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Santos RD, Stein EA, Hovingh GK, Blom DJ, Soran H, Watts GF, López JAG, Bray S, Kurtz CE, Hamer AW, Raal FJ. Long-Term Evolocumab in Patients With Familial Hypercholesterolemia. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020; 75:565-574. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Ahangari N, Ghayour Mobarhan M, Sahebkar A, Pasdar A. Molecular aspects of hypercholesterolemia treatment: current perspectives and hopes. Ann Med 2018; 50:303-311. [PMID: 29578362 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2018.1457795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia is a pathological condition which has been reported in 39% of the worlds' adult population. We aimed to review molecular aspects of current and novel therapeutic approaches based on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol lowering strategies. Pathogenic mutations in the LDLR, ApoB, PCSK9 and LDLRAP genes cause deficient clearance of circulating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol particles via hepatic LDL receptor. This leads to increased plasma LDL cholesterol levels from birth, which can cause LDL depositions in the arterial walls. Ultimately, it progresses to atherosclerosis and an increased risk of premature cardiovascular diseases. Currently, statins, Ezetimibe, Bile acid sequestrants and PCSK9 inhibitors are the main therapeutic agents for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. Moreover, novel RNA-based therapy had a strong impact on therapeutic strategies in recent decades. Additional development in understanding of the molecular basis of hypercholesterolemia will provide opportunities for the development of targeted therapy in the near future. Key Messages The most common genes involved in hypercholesterolemia are LDLR, PCSK9 and ApoB. Pharmacogenetic effects are typically constrained to pathways closely related to the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. Change in lifestyle and diet along with treatment of the underlying disease and drug therapy are the current therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najmeh Ahangari
- a Departement of Modern Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Medicine , Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
| | - Majid Ghayour Mobarhan
- b Metabolic Syndrome Research Centre, School of Medicine , Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- c Biotechnology Research Center , Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran.,d Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center , Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
| | - Alireza Pasdar
- e Medical Genetics Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine , Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran.,f Division of Applied Medicine, Medical School , University of Aberdeen , Foresterhill , Aberdeen , UK
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Landmesser U, Chapman MJ, Stock JK, Amarenco P, Belch JJF, Borén J, Farnier M, Ference BA, Gielen S, Graham I, Grobbee DE, Hovingh GK, Lüscher TF, Piepoli MF, Ray KK, Stroes ES, Wiklund O, Windecker S, Zamorano JL, Pinto F, Tokgözoğlu L, Bax JJ, Catapano AL. 2017 Update of ESC/EAS Task Force on practical clinical guidance for proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibition in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease or in familial hypercholesterolaemia. Eur Heart J 2017; 39:1131-1143. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Landmesser
- Department of Cardiology, Charite Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - M John Chapman
- National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), University of Pierre and Marie Curie, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Jane K Stock
- European Atherosclerosis Society, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pierre Amarenco
- Paris-Diderot-Sorbonne University and Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, Bichat Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Jill J F Belch
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Jan Borén
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, and Wallenberg Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Michel Farnier
- Lipid Clinic, Point Medical, and Department of Cardiology, CHU Dijon-Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Brian A Ference
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Division of Translational Research and Clinical Epidemiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Stephan Gielen
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Martin-Luther-University Halle/Wittenberg, University Hospital, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | | | - Diederick E Grobbee
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - G Kees Hovingh
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas F Lüscher
- University Heart Center, Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Zurich, and Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Massimo F Piepoli
- Heart Failure Unit, Cardiac Department, G Da Saliceto Hospital, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Kausik K Ray
- Imperial Centre for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Department of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Erik S Stroes
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Olov Wiklund
- Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stephan Windecker
- Department of Cardiology, Swiss Cardiovascular Center Bern, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jose Luis Zamorano
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fausto Pinto
- Cardiology Department, CCUL, CAML, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Lale Tokgözoğlu
- Department of Cardiology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Jeroen J Bax
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Alberico L Catapano
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan and Multimedica IRCSS Milano, Italy
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