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Safaei P, Bayat G, Mohajer A. Comparison of fish oil supplements and corn oil effects on serum lipid profile: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Syst Rev 2024; 13:54. [PMID: 38317191 PMCID: PMC10840298 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-023-02426-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study aimed to investigate the effects of fish oil supplements compared to corn oil on serum lipid profiles by performing a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). METHODS Online databases including PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched until 30 December 2022. Pooled effect sizes were reported as the weighted mean difference (WMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). The Cochrane Collaboration's risk-of-bias tool was utilized to evaluate the quality of the studies. Lipid parameters, including triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), were assessed in the meta-analysis. RESULTS Overall, 16 eligible trials were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The results revealed that the fish oil supplements significantly reduced TG (WMD: - 25.50 mg/dl, 95% CI: - 42.44, - 8.57, P = 0.000) levels compared to corn oil. Also, in this study, fish oil supplements had a positive and significant effect on HDL (WMD: 2.54 mg/dl, 95% CI: 0.55, 4.52). There were no significant changes in TC and LDL. CONCLUSIONS Our findings showed the effects of fish oil supplements on reducing TG and increasing HDL-c compared to corn oil. Further larger and well-designed RCTs are required to confirm these data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payam Safaei
- Division of Food Safety and Hygiene, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Heath, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghazal Bayat
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Afsaneh Mohajer
- Division of Food Safety and Hygiene, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Heath, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Wang JF, Zhang HM, Li YY, Xia S, Wei Y, Yang L, Wang D, Ye JJ, Li HX, Yuan J, Pan RR. A combination of omega-3 and plant sterols regulate glucose and lipid metabolism in individuals with impaired glucose regulation: a randomized and controlled clinical trial. Lipids Health Dis 2019; 18:106. [PMID: 31043161 PMCID: PMC6495649 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-019-1048-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lipid metabolism imbalance has been recognized as one of the major drivers of impaired glucose metabolism in the context of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), the rates of which are steadily increasing worldwide. Impaired glucose regulation (IGR) plays a vital role in the prevention and treatment of T2DM. The goal of this study was to further clarify whether the combination of plant sterols (PS) and omega-3 fatty acids yields any synergistic effect that enhances the prevention and treatment of IGR. Methods A total of 200 participants were randomized to receive PS and omega-3 fatty acids (n = 50), PS alone (n = 50), omega-3 fatty acids alone (n = 50), or placebo soy bean powder plus placebo capsules (n = 50) for 12 weeks. Patient characteristics including body composition, blood pressure, glucose metabolism (Fasting plasma glucose (FPG), fasting insulin (FINS), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR)), lipid metabolism (TG, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C) and inflammatory factors (Hs-CRP, IL-6) were all monitored in these IGR individuals. Results Compared to the placebo group, the group receiving the combined intervention exhibited significantly decreased TG, HDL-C, FBG, HOMA-IR and HbA1c. Omega-3 fatty acids alone were associated with significant reductions in waistline, TG, FBG, HOMA-IR and Hs-CRP. PS alone was only associated with decreased TG and Hs-CRP. No interventions produced significant changes in body weight, BMI, blood pressure, FINS, body fat percentage, visceral fat rating, TC, LDL-C or IL-6. Conclusions In summary, this study has demonstrated for the first time that PS, omega-3 fatty acids or the combination thereof significantly improved inflammation, insulin resistance, as well as glucose and lipid metabolism in IGR individuals. These findings may provide a scientific basis for the development of nutritional products incorporating PS and omega-3 fatty acids, and also for the development of nutritional supplement strategies aimed at preventing the development of disease in the IGR population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Fang Wang
- Division of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212000, China
| | - Hai-Ming Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212000, China
| | - Yan-Yan Li
- Division of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212000, China
| | - Song Xia
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, No. 438 Jiefang Road, Zhenjiang District, Jiangsu, 212000, China
| | - Yin Wei
- Division of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212000, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Division of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212000, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Division of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212000, China
| | - Jing-Jing Ye
- Division of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212000, China
| | - Hao-Xiang Li
- Division of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212000, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Division of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212000, China
| | - Rui-Rong Pan
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, No. 438 Jiefang Road, Zhenjiang District, Jiangsu, 212000, China.
