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Baluk MA, Trzebiatowska PJ, Pieczyńska A, Makowski D, Kroczewska M, Łuczak J, Zaleska-Medynska A. A new strategy for PET depolymerization: Application of bimetallic MOF-74 as a selective catalyst. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 363:121360. [PMID: 38850902 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Large-volume production of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), especially in the form of bottles and food packaging containers, causes problems with polymer waste management. Waste PET could be recycled thermally, mechanically or chemically and the last method allows to obtain individual monomers, but most often it is carried out in the presence of homogeneous catalysts, that are difficult to separate and reuse. In view of this, this work reports for the first time, application of bimetallic MOF-74 - as heterogeneous catalyst - for depolymerization of PET with high monomer (bishydroxyethyl terephthalate, BHET) recovery. The effect of type and amount of second metal in the MOF-74 (Mg/M) was systematically investigated. The results showed increased activity of MOF-74 (Mg/M) containing Co2+, Zn2+ and Mn2+ as a second metal, while the opposite correlation was observed for Cu2+ and Ni2+. It was found that the highest catalytic activity was demonstrated by the introduction of Mg-Mn into MOF-74 with ratio molar 1:1, which resulted in complete depolymerization of PET and 91.8% BHET yield within 4 h. Furthermore, the obtained catalyst showed good stability in 5 reaction cycles and allowed to achieve high-purity BHET, which was confirmed by HPLC analysis. The as-prepared MOF-74 (Mg/Mn) was easy to separate from the post-reaction mixture, clean and reuse in the next depolymerization reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Adam Baluk
- Department of Environmental Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland.
| | | | - Aleksandra Pieczyńska
- Department of Environmental Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Damian Makowski
- Department of Environmental Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Malwina Kroczewska
- Department of Process Engineering and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Justyna Łuczak
- Department of Process Engineering and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland; Advanced Materials Center, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Adriana Zaleska-Medynska
- Department of Environmental Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland.
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2
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Enache AC, Grecu I, Samoila P. Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Recycled by Catalytic Glycolysis: A Bridge toward Circular Economy Principles. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:2991. [PMID: 38930360 PMCID: PMC11205646 DOI: 10.3390/ma17122991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Plastic pollution has escalated into a critical global issue, with production soaring from 2 million metric tons in 1950 to 400.3 million metric tons in 2022. The packaging industry alone accounts for nearly 44% of this production, predominantly utilizing polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Alarmingly, over 90% of the approximately 1 million PET bottles sold every minute end up in landfills or oceans, where they can persist for centuries. This highlights the urgent need for sustainable management and recycling solutions to mitigate the environmental impact of PET waste. To better understand PET's behavior and promote its management within a circular economy, we examined its chemical and physical properties, current strategies in the circular economy, and the most effective recycling methods available today. Advancing PET management within a circular economy framework by closing industrial loops has demonstrated benefits such as reduced landfill waste, minimized energy consumption, and conserved raw resources. To this end, we identified and examined various strategies based on R-imperatives (ranging from 3R to 10R), focusing on the latest approaches aimed at significantly reducing PET waste by 2040. Additionally, a comparison of PET recycling methods (including primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary recycling, along with the concepts of "zero-order" and biological recycling techniques) was envisaged. Particular attention was paid to the heterogeneous catalytic glycolysis, which stands out for its rapid reaction time (20-60 min), high monomer yields (>90%), ease of catalyst recovery and reuse, lower costs, and enhanced durability. Accordingly, the use of highly efficient oxide-based catalysts for PET glycolytic degradation is underscored as a promising solution for large-scale industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Petrisor Samoila
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (A.-C.E.); (I.G.)
