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A multi-omics approach to reveal the key evidence of GDF10 as a novel therapeutic biomarker for breast cancer. INFORMATICS IN MEDICINE UNLOCKED 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2020.100463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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Mitchell KA, Shah E, Bowman ED, Zingone A, Nichols N, Pine SR, Kittles RA, Ryan BM. Relationship between West African ancestry with lung cancer risk and survival in African Americans. Cancer Causes Control 2019; 30:1259-1268. [PMID: 31468279 PMCID: PMC8274945 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-019-01212-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE African Americans, especially men, have a higher incidence of lung cancer compared with all other racial and ethnic groups in the US. Self-reported race is frequently used in genomic research studies to capture an individual's race or ethnicity. However, it is clear from studies of genetic admixture that human genetic variation does not segregate into the same biologically discrete categories as socially defined categories of race. Previous studies have suggested that the degree of West African ancestry among African Americans can contribute to cancer risk in this population, though few studies have addressed this question in lung cancer. METHODS Using a genetic ancestry panel of 100 SNPs, we estimated West African, European, and Native American ancestry in 1,407 self-described African Americans and 2,413 European Americans. RESULTS We found that increasing West African ancestry was associated with increased risk of lung cancer among African American men (ORQ5 vs Q1 = 2.55 (1.45-4.48), p = 0.001), while no association was observed in African American women (ORQ5 vs Q1 = 0.90 (0.51-1.59), p = 0.56). This relationship diminished following adjustment for income and education. CONCLUSIONS Genetic ancestry is not a major contributor to lung cancer risk or survival disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadijah A Mitchell
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Ebony Shah
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Elise D Bowman
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Adriana Zingone
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Noah Nichols
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Sharon R Pine
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Rick A Kittles
- Division of Health Equities, Department of Populations Sciences, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Bríd M Ryan
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Building 37, Room 3060C, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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Hadj-Ahmed M, Ghali RM, Bouaziz H, Habel A, Stayoussef M, Ayedi M, Hachiche M, Rahal K, Yacoubi-Loueslati B, Almawi WY. Transforming growth factor beta 1 polymorphisms and haplotypes associated with breast cancer susceptibility: A case-control study in Tunisian women. Tumour Biol 2019; 41:1010428319869096. [PMID: 31405342 DOI: 10.1177/1010428319869096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Variable association of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1) in breast cancer (BC) pathogenesis was documented, and the contribution of specific TGFB1 polymorphisms to the progression of BC and associated features remains poorly understood. We investigated the contribution of TGFB1 rs1800469, rs1800470, rs1800471, and rs1800472 variants and 4-locus TGFB1 haplotypes on BC susceptibility, and pathological presentation of BC subtypes. Study subjects comprised 430 female BC cases, and 498 cancer-free control women. BC-associated pathological parameters were also evaluated for correlation with TGFB1 variants. Results obtained showed that the minor allele frequency (MAF) of rs1800471 (+74G>C) was higher seen in BC cases than in control subjects, and was associated with increased risk of BC. Significant differences in rs1800471 and rs1800469 (-509C>T) genotype distribution were noted between BC cases and controls, which persisted after controlling for key covariates. TGFB1 rs1800472 was positively, while rs1800470 was negatively associated with triple negativity, while rs1800470 positively correlated with menarche, but negatively with tumor size and molecular type, and rs1800469 correlated positively with menstrual irregularity, distant metastasis, nodal status, and hormonotherapy. Heterogeneity in LD pattern was noted between the tested TGFB1 variants. Four-locus (rs1800472-rs1800471-rs1800470-rs1800469) Haploview analysis identified haplotype TGCT to be negatively associated, and haplotypes CGTT and CCCC to be positively associated with BC. This association of CGTT and CCCC, but not TGCT, with BC remained significant after controlling for key covariates. In conclusion, TGFB1 alleles and specific genotypes, and 4-locus TGFB1 haplotypes influence BC susceptibility, suggesting dual association imparted by specific SNP, consistent with dual role for TGFB1 in BC pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariem Hadj-Ahmed
- 1 Laboratory of Mycology, Pathologies and Biomarkers, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Rabeb M Ghali