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Evidence-based nutritional and pharmacological interventions targeting chronic low-grade inflammation in middle-age and older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Res Rev 2018; 46:42-59. [PMID: 29803716 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests chronic low-grade inflammation (LGI) as a possible mechanism underlying the aging process. Some biological and pharmaceutical compounds may reduce systemic inflammation and potentially avert functional decline occurring with aging. The aim of the present meta-analysis was to examine the association of pre-selected interventions on two established biomarkers of inflammation, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and C-reactive protein (CRP) in middle-age and older adults with chronic LGI. We reviewed the literature on potential anti-inflammatory compounds, selecting them based on safety, tolerability, acceptability, innovation, affordability, and evidence from randomized controlled trials. Six compounds met all five inclusion criteria for our systematic review and meta-analysis: angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), metformin, omega-3, probiotics, resveratrol and vitamin D. We searched in MEDLINE, PubMed and EMBASE database until January 2017. A total of 49 articles fulfilled the selection criteria. Effect size of each study and pooled effect size for each compound were measured by the standardized mean difference. I2 was computed to measure heterogeneity of effects across studies. The following compounds showed a significant small to large effect in reducing IL-6 levels: probiotics (-0.68 pg/ml), ARBs (-0.37 pg/ml) and omega-3 (-0.19 pg/ml). For CRP, a significant small to medium effect was observed with probiotics (-0.43 mg/L), ARBs (-0.2 mg/L), omega-3 (-0.17 mg/L) and metformin (-0.16 mg/L). Resveratrol and vitamin D were not associated with any significant reductions in either biomarker. These results suggest that nutritional and pharmaceutical compounds can significantly reduce established biomarkers of systemic inflammation in middle-age and older adults. The findings should be interpreted with caution, however, due to the evidence of heterogeneity across the studies.
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Blom WAM, Koppenol WP, Hiemstra H, Stojakovic T, Scharnagl H, Trautwein EA. A low-fat spread with added plant sterols and fish omega-3 fatty acids lowers serum triglyceride and LDL-cholesterol concentrations in individuals with modest hypercholesterolaemia and hypertriglyceridaemia. Eur J Nutr 2018; 58:1615-1624. [PMID: 29725824 PMCID: PMC6561982 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-018-1706-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The primary and secondary objectives were to investigate the triglyceride (TG) and LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) lowering effects of a spread with added plant sterols (PS) and fish oil as compared to a placebo spread. Methods This study had a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group design with two intervention arms. Following a 2-week placebo run-in period, 260 healthy individuals with modestly elevated blood TG (≥ 1.4 mmol/L) and LDL-C (≥ 3.4 mmol/L) concentrations consumed either the placebo or intervention spread for 4 weeks. The intervention spread contained 2.0 g/day PS and 1.0 g/day eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + docosahexanoic acid (DHA) from fish oil. Fasting serum lipids and apolipoproteins (Apo) (exploratory) were measured at the end of the run-in and intervention phases. Results Four-week consumption of the intervention spread resulted in significantly lower TG (− 10.6%, 95% CI − 16.0 to − 4.9%; P < 0.001) and LDL-C concentrations (− 5.2%; 95% CI − 7.8 to − 2.4%) as compared to placebo. Total cholesterol (− 3.9%; 95% CI − 6.1 to − 1.5%), non-HDL-C (− 5.4%; 95% CI − 8.1 to − 2.7%), remnant-cholesterol (− 8.1%; 95% CI − 3.4 to − 12.5%), ApoAII (− 2.9%; 95% CI − 5.5 to − 0.2%), ApoCIII (− 7.7%; 95% CI − 12.1 to − 3.1%) and ApoB (− 3.2%; 95% CI − 5.9 to − 0.4%) concentrations were also significantly lower, as compared to placebo. No significant treatment effects were found for HDL-cholesterol, ApoAI, ApoCII, Apo E or ApoB/ApoAI. Conclusions Four-week consumption of the intervention spread led to significant and clinically relevant decreases in serum TG, LDL-C and other blood lipid concentrations. The study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT 02728583). Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00394-018-1706-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy A M Blom
- Unilever Research and Development Vlaardingen, Olivier van Noortlaan 120, 3133 AT, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands.