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3
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Yun LX, Zhang C, Shi XR, Dong YJ, Zhang HT, Shen ZG, Wang JX. The controllable and efficient synthesis of two-dimensional metal-organic framework nanosheets for heterogeneous catalysis. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:691-700. [PMID: 38054762 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr05348b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) MOFs exhibit unique periodicity in surface structures and thus have attracted much interest in the fields of catalysis, energy, and sensors. However, the expanded production scale of 2D MOFs had remained a great challenge in most previous studies. Herein, a controllable and efficient crystallization method for synthesizing 2D MOF nanosheets using high-gravity reactive precipitation is proposed, significantly improving heterogeneous catalysis efficiency. The two-dimensional ZIF-L nanosheets prepared in a rotating packed bed (RPB) reactor show a smaller lateral and lamellar thickness and a higher BET surface area compared to ZIF-L nanosheets prepared in a conventional stirred tank reactor (STR), with a greatly shortened reaction time. Applying the ZIF-L-RPB nanosheets as a catalyst, the catalytic Knoevenagel condensation as a probe reaction displays a high conversion rate of benzaldehyde (99.3%) within 2 h at room temperature, greatly exceeding that displayed by ZIF-L-STR and other reported catalysts. Furthermore, ZIL-L-RPB nanosheets of only 0.2 wt% enhanced the catalytic activity for the glycolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) with a PET conversion and a monomer yield of 90% in a short period of 15 min at 195 °C and almost completely depolymerized PET with a monomer yield of 94% in 30 min, which was far above that achieved by ZIL-L-STR. These results indicate the promising prospects of a high-gravity reactive precipitation strategy with precise size control in an economical way to prepare high-activity 2D MOF nanosheets for a wide range of heterogeneous catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Xia Yun
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China.
- Research Center of the Ministry of Education for High Gravity Engineering and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, PR China.
| | - Cong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China.
- Research Center of the Ministry of Education for High Gravity Engineering and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, PR China.
| | - Xin-Ran Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China.
- Research Center of the Ministry of Education for High Gravity Engineering and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, PR China.
| | - Yan-Jun Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China.
- Research Center of the Ministry of Education for High Gravity Engineering and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, PR China.
| | - Hang-Tian Zhang
- Research Center of the Ministry of Education for High Gravity Engineering and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, PR China.
- Quzhou Innovation Institute for Chemical Engineering and Materials, Quzhou, Zhejiang, 324000, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Shen
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan, 411105, China
| | - Jie-Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China.
- Research Center of the Ministry of Education for High Gravity Engineering and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, PR China.
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4
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Bai X, Aireddy DR, Roy A, Ding K. Solvent-Free Depolymerization of Plastic Waste Enabled by Plastic-Catalyst Interfacial Engineering. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309949. [PMID: 37775978 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Depolymerization of condensation polymers by chemolysis often suffers from the large usage of solvents and homogeneous catalysts such as acids, bases, and metal salts. The catalytic efficiency of heterogeneous catalysts is largely constrained by the poor interfacial contact between solid catalysts and solid plastics below melting points. We report here our discovery of autogenous heterogeneous catalyst layer on polyethylene terephthalate surfaces during the generally believed homogeneous catalytic depolymerization process. Inspired by the "contact mass" concept in industrial chlorosilane production, we further demonstrate that the construction of plastic-catalyst solid-solid interfaces enables solvent-free depolymerization of polyethylene terephthalate by vapor phase methanolysis at relatively low temperatures. Trace amounts of earth-abundant element (zinc) introduced by electrostatic adsorption is sufficient for catalyzing the depolymerization. The concept of plastic-catalyst contact mass interfacial catalysis might inspire new pathways for tackling plastic waste problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshen Bai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Divakar R Aireddy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Amitava Roy
- Center for Advanced Microstructures & Devices, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70806, USA
| | - Kunlun Ding
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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5
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Casey É, Breen R, Gómez JS, Kentgens APM, Pareras G, Rimola A, Holmes JD, Collins G. Ligand-Aided Glycolysis of PET Using Functionalized Silica-Supported Fe 2O 3 Nanoparticles. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2023; 11:15544-15555. [PMID: 37920799 PMCID: PMC10618922 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c03585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
