Concordance between core needle biopsy and surgical excision for breast cancer tumor grade and biomarkers

Preoperative discrimination of invasive and non-invasive breast cancer using machine learning based on automated breast volume scanning (ABVS) radiomics and virtual touch quantification (VTQ)

PURPOSE

Evaluating the efficacy of machine learning for preoperative differentiation between invasive and non-invasive breast cancer through integrated automated breast volume scanning (ABVS) radiomics and virtual touch quantification (VTQ) techniques.

METHODS

We conducted an extensive retrospective analysis on a cohort of 171 breast cancer patients, differentiating them into 124 invasive and 47 non-invasive cases. The data was meticulously divided into a training set (n = 119) and a validation set (n = 52), maintaining a 70:30 ratio. Several machine learning models were developed and tested, including Logistic Regression (LR), Random Forest (RF), Decision Tree (DT), and Support Vector Machine (SVM). Their performance was evaluated using the Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Curve (AUC), and visualized the feature contributions of the optimal model using Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP).

RESULTS

Through both univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses, we identified key independent predictors in differentiating between invasive and non-invasive breast cancer types: coronal plane features, Shear Wave Velocity (SWV), and Radscore. The AUC scores for our machine learning models varied, ranging from 0.625 to 0.880, with the DT model demonstrating a notably high AUC of 0.874 in the validation set.

CONCLUSION

Our findings indicate that machine learning models, which integrate ABVS radiomics and VTQ, are significantly effective in preoperatively distinguishing between invasive and non-invasive breast cancer. Particularly, the DT model stood out in the validation set, establishing it as the primary model in our study. This highlights its potential utility in enhancing clinical decision-making processes.

Prediction of disease-free survival using strain elastography and diffuse optical tomography in patients with T1 breast cancer: a 10-year follow-up study

BACKGROUND

Early-stage breast cancer (BC) presents a certain risk of recurrence, leading to variable prognoses and complicating individualized management. Yet, preoperative noninvasive tools for accurate prediction of disease-free survival (DFS) are lacking. This study assessed the potential of strain elastography (SE) and diffuse optical tomography (DOT) for non-invasive preoperative prediction of recurrence in T1 BC and developed a prediction model for estimating the probability of DFS.

METHODS

A total of 565 eligible patients with T1 invasive BC were enrolled prospectively and followed to investigate the recurrence. The associations between imaging features and DFS were evaluated and a best-prediction model for DFS was developed and validated.

RESULTS

During the median follow-up period of 10.8 years, 77 patients (13.6%) developed recurrences. The fully adjusted Cox proportional hazards model showed a significant trend between an increasing strain ratio (SR) (P < 0.001 for trend) and the total hemoglobin concentration (TTHC) (P = 0.001 for trend) and DFS. In the subgroup analysis, an intensified association between SR and DFS was observed among women who were progesterone receptor (PR)-positive, lower Ki-67 expression, HER2 negative, and without adjuvant chemotherapy and without Herceptin treatment (all P < 0.05 for interaction). Significant interactions between TTHC status and the lymphovascular invasion, estrogen receptor (ER) status, PR status, HER2 status, and Herceptin treatment were found for DFS(P < 0.05).The imaging-clinical combined model (TTHC + SR + clinicopathological variables) proved to be the best prediction model (AUC = 0.829, 95% CI = 0.786-0.872) and was identified as a potential risk stratification tool to discriminate the risk probability of recurrence.

CONCLUSION

The combined imaging-clinical model we developed outperformed traditional clinical prognostic indicators, providing a non-invasive, reliable tool for preoperative DFS risk stratification and personalized therapeutic strategies in T1 BC. These findings underscore the importance of integrating advanced imaging techniques into clinical practice and offer support for future research to validate and expand on these predictive methodologies.

Pathological Changes Following Neoadjuvant Endocrine Therapy (NAET): A Multicentre Study of 391 Breast Cancers

Oestrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer (BC) is generally well responsive to endocrine therapy. Neoadjuvant endocrine therapy (NAET) is increasingly being used for downstaging ER-positive tumours. This study aims to analyse the effect of NAET on a well-characterised cohort of ER-positive BC with particular emphasis on receptor expression. This is a retrospective United Kingdom (UK) multicentre study of 391 patients who received NAET between October 2012 and October 2020. Detailed analyses of the paired pre- and post-NAET morphological changes and hormone receptor (HR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) expression were performed. The median duration of NAET was 86 days, with median survival and overall survival rates of 380 days and 93.4%, respectively. A total of 90.3% of cases achieved a pathological partial response, with a significantly higher rate of response in the HER2-low cancers. Following NAET, BC displayed some pathological changes involving the tumour stroma including central scarring and an increase in tumour infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and tumour cell morphology. Significant changes associated with the duration of NAET were observed in tumour grade (30.6% of cases), with downgrading identified in 19.3% of tumours (p < 0.001). The conversion of ER status from positive to low or negative was insignificant. The conversion of progesterone receptor (PR) and HER2 status to negative status was observed in 31.3% and 38.1% of cases, respectively (p < 0.001). HER2-low breast cancer decreased from 63% to 37% following NAET in the paired samples. Significant morphological and biomarker changes involving PR and HER2 expression occurred following NAET. The findings support biomarker testing on pre-treatment core biopsies and post-treatment residual carcinoma.

Concordance of HER2 status between core needle biopsy and surgical resection specimens of breast cancer: an analysis focusing on the HER2-low status

BACKGROUND

Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-low status has recently gained attention because of the potential therapeutic benefits of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) in breast cancer patients. We aimed to investigate the concordance of HER2 status between core needle biopsy (CNB) and subsequent surgical resection specimens focusing on the HER2-low status.

METHODS

This retrospective study was conducted in 1,387 patients with invasive breast cancer whose HER2 status was evaluated in both CNB and surgical resection specimens. The discordance rates between CNB and surgical resection specimens and the clinicopathological features associated with HER2 status discordance were analyzed.

RESULTS

The overall concordance rates of HER2 status between CNB and surgical resection specimens were 99.0% (κ = 0.925) for two-group classification (negative vs. positive) and 78.5% (κ = 0.587) for three-group classification (zero vs. low vs. positive). The largest discordance occurred in CNB-HER2-zero cases with 42.8% of them reclassified as HER2-low in surgical resection. HER2 discordance was associated with lower histologic grade, tumor multiplicity, and luminal A subtype. In multivariate analysis, tumor multiplicity and estrogen receptor (ER) positivity were independent predictive factors for HER2-zero to low conversion.

CONCLUSIONS

Incorporation of HER2-low category in HER2 status interpretation reduces the concordance rate between CNB and surgical resection specimens. Tumor multiplicity and ER positivity are predictive factors for conversion from HER2-zero to HER2-low status. Therefore, HER2 status should be re-evaluated in resection specimens when considering ADCs in tumors exhibiting multiplicity and ER positivity.

Feasibility of Quantitative MRI Using 3D-QALAS for Discriminating Immunohistochemical Status in Invasive Ductal Carcinoma of the Breast

BACKGROUND

Two-dimensional synthetic MRI of the breast has limited spatial coverage. Three-dimensional (3D) synthetic MRI could provide volumetric quantitative parameters that may reflect the immunohistochemical (IHC) status in invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) of the breast.

PURPOSE

To evaluate the feasibility of 3D synthetic MRI using an interleaved Look-Locker acquisition sequence with a T2 preparation pulse (QALAS) for discriminating the IHC status, including hormone receptor (HR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER 2), and Ki-67 expression in IDC.

STUDY TYPE

Prospective observational study.

POPULATION

A total of 33 females with IDC of the breast (mean, 52.3 years).

FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE

A 3-T, 3D-QALAS gradient-echo and fat-suppressed T1-weighted 3D fast spoiled gradient-echo sequences.

ASSESSMENT

Two radiologists semiautomatically delineated 3D regions of interest (ROIs) of the whole tumors on the dynamic MRI that was registered to the synthetic T1-weighted images acquired from 3D-QALAS. The mean T1 and T2 were measured for each IDC.

STATISTICAL TESTS

Intraclass correlation coefficient for assessing interobserver agreement. Mann-Whitney U test to determine the relationship between the mean T1 or T2 and the IHC status. Multivariate logistic regression analysis followed by receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis for discriminating IHC status. A P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

RESULTS

The interobserver agreement was good to excellent. There was a significant difference in the mean T1 between HR-positive and HR-negative lesions, while the mean T2 value differed between HR-positive and HR-negative lesions, between the triple-negative and HR-positive or HER2-positive lesions, and between the Ki-67 level > 14% and ≤ 14%. Multivariate analysis showed that the mean T2 was higher in HR-negative IDC than in HR-positive IDC. ROC analysis revealed that the mean T2 was predictive for discriminating HR status, triple-negative status, and Ki-67 level.