- , PO Box 114, 3130 AC, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands.
| | - Wieneke P Koppenol
- Unilever Research and Development Vlaardingen, Olivier van Noortlaan 120, 3133 AT, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
| | - Harry Hiemstra
- Unilever Research and Development Vlaardingen, Olivier van Noortlaan 120, 3133 AT, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
| | - Tatjana Stojakovic
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Hubert Scharnagl
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Elke A Trautwein
- Unilever Research and Development Vlaardingen, Olivier van Noortlaan 120, 3133 AT, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
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Jacobs DM, Mihaleva VV, van Schalkwijk DB, de Graaf AA, Vervoort J, van Dorsten FA, Ras RT, Demonty I, Trautwein EA, van Duynhoven J. The effect of plant sterols and different low doses of omega-3 fatty acids from fish oil on lipoprotein subclasses. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 59:1745-57. [PMID: 26019023 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Consumption of a low-fat spread enriched with plant sterols (PS) and different low doses (<2 g/day) of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from fish oil reduces serum triglycerides (TGs) and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-Chol) and thus beneficially affects two blood lipid risk factors. Yet, their combined effects on TG and Chol in various lipoprotein subclasses have been investigated to a limited extent. METHODS AND RESULTS In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel study, we determined TG and Chol in 13 LP subclasses in fasting serum of 282 hypercholesterolemic subjects, who consumed either a placebo spread or one of the four spreads containing PS (2.5 g/day) and EPA+DHA (0.0, 0.9, 1.3, and 1.8 g/day) for 4 weeks. After PS treatment, total LDL-Chol was reduced, which was not further changed by EPA+DHA. No shift in the LDL-Chol particle distribution was observed. The addition of EPA+DHA to PS dose-dependently reduced VLDL-Chol and VLDL-TG mainly in larger particles. Furthermore, the two highest doses of EPA+DHA increased Chol and TG in the larger HDL particles, while these concentrations were decreased in the smallest HDL particles. CONCLUSION The consumption of a low-fat spread enriched with both PS and EPA+DHA induced shifts in the lipoprotein distribution that may provide additional cardiovascular benefits over PS consumption alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris M Jacobs
- Unilever R&D, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Velitchka V Mihaleva
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Jacques Vervoort
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ferdinand A van Dorsten
- Unilever R&D, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - John van Duynhoven
- Unilever R&D, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Dulf FV, Vodnar DC, Dulf EH, Toşa MI. Total phenolic contents, antioxidant activities, and lipid fractions from berry pomaces obtained by solid-state fermentation of two Sambucus species with Aspergillus niger. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:3489-3500. [PMID: 25787023 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b00520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of solid-state fermentation (SSF) by Aspergillus niger on phenolic contents and antioxidant activity in Sambucus nigra L. and Sambucus ebulus L. berry pomaces. The effect of fermentation time on the total fats and major lipid classes (neutral and polar) was also investigated. During the SSF, the extractable phenolics increased with 18.82% for S. ebulus L. and 11.11% for S. nigra L. The levels of antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts were also significantly enhanced. The HPLC-MS analysis indicated that the cyanidin 3-sambubioside-5-glucoside is the major phenolic compound in both fermented Sambucus fruit residues. In the early stages of fungal growth, the extracted oils (with TAGs as major lipid fraction) increased with 12% for S. nigra L. and 10.50% for S. ebulus L. The GC-MS analysis showed that the SSF resulted in a slight increase of the linoleic and oleic acids level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisc Vasile Dulf
- †Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Environmental and Plant Protection, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăştur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- ‡SC Proplanta SRL, CCD-BIODIATECH, Trifoiului 12 G, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Dan Cristian Vodnar
- §Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăştur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Eva-Henrietta Dulf
- ∥Faculty of Automation and Computer Science, Department of Automation, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, G. Baritiu 26-28, 400027 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Monica Ioana Toşa