The development of efficient catalysts for the chemical recycling of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is essential to tackling the global issue of plastic waste. There has been intense interest in heterogeneous catalysts as a sustainable catalyst system for PET depolymerization, having the advantage of easy separation and reuse after the reaction. In this work, we explore heterogeneous catalyst design by comparing metal-ion (Fe3+) and metal-oxide nanoparticle (Fe2O3 NP) catalysts immobilized on mesoporous silica (SiO2) functionalized with different N-containing amine ligands. Quantitative solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy confirms successful grafting and elucidates the bonding mode of the organic ligands on the SiO2 surface. The surface amine ligands act as organocatalysts, enhancing the catalytic activity of the active metal species. The Fe2O3 NP catalysts in the presence of organic ligands outperform bare Fe2O3 NPs, Fe3+-ion-immobilized catalysts and homogeneous FeCl3 salts, with equivalent Fe loading. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis indicates charge transfer between the amine ligands and Fe2O3 NPs and the electron-donating ability of the N groups and hydrogen bonding may also play a role in the higher performance of the amine-ligand-assisted Fe2O3 NP catalysts. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations also reveal that the reactivity of the ion-immobilized catalysts is strongly correlated to the ligand-metal binding energy and that the products in the glycolysis reaction catalyzed by the NP catalysts are stabilized, showing a significant exergonic character compared to single ion-immobilized Fe3+ ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éadaoin Casey
- School
of Chemistry, University College Cork, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland
- AMBER
Centre, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork T23 XE10, Ireland
| | - Rachel Breen
- School
of Chemistry, University College Cork, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland
- AMBER
Centre, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork T23 XE10, Ireland
| | - Jennifer S. Gómez
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Arno P. M. Kentgens
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard Pareras
- Departament
de Química, Universitat Autònoma
de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia 08193, Spain
| | - Albert Rimola
- Departament
de Química, Universitat Autònoma
de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia 08193, Spain
| | - Justin. D. Holmes
- School
of Chemistry, University College Cork, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland
- AMBER
Centre, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork T23 XE10, Ireland
| | - Gillian Collins
- School
of Chemistry, University College Cork, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland
- AMBER
Centre, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork T23 XE10, Ireland
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6
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Bohre A, Jadhao PR, Tripathi K, Pant KK, Likozar B, Saha B. Chemical Recycling Processes of Waste Polyethylene Terephthalate Using Solid Catalysts. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023:e202300142. [PMID: 36972065 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a non-degradable single-use plastic and a major component of plastic waste in landfills. Chemical recycling is one of the most widely adopted methods to transform post-consumer PET into PET's building block chemicals. Non-catalytic depolymerization of PET is very slow and requires high temperatures and/or pressures. Recent advancements in the field of material science and catalysis have delivered several innovative strategies to promote PET depolymerization under mild reaction conditions. Particularly, heterogeneous catalysts assisted depolymerization of post-consumer PET to monomers and other value-added chemicals is the most industrially compatible method. This review includes current progresses on the heterogeneously catalyzed chemical recycling of PET. It describes four key pathways for PET depolymerization including, glycolysis, pyrolysis, alcoholysis, and reductive depolymerization. The catalyst function, active sites and structure-activity correlations are briefly outlined in each section. An outlook for future development is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Bohre
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi, 110016, India
- Biomass and Energy Management Division, Sardar Swaran Singh National Institute of Bio-energy Kapurthala, Punjab, 1440603, India
- Department of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1001, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Prashant Ram Jadhao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Komal Tripathi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Kamal Kishore Pant
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Blaž Likozar
- Department of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1001, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Basudeb Saha
- RiKarbon, Inc., 550 S. College Ave, Newark, Delaware, DE 19716, USA
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7
