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A Ziegler-type spherical cap model reveals early stage ethylene polymerization growth versus catalyst fragmentation relationships. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4954. [PMID: 36002458 PMCID: PMC9402950 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32635-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyolefin catalysts are characterized by their hierarchically complex nature, which complicates studies on the interplay between the catalyst and formed polymer phases. Here, the missing link in the morphology gap between planar model systems and industrially relevant spherical catalyst particles is introduced through the use of a spherical cap Ziegler-type catalyst model system for the polymerization of ethylene. More specifically, a moisture-stable LaOCl framework with enhanced imaging contrast has been designed to support the TiCl4 pre-active site, which could mimic the behaviour of the highly hygroscopic and industrially used MgCl2 framework. As a function of polymerization time, the fragmentation behaviour of the LaOCl framework changed from a mixture of the shrinking core (i.e., peeling off small polyethylene fragments at the surface) and continuous bisection (i.e., internal cleavage of the framework) into dominantly a continuous bisection model, which is linked to the evolution of the estimated polyethylene volume and the fraction of crystalline polyethylene formed. The combination of the spherical cap model system and the used advanced micro-spectroscopy toolbox, opens the route for high-throughput screening of catalyst functions with industrially relevant morphologies on the nano-scale. Ziegler-type polyolefin catalysts have proven to be hard to characterize. Here the authors present a model system consisting of patterned LaOCl spherical caps, simulating bulk particles while facilitating the use of micro(-spectro)scopic characterization techniques specifically aimed at surfaces.
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2
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Progress in MgCl2 supported Ziegler-Natta catalyzed polyolefin products and applications. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02412-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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3
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Piovano A, D'Amore M, Wada T, Cleto Bruzzese P, Takasao G, Thakur A, Chammingkwan P, Terano M, Civalleri B, Bordiga S, Taniike T, Groppo E. Revisiting the identity of δ-MgCl2: Part II. Morphology and exposed surfaces studied by vibrational spectroscopies and DFT calculation. J Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2020.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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4
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Bahri-Laleh N, Hanifpour A, Mirmohammadi SA, Poater A, Nekoomanesh-Haghighi M, Talarico G, Cavallo L. Computational modeling of heterogeneous Ziegler-Natta catalysts for olefins polymerization. Prog Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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5
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Piovano A, Pletcher P, Velthoen MEZ, Zanoni S, Chung SH, Bossers K, Jongkind MK, Fiore G, Groppo E, Weckhuysen BM. Genesis of MgCl2
-based Ziegler-Natta Catalysts as Probed with Operando Spectroscopy. Chemphyschem 2018; 19:2662-2671. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201800592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Piovano
- Department of Chemistry, INSTM and NIS Centre; University of Torino; Via Quarello 15A 10135 Torino Italy
| | - Paul Pletcher
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group; Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein E. Z. Velthoen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group; Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Silvia Zanoni
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group; Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Sang-Ho Chung
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group; Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS); University of Amsterdam; PO Box 94157 1090 GD Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Koen Bossers
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group; Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Maarten K. Jongkind
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group; Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Gianluca Fiore
- Department of Chemistry, INSTM and NIS Centre; University of Torino; Via Quarello 15A 10135 Torino Italy
| | - Elena Groppo
- Department of Chemistry, INSTM and NIS Centre; University of Torino; Via Quarello 15A 10135 Torino Italy
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group; Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
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6
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Blaakmeer ES, Antinucci G, Correa A, Busico V, van Eck ERH, Kentgens APM. Structural Characterization of Electron Donors in Ziegler-Natta Catalysts. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2018; 122:5525-5536. [PMID: 29568341 PMCID: PMC5857925 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b12667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ziegler-Natta catalysis is a very important industrial process for the production of polyolefins. However, the catalysts are not well-understood at the molecular level. Yet, atomic-scale structural information is of pivotal importance for rational catalyst development. We applied a solid-state NMR/density functional theory tandem approach to gain detailed insight into the interactions between the catalysts' support, MgCl2, and organic electron donors. Because of the heterogeneity of the samples, large line widths are observed in the carbon spectra. Despite this, good agreement between experimental and computational values was reached, and this shows that 1,3-diether based donors coordinate at (110) surface sites, while phthalates are less selective and coordinate at both (104) and (110) surface sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. S.
