Synthesis of Wool-Ball-Like ZSM-5 with Enlarged External Surfaces and Improved Diffusion: A Potential Highly-Efficient FCC Catalyst Component for Elevating Pre-cracking of Large Molecules and Catalytic Longevity

State of the Art and Perspectives of Hierarchical Zeolites: Practical Overview of Synthesis Methods and Use in Catalysis

Microporous zeolites have proven to be of great importance in many chemical processes. Yet, they often suffer from diffusion limitations causing inefficient use of the available catalytically active sites. To address this problem, hierarchical zeolites have been developed, which extensively improve the catalytic performance. There is a multitude of recent literature describing synthesis of and catalysis with these hierarchical zeolites. This review attempts to organize and overview this literature (of the last 5 years), with emphasis on the most important advances with regard to synthesis and application of such zeolites. Special attention is paid to the most common and important 10- and 12-membered ring zeolites (MTT, TON, FER, MFI, MOR, FAU, and *BEA). In contrast to previous reviews, the research per zeolite topology is brought together and discussed here. This allows the reader to instantly find the best synthesis method in accordance to the desired zeolite properties. A summarizing graph is made available to enable the reader to select suitable synthesis procedures based on zeolite acidity and mesoporosity, the two most important tunable properties.

A core–shell Y zeolite with a mono-crystalline core and a loosely aggregated polycrystalline shell: a hierarchical cracking catalyst for large reactants

Increased external surface areas promote the pre-cracking of reactants, and the core–shell structure guarantees that reactants undergo a hierarchical cracking process.