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Shirazimoghaddam S, Amin I, Faria Albanese JA, Shiju NR. Chemical Recycling of Used PET by Glycolysis Using Niobia-Based Catalysts. ACS ENGINEERING AU 2023; 3:37-44. [PMID: 36820227 PMCID: PMC9936547 DOI: 10.1021/acsengineeringau.2c00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Plastic production has steadily increased worldwide at a staggering pace. The polymer industry is, unfortunately, C-intensive, and accumulation of plastics in the environment has become a major issue. Plastic waste valorization into fresh monomers for production of virgin plastics can reduce both the consumption of fossil feedstocks and the environmental pollution, making the plastic economy more sustainable. Recently, the chemical recycling of plastics has been studied as an innovative solution to achieve a fully sustainable cycle. In this way, plastics are depolymerized to their monomers or/and oligomers appropriate for repolymerization, closing the loop. In this work, PET was depolymerized to its bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET) monomer via glycolysis, using ethylene glycol (EG) in the presence of niobia-based catalysts. Using a sulfated niobia catalyst treated at 573 K, we obtained 100% conversion of PET and 85% yield toward BHET at 195 °C in 220 min. This approach allows recycling of the PET at reasonable conditions using an inexpensive and nontoxic material as a catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Shirazimoghaddam
- Van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1090 GDAmsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ihsan Amin
- Van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1090 GDAmsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jimmy A Faria Albanese
- Catalytic
Processes and Materials Group, Faculty of Science and Technology,
MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University
of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AEAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | - N. Raveendran Shiju
- Van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1090 GDAmsterdam, The Netherlands,
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8
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Bhanderi KK, Joshi JR, Patel JV. Recycling of polyethylene terephthalate (PET Or PETE) plastics – An alternative to obtain value added products: A review. J INDIAN CHEM SOC 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2022.100843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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9
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Chen W, Li M, Gu X, Jin L, Chen W, Chen S. Efficient glycolysis of recycling poly(ethylene terephthalate) via combination of organocatalyst and metal salt. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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10
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Cao F, Wang L, Zheng R, Guo L, Chen Y, Qian X. Research and progress of chemical depolymerization of waste PET and high-value application of its depolymerization products. RSC Adv 2022; 12:31564-31576. [PMID: 36380916 PMCID: PMC9632252 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra06499e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PET (polyethylene terephthalate) has good transparency, corrosion resistance, gas barrier properties and mechanical properties, and is widely used in beverage bottles, fabrics, food packaging, tires, films, engineering plastics and other fields. With the rapid growth in demand and use of PET materials, the pollution of waste PET to the environment has become increasingly prominent. The recycling methods of waste PET mainly include primary recycling, mechanical recycling, chemical recycling, and energy recycling. The chemical recycling method is of great significance for solving environmental problems and reducing the plastic industry's dependence on petrochemical resources, and is an inevitable choice for realizing PET closed-loop recycling. In this paper, the chemical depolymerization methods of waste PET, the types of alcoholysis catalysts with the greatest possibility of industrialization, and the high-value application research of chemical recovery products are reviewed in order to have a good reference significance and promote the recycling and high-value utilization of waste PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Cao
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology Liaoyang 111003 China
| | - Liyan Wang
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology Liaoyang 111003 China
| | - Rongrong Zheng
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology Liaoyang 111003 China
| | - Liying Guo
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology Liaoyang 111003 China
| | - Yanming Chen
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology Liaoyang 111003 China
| | - Xin Qian
- Liaoning Shengda Environmental Resources Group Co., Ltd Liaoyang 111003 China
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11
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Zhang H, Choi JI, Choi JW, Jeong SM, Lee PS, Hong DY. A highly porous MgAl2O4 spinel-supported Mn3O4 as a reusable catalyst for glycolysis of postconsumer PET waste. J IND ENG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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12
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Yang RX, Jan K, Chen CT, Chen WT, Wu KCW. Thermochemical Conversion of Plastic Waste into Fuels, Chemicals, and Value-Added Materials: A Critical Review and Outlooks. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202200171. [PMID: 35349769 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202200171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plastic waste is an emerging environmental issue for our society. Critical action to tackle this problem is to upcycle plastic waste as valuable feedstock. Thermochemical conversion of plastic waste has received growing attention. Although thermochemical conversion is promising for handling mixed plastic waste, it typically occurs at high temperatures (300-800 °C). Catalysts can play a critical role in improving the energy efficiency of thermochemical conversion, promoting targeted reactions, and improving product selectivity. This Review aims to summarize the state-of-the-art of catalytic thermochemical conversions of various types of plastic waste. First, general trends and recent development of catalytic thermochemical conversions including pyrolysis, gasification, hydrothermal processes, and chemolysis of plastic waste into fuels, chemicals, and value-added materials were reviewed. Second, the status quo for the commercial implementation of thermochemical conversion of plastic waste was summarized. Finally, the current challenges and future perspectives of catalytic thermochemical conversion of plastic waste including the design of sustainable and robust catalysts were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Xuan Yang