- ⊥Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University Babeş-Bolyai, Biocatalysis Research Group, Arany János 11, 400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Ras RT, Demonty I, Zebregs YEMP, Quadt JFA, Olsson J, Trautwein EA. Low doses of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid from fish oil dose-dependently decrease serum triglyceride concentrations in the presence of plant sterols in hypercholesterolemic men and women. J Nutr 2014; 144:1564-70. [PMID: 25122648 DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.192229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant sterols (PSs) lower LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations, whereas the n-3 (ω-3) fish fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) lower triglyceride (TG) concentrations. Incorporating both PSs and EPA+DHA from fish oil (FO) in a single food format was expected to beneficially affect 2 blood lipid risk factors. The aim of this study was to investigate the dose-response relation between low doses (<2 g/d) of EPA+DHA from FO, incorporated in a low-fat PS-enriched spread, and TG concentrations. In addition, effects on LDL-C were investigated. The study was designed as a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel study. After a 4-wk run-in period, subjects were randomly assigned to consume either a control (C) spread (no PSs, no FO) or 1 of 4 intervention spreads containing a fixed amount of PSs (2.5 g/d) and varying amounts of FO (0.0, 0.9, 1.3, and 1.8 g/d of EPA+DHA) for 4 wk. Before and after the intervention, fasting blood samples were drawn for measuring serum lipids and EPA and DHA in erythrocyte membranes. In total, 85 hypercholesterolemic men and 247 women with a mean age of 57.9 y (range: 25-74 y) were included. Eighteen subjects dropped out during the study. At baseline, mean TG and LDL-C concentrations were 1.09 and 4.00 mmol/L, respectively. After the intervention, a significant dose-response relation for the TG-lowering effect of EPA+DHA [βln (TG) = -0.07 mmol/L per gram of EPA+DHA; P < 0.01] was found. Compared with the C group, TG concentrations were 9.3-16.2% lower in the different FO groups (P < 0.05 for all groups). LDL-C concentrations were 11.5-14.7% lower in the different PS groups than in the C group (P < 0.01 for all groups). EPA and DHA in erythrocyte membranes were dose-dependently higher after FO intake than after the C spread, indicating good compliance. Consumption of a low-fat spread enriched with PSs and different low doses of n-3 fatty acids from FO decreased TG concentrations in a dose-dependent manner and decreased LDL-C concentrations. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01313988.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rouyanne T Ras
- Unilever Research and Development Vlaardingen, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
| | - Isabelle Demonty
- Unilever Research and Development Vlaardingen, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Johan Olsson
- Food Files (formerly known as Good Food Practice), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Elke A Trautwein
- Unilever Research and Development Vlaardingen, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
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Pang J, Chan DC, Watts GF. Critical review of non-statin treatments for dyslipoproteinemia. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2014; 12:359-71. [DOI: 10.1586/14779072.2014.888312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: relationship to inflammation in healthy adults and adults exhibiting features of metabolic syndrome. Lipids 2013; 48:319-32. [PMID: 23456976 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-013-3774-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with metabolic syndrome (MetS) have a higher risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, therefore, research has been directed at reducing various components that contribute to MetS and associated metabolic impairments, including chronic low-grade inflammation. Epidemiological, human, animal and cell culture studies provide evidence that dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA), including alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3, ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3, EPA) and/or docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3, DHA) may improve some of the components associated with MetS. The current review will discuss recent evidence from human observational and intervention studies that focused on the effects of ALA, EPA or DHA on inflammatory markers in healthy adults and those with one or more features of MetS. Observational studies in healthy adults support the recommendation that a diet rich in n-3 fatty acids may play a role in preventing and reducing inflammation, whereas intervention studies in healthy adults have yielded inconsistent results. The majority of intervention studies in adults with features of MetS have reported a benefit for some inflammatory measures; however, other studies using high n-3 fatty acid doses and long supplementation periods have reported no effect. Overall, the data reviewed herein support recommendations for regular fatty fish consumption and point toward health benefits in terms of lowering inflammation in adults with one or more features of MetS.
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Rosa FT, Zulet MÁ, Marchini JS, Martínez JA. Bioactive compounds with effects on inflammation markers in humans. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2012; 63:749-65. [DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2011.649250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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