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Lee SY, Kim HJ, Oh SC, Lee DH. Genipin inhibits the invasion and migration of colon cancer cells by the suppression of HIF-1α accumulation and VEGF expression. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 116:70-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Attia T, Tupy J, Asker D, Hatton B, Grynpas M, Willett T. The effect of ribose pre-treatment of cortical bone on γ-irradiation sterilization effectiveness. Cell Tissue Bank 2017; 18:555-560. [PMID: 29032461 DOI: 10.1007/s10561-017-9662-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Reconstruction of large skeletal defects is a significant and challenging issue. Tissue banks often use γ-irradiation (15-35 kGy) to sterilize bone allografts, which, however, drastically impairs the post-yield mechanical properties. In previous studies, we reported the development of a method that protects human bone collagen connectivity through ribose crosslinking while still undergoing γ-irradiation. Given these promising results, the next step was to determine if the presence of ribose within the bone tissue would interfere with the effectiveness of the γ-irradiation sterilization against bacteria. This study had two stages. The aim of the first stage was to assess the protective effect of ribose in solution using a Bacillus pumilus spore strip model. The aim of the second stage was to assess the protective effect of ribose (R) on spores within a human cortical bone model in comparison to conventionally irradiated bone (I). Treatment of B. pumilus spore strips with ribose in solution led to temperature-dependent effects on spore viability versus spore strips treated with PBS alone. Ribose solution at 60 °C led to a notable two logs decrease in spore count relative to PBS at 60 °C. In the human bone model, the number of spores in the I and R groups were greatly decreased in comparison to the non-irradiated N group. No spore colonies were detected in the R group (n = 4) whereas two of the four plates of group I formed colonies. This study provides evidence that the method of pre-treating bone with ribose crosslinking prior to irradiation sterilization, while improving irradiation sterilized bone allograft quality, also may improve the effectiveness of the sterilization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarik Attia
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Mount Sinai Hospital - Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jindra Tupy
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Mount Sinai Hospital - Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dalal Asker
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Benjamin Hatton
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marc Grynpas
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Mount Sinai Hospital - Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Thomas Willett
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
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Physical properties imparted by genipin to chitosan for tissue regeneration with human stem cells: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 93:1366-1381. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.03.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Genipin cross-linked decellularized tracheal tubular matrix for tracheal tissue engineering applications. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24429. [PMID: 27080716 PMCID: PMC4832209 DOI: 10.1038/srep24429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Decellularization techniques have been widely used as an alternative strategy for organ reconstruction. This study investigated the mechanical, pro-angiogenic and in vivo biocompatibility properties of decellularized airway matrices cross-linked with genipin. New Zealand rabbit tracheae were decellularized and cross-linked with genipin, a naturally derived agent. The results demonstrated that, a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the secant modulus was computed for the cross-linked tracheae, compared to the decellularized samples. Angiogenic assays demonstrated that decellularized tracheal scaffolds and cross-linked tracheae treated with 1% genipin induce strong in vivo angiogenic responses (CAM analysis). Seven, 15 and 30 days after implantation, decreased (p < 0.01) inflammatory reactions were observed in the xenograft models for the genipin cross-linked tracheae matrices compared with control tracheae, and no increase in the IgM or IgG content was observed in rats. In conclusion, treatment with genipin improves the mechanical properties of decellularized airway matrices without altering the pro-angiogenic properties or eliciting an in vivo inflammatory response.
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Islam A, Chapin K, Moore E, Ford J, Rimnac C, Akkus O. Gamma Radiation Sterilization Reduces the High-cycle Fatigue Life of Allograft Bone. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2016; 474:827-35. [PMID: 26463571 PMCID: PMC4746152 DOI: 10.1007/s11999-015-4589-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sterilization by gamma radiation impairs the mechanical properties of bone allografts. Previous work related to radiation-induced embrittlement of bone tissue has been limited mostly to monotonic testing which does not necessarily predict the high-cycle fatigue life of allografts in vivo. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES We designed a custom rotating-bending fatigue device to answer the following questions: (1) Does gamma radiation sterilization affect the high-cycle fatigue behavior of cortical bone; and (2) how does the fatigue life change with cyclic stress level? METHODS The high-cycle fatigue behavior of human cortical bone specimens was examined at stress levels related to physiologic levels using a custom-designed rotating-bending fatigue device. Test specimens were distributed among two treatment groups (n = 6/group); control and irradiated. Samples were tested until failure at stress levels of 25, 35, and 45 MPa. RESULTS At 25 MPa, 83% of control samples survived 30 million cycles (run-out) whereas 83% of irradiated samples survived only 0.5 million cycles. At 35 MPa, irradiated samples showed an approximately 19-fold reduction in fatigue life compared with control samples (12.2 × 10(6) ± 12.3 × 10(6) versus 6.38 × 10(5) ± 6.81 × 10(5); p = 0.046), and in the case of 45 MPa, this reduction was approximately 17.5-fold (7.31 × 10(5) ± 6.39 × 10(5) versus 4.17 × 10(4) ± 1.91 × 10(4); p = 0.025). Equations to estimate high-cycle fatigue life of irradiated and control cortical bone allograft at a certain stress level were derived. CONCLUSIONS Gamma radiation sterilization severely impairs the high cycle fatigue life of structural allograft bone tissues, more so than the decline that has been reported for monotonic mechanical properties. Therefore, clinicians need to be conservative in the expectation of the fatigue life of structural allograft bone tissues. Methods to preserve the fatigue strength of nonirradiated allograft bone tissue are needed. CLINICAL RELEVANCE As opposed to what monotonic tests might suggest, the cyclic fatigue life of radiation-sterilized structural allografts is likely severely compromised relative to the nonirradiated condition and therefore should be taken into consideration. Methods to reduce the effect of irradiation or to recover structural allograft bone tissue fatigue strength are important to pursue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anowarul Islam
- grid.67105.350000000121643847Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
| | - Katherine Chapin
- grid.67105.350000000121643847Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Emily Moore
- grid.67105.350000000121643847Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH USA ,grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY USA
| | - Joel Ford
- grid.67105.350000000121643847Department of Orthopaedics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Clare Rimnac
- grid.67105.350000000121643847Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA ,grid.67105.350000000121643847Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH USA ,grid.67105.350000000121643847Department of Orthopaedics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Ozan Akkus
- grid.67105.350000000121643847Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA ,grid.67105.350000000121643847Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH USA ,grid.67105.350000000121643847Department of Orthopaedics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH USA
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Muzzarelli RAA, El Mehtedi M, Bottegoni C, Aquili A, Gigante A. Genipin-Crosslinked Chitosan Gels and Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering and Regeneration of Cartilage and Bone. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:7314-38. [PMID: 26690453 PMCID: PMC4699241 DOI: 10.3390/md13127068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present review article intends to direct attention to the technological advances made since 2009 in the area of genipin-crosslinked chitosan (GEN-chitosan) hydrogels. After a concise introduction on the well recognized characteristics of medical grade chitosan and food grade genipin, the properties of GEN-chitosan obtained with a safe, spontaneous and irreversible chemical reaction, and the quality assessment of the gels are reviewed. The antibacterial activity of GEN-chitosan has been well assessed in the treatment of gastric infections supported by Helicobacter pylori. Therapies based on chitosan alginate crosslinked with genipin include stem cell transplantation, and development of contraction free biomaterials suitable for cartilage engineering. Collagen, gelatin and other proteins have been associated to said hydrogels in view of the regeneration of the cartilage. Viability and proliferation of fibroblasts were impressively enhanced upon addition of poly-l-lysine. The modulation of the osteocytes has been achieved in various ways by applying advanced technologies such as 3D-plotting and electrospinning of biomimetic scaffolds, with optional addition of nano hydroxyapatite to the formulations. A wealth of biotechnological advances and know-how has permitted reaching outstanding results in crucial areas such as cranio-facial surgery, orthopedics and dentistry. It is mandatory to use scaffolds fully characterized in terms of porosity, pore size, swelling, wettability, compressive strength, and degree of acetylation, if the osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells is sought: in fact, the novel characteristics imparted by GEN-chitosan must be simultaneously of physico-chemical and cytological nature. Owing to their high standard, the scientific publications dated 2010-2015 have met the expectations of an interdisciplinary audience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo A A Muzzarelli
- Faculty of Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Tronto 10/A, Ancona IT-60126, Italy.
| | - Mohamad El Mehtedi
- Department of Industrial Engineering & Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, Ancona IT-60131, Italy.
| | - Carlo Bottegoni
- Clinical Orthopaedics, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Tronto 10/A, Ancona IT-60126, Italy.
| | - Alberto Aquili
- Clinical Orthopaedics, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Tronto 10/A, Ancona IT-60126, Italy.
| | - Antonio Gigante
- Clinical Orthopaedics, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Tronto 10/A, Ancona IT-60126, Italy.
