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has not yet been reported. Methods Bioinformation databases were used to analyze the expression and roles of the H/ACA snoRNP gene family in HCC. Survival analysis, Gene Ontology (GO), and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment pathway (KEGG) analyses were performed using R software. Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER) was used to analyze the correlation between the expression of the H/ACA snoRNP gene family and immune infiltration in HCC. Finally, immunohistochemistry and Western blotting were performed to verify the protein expression of the H/ACA snoRNP gene family in HCC tissues and adjacent tissues. Results The expression of the H/ACA snoRNP gene family was significantly increased in HCC samples compared to normal tissues, and the area under the curve (AUC) of GAR1, NHP2, NOP10, and DKC1 was 0.898, 0.962, 0.884, and 0.911, respectively. Increased expression of the H/ACA snoRNP gene family was associated with poor prognosis in HCC patients (Hazard Ratio, HR = 1.44 [1.02-2.04], 1.70 [1.20-2.40], 1.53 [1.09-2.17], and 1.43 [1.02-2.03], respectively; log-rank P = 0.036, 0.003, 0.014, 0.039, respectively). GO and KEGG analyses showed that co-expressed genes were primarily enriched in ribosome biogenesis. In addition, upregulated expression of H/ACA snoRNP gene family was related to the infiltration of various immune cells and multiple T cell exhaustion markers in HCC patients. Immunohistochemical analysis and Western blotting showed that the protein expression of H/ACA snoRNP gene family was higher in HCC tissues than in adjacent tissues of clinical samples. Conclusion H/ACA snoRNP gene family expression was higher in HCC tissues than in normal or adjacent tissues and was highly associated with poor prognosis of HCC patients and, therefore, has the potential to serve as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Haichuan Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Liu
- School of Basic Medical Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiling Peng
- School of Basic Medical Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengyou Du
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
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DNA Binding Mode Analysis of a Core-Extended Naphthalene Diimide as a Conformation-Sensitive Fluorescent Probe of G-Quadruplex Structures. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910624. [PMID: 34638964 PMCID: PMC8508963 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
G-quadruplex existence was proved in cells by using both antibodies and small molecule fluorescent probes. However, the G-quadruplex probes designed thus far are structure- but not conformation-specific. Recently, a core-extended naphthalene diimide (cex-NDI) was designed and found to provide fluorescent signals of markedly different intensities when bound to G-quadruplexes of different conformations or duplexes. Aiming at evaluating how the fluorescence behaviour of this compound is associated with specific binding modes to the different DNA targets, cex-NDI was here studied in its interaction with hybrid G-quadruplex, parallel G-quadruplex, and B-DNA duplex models by biophysical techniques, molecular docking, and biological assays. cex-NDI showed different binding modes associated with different amounts of stacking interactions with the three DNA targets. The preferential binding sites were the groove, outer quartet, or intercalative site of the hybrid G-quadruplex, parallel G-quadruplex, and B-DNA duplex, respectively. Interestingly, our data show that the fluorescence intensity of DNA-bound cex-NDI correlates with the amount of stacking interactions formed by the ligand with each DNA target, thus providing the rationale behind the conformation-sensitive properties of cex-NDI and supporting its use as a fluorescent probe of G-quadruplex structures. Notably, biological assays proved that cex-NDI mainly localizes in the G-quadruplex-rich nuclei of cancer cells.
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Analysis of Telomere Maintenance Related Genes Reveals NOP10 as a New Metastatic-Risk Marker in Pheochromocytoma/Paraganglioma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13194758. [PMID: 34638246 PMCID: PMC8507560 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13194758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Telomere maintenance involving TERT and ATRX genes has been recently described in metastatic pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma, reinforcing the importance of immortalization mechanisms in the progression of these tumors. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze additional telomere-related genes to uncover potential new markers capable of identifying metastatic-risk patients more accurately. After analyzing 29 telomere-related genes, we were able to validate the predictive value of TERT and ATRX in mPPGL progression. In addition, we were able to identify NOP10 as a novel prognostic risk marker of mPPGLs, which also facilitates telomerase-dependent telomere length maintenance in these tumors. Interestingly, NOP10 overexpression assessment by IHC could be easily included within the current battery of markers for stratifying PPGL patients to fine-tune their clinical diagnoses. Abstract One of the main problems we face with PPGL is the lack of molecular markers capable of predicting the development of metastases in patients. Telomere-related genes, such as TERT and ATRX, have been recently described in PPGL, supporting the association between the activation of immortalization mechanisms and disease progression. However, the contribution of other genes involving telomere preservation machinery has not been previously investigated. In this work, we aimed to analyze the prognostic value of a comprehensive set of genes involved in telomere maintenance. For this study, we collected 165 PPGL samples (97 non-metastatic/63 metastatic), genetically characterized, in which the expression of 29 genes of interest was studied by NGS. Three of the 29 genes studied, TERT, ATRX and NOP10, showed differential expression between metastatic and non-metastatic cases, and alterations in these genes were associated with a shorter time to progression, independent of SDHB-status. We studied telomere length by Q-FISH in patient samples and in an in vitro model. NOP10 overexpressing tumors displayed an intermediate-length telomere phenotype without ALT, and in vitro results suggest that NOP10 has a role in telomerase-dependent telomere maintenance. We also propose the implementation of NOP10 IHC to better stratify PPGL patients.
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Kumari K, Groza P, Aguilo F. Regulatory roles of RNA modifications in breast cancer. NAR Cancer 2021; 3:zcab036. [PMID: 34541538 PMCID: PMC8445368 DOI: 10.1093/narcan/zcab036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Collectively referred to as the epitranscriptome, RNA modifications play important roles in gene expression control regulating relevant cellular processes. In the last few decades, growing numbers of RNA modifications have been identified not only in abundant ribosomal (rRNA) and transfer RNA (tRNA) but also in messenger RNA (mRNA). In addition, many writers, erasers and readers that dynamically regulate the chemical marks have also been characterized. Correct deposition of RNA modifications is prerequisite for cellular homeostasis, and its alteration results in aberrant transcriptional programs that dictate human disease, including breast cancer, the most frequent female malignancy, and the leading cause of cancer-related death in women. In this review, we emphasize the major RNA modifications that are present in tRNA, rRNA and mRNA. We have categorized breast cancer-associated chemical marks and summarize their contribution to breast tumorigenesis. In addition, we describe less abundant tRNA modifications with related pathways implicated in breast cancer. Finally, we discuss current limitations and perspectives on epitranscriptomics for use in therapeutic strategies against breast and other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanchan Kumari
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, SE-901 85 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Paula Groza
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, SE-901 85 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Francesca Aguilo
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, SE-901 85 Umeå, Sweden
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