- 2 Faculty of Pharmacy of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Hanen Bouaziz
- 3 Department of Carcinological Surgery, Salah Azaïz Institute, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Azza Habel
- 1 Laboratory of Mycology, Pathologies and Biomarkers, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mouna Stayoussef
- 1 Laboratory of Mycology, Pathologies and Biomarkers, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mouna Ayedi
- 4 Department of Medical Oncology, Salah Azaïz Institute, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Monia Hachiche
- 2 Faculty of Pharmacy of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Khaled Rahal
- 2 Faculty of Pharmacy of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Besma Yacoubi-Loueslati
- 1 Laboratory of Mycology, Pathologies and Biomarkers, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Wassim Y Almawi
- 1 Laboratory of Mycology, Pathologies and Biomarkers, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.,5 Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
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Prieto D, Soto-Ferrari M, Tija R, Peña L, Burke L, Miller L, Berndt K, Hill B, Haghsenas J, Maltz E, White E, Atwood M, Norman E. Literature review of data-based models for identification of factors associated with racial disparities in breast cancer mortality. Health Syst (Basingstoke) 2018; 8:75-98. [PMID: 31275571 PMCID: PMC6598506 DOI: 10.1080/20476965.2018.1440925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In the United States, early detection methods have contributed to the reduction of overall breast cancer mortality but this pattern has not been observed uniformly across all racial groups. A vast body of research literature shows a set of health care, socio-economic, biological, physical, and behavioural factors influencing the mortality disparity. In this paper, we review the modelling frameworks, statistical tests, and databases used in understanding influential factors, and we discuss the factors documented in the modelling literature. Our findings suggest that disparities research relies on conventional modelling and statistical tools for quantitative analysis, and there exist opportunities to implement data-based modelling frameworks for (1) exploring mechanisms triggering disparities, (2) increasing the collection of behavioural data, and (3) monitoring factors associated with the mortality disparity across time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Prieto
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
- Johns Hopkins Carey Business School, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Milton Soto-Ferrari
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
- Department of Marketing and Operations, Scott College of Business, Terre Haute, IN, USA
| | - Rindy Tija
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - Lorena Peña
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - Leandra Burke
- Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - Lisa Miller
- Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - Kelsey Berndt
- Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - Brian Hill
- Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - Jafar Haghsenas
- Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - Ethan Maltz
- Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - Evan White
- Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - Maggie Atwood
- Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - Earl Norman
- Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
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Byun JS, Park S, Caban A, Jones A, Gardner K. Linking Race, Cancer Outcomes, and Tissue Repair. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 188:317-328. [PMID: 29137950 PMCID: PMC5785534 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The burden of cancer in the United States is unevenly spread across its different populations, with stark differences in both disease prevalence and outcome on the basis of race and ethnicity. Although a large portion of these differences can be explained by a variety of sociobehavioral and socioeconomic factors, even after these exposures are taken into consideration, considerable disparities persist. In this review, we explore a conceptual framework of biological theories and unifying concepts, based on an evolutionary perspective, that may help better define common guiding principles for exploration of underlying causes of cancer health disparities. The ultimate goal of this conceptual perspective is to outline approaches that may aid in establishing integrated pathway and processes analyses to provide useful insights to guide the development of future interventions. These interventions will improve outcome, increase prevention, and ultimately eliminate all disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung S Byun
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Samson Park
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ambar Caban
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Alana Jones
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kevin Gardner
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, Bethesda, Maryland; Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.