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Biotransformation of geniposide by Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 into genipin and its inhibitory effects on BEL-7402, Escherichia coli, and cyanobacteria. ANN MICROBIOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-014-0968-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Halpern JM, Gormley CA, Keech M, von Recum HA. Thermomechanical Properties, Antibiotic Release, and Bioactivity of a Sterilized Cyclodextrin Drug Delivery System. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:2764-2772. [PMID: 24949201 PMCID: PMC4058863 DOI: 10.1039/c4tb00083h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Various local drug delivery devices and coatings are being developed as slow, sustained release mechanism for drugs, yet the polymers are typically not evaluated after commercial sterilization techniques. We examine the effect that commercial sterilization techniques have on the physical, mechanical, and drug delivery properties of polyurethane polymers. Specifically we tested cyclodextrin-hexamethyl diisocyanate crosslinked polymers before and after autoclave, ethylene oxide, and gamma radiation sterilization processes. We found that there is no significant change in the properties of polymers sterilized by ethylene oxide and gamma radiation compared to non-sterilized polymers. Polymers sterilized by autoclave showed increased tensile strength (p<0.0001) compared to non-sterilized polymers . In the release of drugs, which were loaded after the autoclave sterilization process, we observed a prolonged release (p<0.05) and a prolonged therapeutic effect (p<0.05) but less drug loading (p<0.0001) compared to non-sterilized polymers. The change in the release profile and tensile strength in polymers sterilized by autoclave was interpreted as being caused by additional crosslinking from residual, unreacted, or partially-reacted crosslinker contained within the polymer. Autoclaving therefore represents additional thermo-processing to modify rate and dose from polyurethanes and other materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M. Halpern
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44118 USA Fax: +1 (216) 368-5513; Tel: +1 (216) 368-4969
| | - Catherine A. Gormley
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44118 USA Fax: +1 (216) 368-5513; Tel: +1 (216) 368-4969
| | - Melissa Keech
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44118 USA Fax: +1 (216) 368-5513; Tel: +1 (216) 368-4969
| | - Horst A. von Recum
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44118 USA Fax: +1 (216) 368-5513; Tel: +1 (216) 368-4969
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The effects of different crossing-linking conditions of genipin on type I collagen scaffolds: an in vitro evaluation. Cell Tissue Bank 2014; 15:531-41. [PMID: 24442821 DOI: 10.1007/s10561-014-9423-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the properties of fabricating rat tail type I collagen scaffolds cross-linked with genipin under different conditions. The porous genipin cross-linked scaffolds are obtained through a two step freeze-drying process. To find out the optimal cross-link condition, we used different genipin concentrations and various cross-linked temperatures to prepare the scaffolds in this study. The morphologies of the scaffolds were characterized by scanning electron microscope, and the mechanical properties of the scaffolds were evaluated under dynamic compression. Additionally, the cross-linking degree was assessed by ninhydrin assay. To investigate the swelling ratio and the in vitro degradation of the collagen scaffold, the tests were also carried out by immersion of the scaffolds in a PBS solution or digestion in a type I collagenase respectively. The morphologies of the non-cross-linked scaffolds presented a lattice-like structure while the cross-linked ones displayed a sheet-like framework. The morphology of the genipin cross-linked scaffolds could be significantly changed by either increasing genipin concentration or the temperature. The swelling ratio of each cross-linked scaffold was much lower than that of the control (non-cross-linked).The ninhydrin assay demonstrated that the higher temperature and genipin concentration could obviously increase the cross-linking efficiency. The in vitro degradation studies indicated that genipin cross-linking can effectively elevate the biostability of the scaffolds. The biocompatibility and cytotoxicity of the scaffolds was evaluated by culturing rat chondrocytes on the scaffold in vitro and by MTT. The results of MTT and the fact that the chondrocytes adhered well to the scaffolds demonstrated that genipin cross-linked scaffolds possessed an excellent biocompatibility and low cytotoxicity. Based on these results, 0.3 % genipin concentrations and 37 °C cross-linked temperatures are recommended.
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Reich MS, Kishore V, Iglesias R, Akkus O. Genipin as a sporicidal agent for the treatment of cortical bone allografts. J Biomater Appl 2013; 28:1336-42. [DOI: 10.1177/0885328213507799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Microbial bioburden in bone allografts can be reduced by gamma radiation; however, the radiation compromises collagen and increases the risk of graft failure. Genipin is an agent that may reduce bioburden by chemical crosslinking without causing mechanical detriment or cytotoxicity. Methods To evaluate genipin’s ability to penetrate cortical bone while maintaining sporicidal activity, Bacillus subtilis spore strips were isolated between slices of bovine femoral cortical bone and immersed in genipin solutions for up to one week; spore viability was assessed with media-based assays. The mechanical effects of genipin treatment were assessed by performing three-point bending tests on genipin-treated cortical beams. Cytotoxicity studies were conducted by evaluating the adhesion and proliferation of murine MC3T3-E1 (P21) preosteoblasts on cortical bone slices which were treated with genipin and rinsed to different extents. Results Genipin successfully penetrated cortical bone slices and sterilized B. subtilis populations after 48 hours ( p > 0.05) and one week ( p < 0.05). Genipin-treated cortical beams demonstrated dose-dependent increases in yield strain ( p = 0.02) and resilience ( p < 0.01), whereas other mechanical properties were not affected by genipin treatment. Seeding cells onto inadequately rinsed genipin-treated bones proved cytotoxic. However, with adequate post-treatment rinsing of the residual genipin, cell adhesion and proliferation was comparable to phosphate-buffered saline-treated controls (no genipin). Conclusions Genipin solutions can sterilize bacterial spore populations entrapped within the continuum of bone tissue while preserving mechanical properties of bone and allowing cell adhesion and proliferation. Provided that antimicrobial effects seen with bacterial spores extend broadly to all microbial and viral species, genipin holds strong potential for bone allograft sterilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Reich
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Vipuil Kishore
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Rodrigo Iglesias
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ozan Akkus
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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