Merijn Blaakmeer
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Dutch
Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Giuseppe Antinucci
- Dutch
Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Laboratory
of Stereoselective Polymerizations, Federico
II University of Naples, Via Cintia, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Correa
- Dutch
Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Laboratory
of Stereoselective Polymerizations, Federico
II University of Naples, Via Cintia, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Busico
- Dutch
Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Laboratory
of Stereoselective Polymerizations, Federico
II University of Naples, Via Cintia, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Ernst R. H. van Eck
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Arno P. M. Kentgens
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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7
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Zahedi R, Afshar Taromi F, Mirjahanmardi SH, Nekoomanesh Haghighi M, Jadidi K, Jamjah R. Propylene Polymerization over MgCl 2
-Supported Ziegler-Natta Catalysts Containing Tri-Ether as the Internal Donor. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adv.21651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roya Zahedi
- Department of Chemistry; Amirkabir University of Technology; P.O. Box 15875-4413 Tehran Iran
| | - Faramarz Afshar Taromi
- Department of Polymer Engineering; Amirkabir University of Technology; P.O. Box 15875-4413 Tehran Iran
| | - Seyed Heidar Mirjahanmardi
- Department of Polymer Engineering; Amirkabir University of Technology-Mahshahr Campus; P.O. Box: 63516-43659 Mahshahr Iran
| | | | - Khosrow Jadidi
- Department of Chemistry; Shahid Beheshti University; P.O. Box: 19839-69411 Tehran Iran
| | - Roghayeh Jamjah
- Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute; P.O. Box: 14977-13115 Tehran Iran
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8
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Credendino R, Minenkov Y, Liguori D, Piemontesi F, Melchior A, Morini G, Tolazzi M, Cavallo L. Accurate experimental and theoretical enthalpies of association of TiCl4 with typical Lewis bases used in heterogeneous Ziegler–Natta catalysis. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:26996-27006. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp04047d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The enthalpy of association of Lewis bases with TiCl4 is analyzed using experimental and computational techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Credendino
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE)
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC)
- Thuwal
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Y. Minenkov
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE)
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC)
- Thuwal
- Saudi Arabia
| | - D. Liguori
- Basell Italia Srl
- G. Natta Research Center
- 44100 Ferrara
- Italy
| | - F. Piemontesi
- Basell Italia Srl
- G. Natta Research Center
- 44100 Ferrara
- Italy
| | - A. Melchior
- Dipartimento Politecnico di Ingegneria e Architettura dell’Università di Udine
- Laboratori di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche
- 33100 Udine
- Italy
| | - G. Morini
- Basell Italia Srl
- G. Natta Research Center
- 44100 Ferrara
- Italy
| | - M. Tolazzi
- Dipartimento Politecnico di Ingegneria e Architettura dell’Università di Udine
- Laboratori di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche
- 33100 Udine
- Italy
| | - L. Cavallo
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE)
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC)
- Thuwal
- Saudi Arabia
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9
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D’Amore M, Thushara KS, Piovano A, Causà M, Bordiga S, Groppo E. Surface Investigation and Morphological Analysis of Structurally Disordered MgCl2 and MgCl2/TiCl4 Ziegler–Natta Catalysts. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b00871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena D’Amore
- Department
of Chemistry, INSTM and NIS Centre, University of Torino, Via Quarello
15, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - K. S. Thushara
- Department
of Chemistry, INSTM and NIS Centre, University of Torino, Via Quarello
15, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Alessandro Piovano
- Department
of Chemistry, INSTM and NIS Centre, University of Torino, Via Quarello
15, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Mauro Causà
- Department
of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Silvia Bordiga
- Department
of Chemistry, INSTM and NIS Centre, University of Torino, Via Quarello
15, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Elena Groppo
- Department
of Chemistry, INSTM and NIS Centre, University of Torino, Via Quarello
15, 10135 Torino, Italy
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10
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New penta-ether as the internal donor in the MgCl2-supported Ziegler-Natta catalysts for propylene polymerization. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-016-1751-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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11
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Groppo E, Seenivasan K, Gallo E, Sommazzi A, Lamberti C, Bordiga S. Activation and In Situ Ethylene Polymerization on Silica-Supported Ziegler–Natta Catalysts. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b01108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Groppo
- Department of Chemistry, INSTM and NIS Centre, University of Torino, Via Quarello 15, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Kalaivani Seenivasan
- Department of Chemistry, INSTM and NIS Centre, University of Torino, Via Quarello 15, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Erik Gallo
- Department of Chemistry, INSTM and NIS Centre, University of Torino, Via Quarello 15, 10135 Torino, Italy
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 6 Rue Jules Horowitz, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Anna Sommazzi
- Versalis − Novara Research Center, Istituto Eni Donegani, Via Fauser, 4, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Carlo Lamberti
- Department of Chemistry, INSTM and CrisDi Centre, University of Torino, Via Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
- Southern Federal University, Zorge Street 5, 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Silvia Bordiga