DATA CONCLUSION

3D synthetic MRI using QALAS may be useful for discriminating IHC status in IDC of the breast.

EVIDENCE LEVEL

1.

TECHNICAL EFFICACY

Stage 2.

The Clinical and Biological Significance of Estrogen Receptor-Low Positive Breast Cancer

Estrogen receptor (ER) status in breast cancer (BC) is determined using immunohistochemistry (IHC) with nuclear expression in ≥1% of cells defined as ER-positive. BC with 1%-9% expression (ER-low-positive), is a clinically and biologically unique subgroup. In this study, we hypothesized that ER-low-positive BC represents a heterogeneous group with a mixture of ER-positive and ER-negative tumor, which may explain their divergent clinical behavior. A large BC cohort (n = 8171) was investigated and categorized into 3 groups: ER-low-positive (1%-9%), ER-positive (≥10%), and ER-negative (<1%) where clinicopathological and outcome characteristics were compared. A subset of ER-low-positive cases was further evaluated using IHC, RNAscope, and RT-qPCR. PAM50 subtyping and ESR1 mRNA expression levels were assessed in ER-low-positive cases within The Cancer Genome Atlas data set. The reliability of image analysis software in assessment of ER expression in the ER-low-positive category was also assessed. ER-low-positive tumors constituted <2% of BC cases examined and showed significant clinicopathological similarity to ER-negative tumors. Most of these tumors were nonluminal types showing low ESR1 mRNA expression. Further validation of ER status revealed that 45% of these tumors were ER-negative with repeated IHC staining and confirmed by RNAscope and RT-qPCR. ER-low-positive tumors diagnosed on needle core biopsy were enriched with false-positive ER staining. BCs with 10% ER behaved similar to ER-positive, rather than ER-negative or low-positive BCs. Moderate concordance was found in assessment of ER-low-positive tumors, and this was not improved by image analysis. Routinely diagnosed ER-low-positive BC includes a proportion of ER-negative cases. We recommend repeat testing of BC showing 1%-9% ER expression and using a cutoff ≥10% expression to define ER positivity to help better inform treatment decisions.

Concordance of immunohistochemistry for predictive and prognostic factors in breast cancer between biopsy and surgical excision: a single-centre experience and review of the literature

PURPOSE

Accurate evaluation of breast cancer on bioptic samples is of fundamental importance to guide therapeutic decisions, especially in the neoadjuvant or metastatic setting. We aimed to assess concordance for oestrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), c-erbB2/HER2 and Ki-67. We also reviewed the current literature to evaluate our results in the context of the data available at present.

METHODS

We included patients who underwent both biopsy and surgical resection for breast cancer at San Matteo Hospital, Pavia, Italy, between January 2014 and December 2020. ER, PR, c-erbB2, and Ki-67 immunohistochemistry concordance between biopsy and surgical specimen was evaluated. ER was further analysed to include the recently defined ER-low-positive in our analysis.

RESULTS

We evaluated 923 patients. Concordance between biopsy and surgical specimen for ER, ER-low-positive, PR, c-erbB2 and Ki-67 was, respectively, 97.83, 47.8, 94.26, 68 and 86.13%. Cohen's κ for interobserver agreement was very good for ER and good for PR, c-erbB2 and Ki-67. Concordance was especially low (37%) in the c-erbB2 1 + category.

CONCLUSION

Oestrogen and progesterone receptor status can be safely assessed on preoperative samples. The results of this study advise caution in interpreting biopsy results regarding ER-low-positive, c-erbB2/HER and Ki-67 results due to a still suboptimal concordance. The low concordance for c-erbB2 1 + cases underlines the importance of further training in this area, in the light of the future therapeutic perspectives.

Clinicopathologic Predictors of Clinical Outcomes in Mammary Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma: A Multi-institutional Study