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Roberts MR, Sucheston-Campbell LE, Zirpoli GR, Higgins M, Freudenheim JL, Bandera EV, Ambrosone CB, Yao S. Single nucleotide variants in metastasis-related genes are associated with breast cancer risk, by lymph node involvement and estrogen receptor status, in women with European and African ancestry. Mol Carcinog 2017; 56:1000-1009. [PMID: 27597141 PMCID: PMC5310990 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in pathways influencing lymph node (LN) metastasis and estrogen receptor (ER) status in breast cancer may partially explain inter-patient variability in prognosis. We examined 154 SNPs in 12 metastasis-related genes for associations with breast cancer risk, stratified by LN and ER status, in European-American (EA) and African-American (AA) women. Two-thousand six hundred and seventy-one women enrolled in the Women's Circle of Health Study were genotyped. Pathway analyses were conducted using the adaptive rank truncated product (ARTP) method, with pARTP ≤ 0.10 as significant. Multi-allelic risk scores were created for the ARTP-significant gene(s). Single-SNP and risk score associations were modeled using logistic regression, with false discovery rate (FDR) P-value adjustment. Although single-SNP associations were not significant at pFDR < 0.05, several genes were significant in the ARTP analyses. In AA women, significant ARTP gene-level associations included CDH1 with LN+ (pARTP = 0.10; multi-allelic OR = 1.13, 95%CI 1.07-1.19, pFDR = 0.0003) and SIPA1 with ER- breast cancer (pARTP = 0.10; multi-allelic OR = 1.16, 95%CI 1.02-1.31, pFDR = 0.03). In EA women, MTA2 was associated with overall breast cancer risk (pARTP = 0.004), regardless of ER status, and with LN- disease (pARTP = 0.01). Also significant were SATB1 in ER- (pARTP = 0.03; multi-allelic OR = 1.12, 95%CI 1.05-1.20, pFDR = 0.003) and KISS1 in LN- (pARTP = 0.10; multi-allelic OR = 1.18, 95%CI 1.08-1.29, pFDR = 0.002) analyses. Among LN+ cases, significant ARTP associations were observed for SNAI1, CD82, NME1, and CTNNB1 (multi-allelic OR = 1.09, 95%CI 1.04-1.14, pFDR = 0.001). Our findings suggest that variants in several metastasis genes may affect breast cancer risk by LN or ER status, although verification in larger studies is required. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle R. Roberts
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
| | | | - Gary R. Zirpoli
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Michael Higgins
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
| | - Jo L. Freudenheim
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
| | | | | | - Song Yao
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
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Connor AE, Baumgartner KB, Pinkston CM, Boone SD, Baumgartner RN, Hines LM, Stern MC, Torres-Mejía G, John EM, Slattery ML. Response to Conner et al. Re: "Cigarette Smoking and Breast Cancer Risk in Hispanic and Non-Hispanic White Women: The Breast Cancer Health Disparities Study". J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2017; 26:92-93. [PMID: 28051904 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2016.6292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Avonne E Connor
- 1 Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | | | | | | | - Lisa M Hines
- 3 University of Colorado at Colorado Springs , Colorado Springs, Colorado
| | - Mariana C Stern
- 4 University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Gabriela Torres-Mejía
- 5 Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública , Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional, Cuernavaca, Mexico
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Energy homeostasis genes and survival after breast cancer diagnosis: the Breast Cancer Health Disparities Study. Cancer Causes Control 2016; 27:47-57. [PMID: 26472474 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-015-0681-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The leptin-signaling pathway and other genes involved in energy homeostasis (EH) have been examined in relation to breast cancer risk as well as to obesity. We test the hypothesis that genetic variation in EH genes influences survival after diagnosis with breast cancer and that body mass index (BMI) will modify that risk. METHODS We evaluated associations between 10 EH genes and survival among 1,186 non-Hispanic white and 1,155 Hispanic/Native American women diagnosed with breast cancer. Percent Native American (NA) ancestry was determined from 104 ancestry-informative markers. Adaptive rank truncation product (ARTP) was used to determine gene and pathway significance. RESULTS The overall EH pathway was marginally significant for all-cause mortality among women with low NA ancestry (P(ARTP) = 0.057). Within the pathway, ghrelin(GHRL) and leptin receptor (LEPR) were significantly associated with all-cause mortality (P(ARTP) = 0.035 and 0.007, respectively). The EH pathway was significantly associated with breast cancer-specific mortality among women with low NA ancestry (P(ARTP) = 0.038). Three genes cholecystokinin (CCK), GHRL, and LEPR were significantly associated with breast cancer-specific mortality among women with low NA ancestry (P(ARTP) = 0.046,0.015, and 0.046, respectively), while neuropeptide Y (NPY) was significantly associated with breast cancer-specific mortality among women with higher NA ancestry(P(ARTP) = 0.038). BMI did not modify these associations. CONCLUSIONS Our data support our hypothesis that certain EH genes influence survival after diagnosis with breast cancer; associations appear to be most important among women with low NA ancestry.