- Department of Chemistry, INSTM and NIS Centre, University of Torino, Via Quarello 15, 10135 Torino, Italy
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12
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Rahbar A, Nekoomanesh-Haghighi M, Bahri-Laleh N, Abedini H. Effect of Water on the Supported Ziegler–Natta Catalysts: Optimization of the Operating Conditions by Response Surface Methodology. Catal Letters 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-015-1508-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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13
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Nietzel S, Joe D, Krumpfer JW, Schellenberger F, Alsaygh AA, Fink G, Klapper M, Müllen K. Organic nanoparticles as fragmentable support for Ziegler-Natta catalysts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.27442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sven Nietzel
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research; Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Daejune Joe
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research; Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Joseph W. Krumpfer
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research; Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | | | - Abdulhamid A. Alsaygh
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology; P.O. Box 6086 Riyadh 11442 Saudi Arabia
| | - Gerhard Fink
- Max Planck Institute for Coal Research; Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Markus Klapper
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research; Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research; Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
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14
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Groppo E, Seenivasan K, Barzan C. The potential of spectroscopic methods applied to heterogeneous catalysts for olefinpolymerization. Catal Sci Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cy20559a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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15
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Ethylene polymerization on polymer supported Ziegler-Natta catalyst. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-012-9892-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Cheruvathur AV, Langner EHG, Niemantsverdriet JWH, Thüne PC. In situ ATR-FTIR studies on MgCl2-diisobutyl phthalate interactions in thin film Ziegler-Natta catalysts. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:2643-51. [PMID: 22216939 DOI: 10.1021/la203972k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
To study the surface structure of MgCl(2) support and its interaction with other active components in Ziegler-Natta catalyst, such as electron donors, we prepared a thin film analogue for Ziegler-Natta ethylene polymerization catalyst support by spin-coating a solution of MgCl(2) in ethanol, optionally containing a diester internal donor (diisobutyl-ortho-phthalate, DIBP) on a flat Si crystal surface. The donor content of these films was quantified by applying attenuated total internal reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Changes in the interaction of DIBP with MgCl(2) at various temperatures were monitored by in situ ATR-FTIR. Upon increasing the temperature, a shift in the (C═O) band toward lower wavenumbers was observed together with the depletion of (O-H) stretching band due to the desorption of residual ethanol. We assign this shift to gradual redistribution of adsorbed DIBP from adsorption sites on the MgCl(2) (104) surface toward the more acidic MgCl(2) (110) surface. The morphologies of MgCl(2) and MgCl(2)/DIBP films were studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealing a preferential orientation of ClMgCl layers (001) parallel to the lateral film dimensions. This orientation becomes more pronounced upon annealing. In the absence of donor, the MgCl(2) grow in to large crystals aligned in large domains upon annealing. Both crystal growth and alignment is impeded by the presence of donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajin V Cheruvathur
- Schuit Institute of Catalysis, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Seenivasan K, Sommazzi A, Bonino F, Bordiga S, Groppo E. Spectroscopic Investigation of Heterogeneous Ziegler-Natta Catalysts: Ti and Mg Chloride Tetrahydrofuranates, Their Interaction Compound, and the Role of the Activator. Chemistry 2011; 17:8648-56. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201100804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Karakalos S, Siokou A, Sutara F, Skala T, Vitaliy F, Ladas S, Prince K, Matolin V, Chab V. The interfacial properties of MgCl(2) thin films grown on Ti(0001). J Chem Phys 2010; 133:074701. [PMID: 20726657 DOI: 10.1063/1.3473933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoelectron spectroscopy with synchrotron radiation (SRPES), temperature programmed desorption (TPD), low energy electron diffraction (LEED), and ion-scattering spectroscopy (ISS) were used in order to study the MgCl(2)/Ti(0001) interface. A clear hexagonal LEED pattern confirmed the presence of a quite large grain of Ti(0001) on the substrate while no new superstructure was formed after deposition of MgCl(2) either at room or at elevated temperatures. A series of high resolution spectra after step by step MgCl(2) deposition and gradual annealing indicated strong interaction between MgCl(2) and the substrate while ISS measurements showed that there is no migration of Ti atoms into the deposit layers. Additional quantities of deposited MgCl(2) grew stoichimetrically on top of the chemically active interface. Annealing at approximately 350 degrees C caused clustering of the MgCl(2) multilayer and TPD results showed that they desorbed stoichimetrically at temperatures between 360 and 380 degrees C. The interfacial TiCl(x)Mg(y) species dissociated by the disruption of the Cl-Mg bonds at temperatures higher than 400 degrees C and metallic Mg evaporated. The Cl atoms remained attached on the Ti surface but they did not form any ordered structure even after annealing at 730 degrees C. The present results indicate the occurrence of charge transfer at the Ti/MgCl(2) interface through the Cl ligands and provide valuable information for catalyst design.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Karakalos
- FORTH/ICE-HT, P.O. Box 1414, Rion, Patras GR-26504, Greece.
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