Adenoid cystic carcinoma (AdCC) is an uncommon type of invasive breast carcinoma with a favorable prognosis. However, some cases are aggressive. The study aims to define the clinicopathologic predictors of outcome. Clinical, radiological, and pathologic variables were recorded for 76 AdCC cases from 11 institutions. The following histologic characteristics were evaluated by the breast pathologist in each respective institution, including Nottingham grade (NG), percentages of various growth patterns (solid, cribriform, trabecular-tubular), percentage of basaloid component, tumor borders (pushing, infiltrative), perineural invasion, lymphovascular invasion, necrosis, and distance from the closest margin. Various grading systems were evaluated, including NG, salivary gland-type grading systems, and a new proposed grading system. The new grading system incorporated the growth pattern (percent solid, percent cribriform), percent basaloid morphology, and mitotic count using the Youden index criterion. All variables were correlated with recurrence-free survival. Nineteen (25%) women developed local and/or distant recurrence. Basaloid morphology (≥25% of the tumor) was identified in 20 (26.3%) cases and a solid growth pattern (using ≥60% cutoff) in 22 (28.9%) cases. In the univariate analysis, the following variables were significantly correlated with worse recurrence-free survival: solid growth pattern, basaloid morphology, lymphovascular invasion, necrosis, perineural invasion, and pN-stage. In the multivariate analysis including basaloid morphology, pN-stage, lymphovascular invasion, and perineural invasion, basaloid morphology was statistically significant, with a hazard ratio of 3.872 (95% CI, 1.077; 13.924; P =.038). The NG and the new grading system both correlated with recurrence-free survival. However, grade 2 had a similar risk as grade 3 in the NG system and a similar risk as grade 1 in the new grading system. For solid growth patterns and basaloid morphology, using a 2-tier system with 1 cutoff was better than a 3-tier system with 2 cutoffs. Basaloid morphology and solid growth pattern have prognostic values for AdCC, with a 2-tier grading system performing better than a 3-tier system.

Comparison of breast cancer HER-2 receptor testing with immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization

PURPOSE

Human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) status can be tested with immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in situ hybridization (ISH). The 2018 American Society of Clinical Oncology/College of American Pathologists (ASCO/CAP) HER2 testing guidelines suggest initial HER2 testing using IHC and further testing IHC equivocal cases with ISH. However, many institutions perform both IHC and ISH on the same specimen. This study aims to analyze the concordance between HER2 IHC and ISH in order to evaluate the benefit of repeating HER2 testing on the same breast cancer specimens.

METHOD

Patients diagnosed with invasive breast cancer through BreastScreen NSW Sydney West program between January 2018 and December 2020 were identified and their HER2 IHC and HER2 ISH results on core needle biopsy (CNB) and surgical excisions (SE) were retrospectively collected. Specimens with both IHC and ISH results were then analyzed for agreement and concordance using unweighted kappa values. Equivocal IHC (2+) cases were excluded from concordance analysis.

RESULTS

Overall, there were 240 invasive breast cancer specimens (CNB and SE) with both IHC and ISH recorded. Concordance between HER2 IHC and ISH was 100% (95% CI: 96.2-100%; κ = 1.00 (P < 0.001)). Of the IHC equivocal cases (n = 146), 94.5% were ISH negative.

CONCLUSION

There was perfect positive concordance and agreement between non-equivocal IHC and ISH results. This reinforces that IHC alone can be utilized reliably for testing HER2 status of non-equivocal cases consistent with the 2018 ASCO/CAP guidelines.

HER2-Low Status Is Not Accurate in Breast Cancer Core Needle Biopsy Samples: An Analysis of 5610 Consecutive Patients

Background: HER2-Low status is found in approximately half of breast cancer patients and shows potential benefits from novel antibody−drug conjugates (ADCs). Data on the accuracy of HER2-Low status between core needle biopsy (CNB) and surgical excision specimen (SES) samples are lacking. We aimed to investigate the accuracy of HER2-Low status diagnosis between CNB and SES samples. Methods: Consecutive early-stage breast cancer patients who underwent surgery from January 2009 to March 2022 with paired CNB and SES samples were retrospectively reviewed. HER2-Low was defined as IHC 1+ or IHC2+ and FISH-negative. Concordance rates were analyzed by the Kappa test. Further clinicopathological characteristics were compared among different HER2 status and their changes. Results: A total of 5610 patients were included, of whom 3209 (57.2%) and 3320 (59.2%) had HER2-Low status in CNB and SES samples, respectively. The concordance rate of HER2 status in the whole population was 82.37% (Kappa = 0.684, p < 0.001), and was 76.87% in the HER2-Negative patients (Kappa = 0.372, p < 0.001). Among 1066 HER2-0 cases by CNB, 530 patients were classified as HER2-Low tumors. On the contrary, in 3209 patients with HER2-Low tumor by CNB, 387 were scored as HER2-0 on the SES samples. ER-negative or Ki67 high expression tumor by CNB had a high concordance rate of HER2-Low status. Conclusions: A relatively low concordance rate was found when evaluating HER2-Low status between CNB and SES samples in HER2-Negative breast cancer patients, indicating the necessity of retesting HER2 low status at surgery, which may guide further therapy in the era of anti-HER2 ADCs.