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Stern MC, Fejerman L, Das R, Setiawan VW, Cruz-Correa MR, Perez-Stable EJ, Figueiredo JC. Variability in Cancer Risk and Outcomes Within US Latinos by National Origin and Genetic Ancestry. CURR EPIDEMIOL REP 2016; 3:181-190. [PMID: 27547694 PMCID: PMC4978756 DOI: 10.1007/s40471-016-0083-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Latinos have lower rates for most common cancer sites and higher rates of some less common cancers (gallbladder, liver, gastric, and cervical) than other ethnic/racial groups. Latinos are a highly heterogeneous population with diverse national origins, unique genetic admixture patterns, and wide spectrum of socio-demographic characteristics. Across the major cancers (breast, colorectal, prostate, lung, and liver) US-born Latinos have higher incidence and worse survival than foreign-born, and those with low-socioeconomic status have the lowest incidence. Puerto Rican and Cuban Latinos have higher incidence rates than Mexican Latinos. We have identified the following themes as understudied and critical to reduce the cancer burden among US Latinos: (1) etiological studies considering key sources of heterogeneity, (2) culturally sensitive cancer prevention strategies, (3) description of the molecular tumor landscape to guide treatments and improve outcomes, and (4) development of prediction models of disease risk and outcomes accounting for heterogeneity of Latinos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana C. Stern
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
- Department of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Laura Fejerman
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Rina Das
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - V. Wendy Setiawan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Marcia R. Cruz-Correa
- Department of Medicine and Biochemistry, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus and University of Puerto Rico Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Eliseo J. Perez-Stable
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Jane C. Figueiredo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
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Fejerman L, Stern MC, John EM, Torres-Mejía G, Hines LM, Wolff RK, Baumgartner KB, Giuliano AR, Ziv E, Pérez-Stable EJ, Slattery ML. Interaction between common breast cancer susceptibility variants, genetic ancestry, and nongenetic risk factors in Hispanic women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2015; 24:1731-8. [PMID: 26364163 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-15-0392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most genetic variants associated with breast cancer risk have been discovered in women of European ancestry, and only a few genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been conducted in minority groups. This research disparity persists in post-GWAS gene-environment interaction analyses. We tested the interaction between hormonal and lifestyle risk factors for breast cancer, and ten GWAS-identified SNPs among 2,107 Hispanic women with breast cancer and 2,587 unaffected controls, to gain insight into a previously reported gene by ancestry interaction in this population. METHODS We estimated genetic ancestry with a set of 104 ancestry-informative markers selected to discriminate between Indigenous American and European ancestry. We used logistic regression models to evaluate main effects and interactions. RESULTS We found that the rs13387042-2q35(G/A) SNP was associated with breast cancer risk only among postmenopausal women who never used hormone therapy [per A allele OR: 0.94 (95% confidence intervals, 0.74-1.20), 1.20 (0.94-1.53), and 1.49 (1.28-1.75) for current, former, and never hormone therapy users, respectively, Pinteraction 0.002] and premenopausal women who breastfed >12 months [OR: 1.01 (0.72-1.42), 1.19 (0.98-1.45), and 1.69 (1.26-2.26) for never, <12 months, and >12 months breastfeeding, respectively, Pinteraction 0.014]. CONCLUSIONS The correlation between genetic ancestry, hormone replacement therapy use, and breastfeeding behavior partially explained a previously reported interaction between a breast cancer risk variant and genetic ancestry in Hispanic women. IMPACT These results highlight the importance of understanding the interplay between genetic ancestry, genetics, and nongenetic risk factors and their contribution to breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Fejerman
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Institute for Human Genetics and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCSF, San Francisco, California.
| | - Mariana C Stern
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California
| | - Esther M John
- Cancer Prevention Institute of California, Fremont, California and Department of Health Research and Policy (Epidemiology), and Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Gabriela Torres-Mejía
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Lisa M Hines
- Department of Biology, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, Colorado
| | - Roger K Wolff
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Kathy B Baumgartner
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | | | - Elad Ziv
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Institute for Human Genetics and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCSF, San Francisco, California
| | - Eliseo J Pérez-Stable
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Institute for Human Genetics and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCSF, San Francisco, California
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