- Department of Plastics Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01851, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10607, Taiwan
- Institute of Environmental Engineering and Management, National Taipei University of Technology, No.1 Sec. 3, Chung-Hsiao E. Rd., Taipei, 106344, Taiwan
| | - Kalsoom Jan
- Department of Plastics Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01851, USA
| | - Ching-Tien Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10607, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ting Chen
- Department of Plastics Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01851, USA
| | - Kevin C-W Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10607, Taiwan
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13
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14
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Chu M, Liu Y, Lou X, Zhang Q, Chen J. Rational Design of Chemical Catalysis for Plastic Recycling. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Chu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xiangxi Lou
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Qiao Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jinxing Chen
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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15
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Ghasemi MH, Neekzad N, Ajdari FB, Kowsari E, Ramakrishna S. Mechanistic aspects of poly(ethylene terephthalate) recycling-toward enabling high quality sustainability decisions in waste management. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:43074-43101. [PMID: 34146328 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14925-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Since plastic waste pollution is a severe environmental concern in modern life, the demand for recycling poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) has increased due to its versatile applications. Taking advantage of plastic recycling methods creates the chances of minimizing overall crude oil-based materials consumption, and as a result, greenhouse gasses, specifically CO2, will be decreased. Although many review articles have been published on plastic recycling methods from different aspects, a few review articles exist to investigate the organic reaction mechanism in plastic recycling. This review aims to describe other processes for recycling bottle waste of PET, considering the reaction mechanism. Understanding the reaction mechanism offers practical solutions toward protecting the environment against disadvantageous outgrowths rising from PET wastes. PET recycling aims to transform into a monomer/oligomer to produce new materials from plastic wastes. It is an application in various fields, including the food and beverage industry, packaging, and textile applications, to protect the environment from contamination and introduce a green demand for the near future. In this review, the chemical glycolysis process as an outstanding recycling technique for PET is also discussed, emphasizing the catalysts' performance, reaction conditions and methods, degradation agents, the kinetics of reactions, and reprocessing products. In general, a correct understanding of the PET recycling reaction mechanism leads to making the right decisions in waste management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hadi Ghasemi
- Applied Chemistry Research Group, ACECR-Tehran Organization, PO Box 13145-186, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nariman Neekzad
- Department of Chemistry, Amirkabir University of Technology, No. 424, Hafez Avenue, Tehran, 1591634311, Iran
| | | | - Elaheh Kowsari
- Department of Chemistry, Amirkabir University of Technology, No. 424, Hafez Avenue, Tehran, 1591634311, Iran.
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Nanofibers and Nanotechnology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119260, Singapore.
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16
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Kosloski-Oh SC, Wood ZA, Manjarrez Y, de Los Rios JP, Fieser ME. Catalytic methods for chemical recycling or upcycling of commercial polymers. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:1084-1129. [PMID: 34821907 DOI: 10.1039/d0mh01286f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polymers (plastics) have transformed our lives by providing access to inexpensive and versatile materials with a variety of useful properties. While polymers have improved our lives in many ways, their longevity has created some unintended consequences. The extreme stability and durability of most commercial polymers, combined with the lack of equivalent degradable alternatives and ineffective collection and recycling policies, have led to an accumulation of polymers in landfills and oceans. This problem is reaching a critical threat to the environment, creating a demand for immediate action. Chemical recycling and upcycling involve the conversion of polymer materials into their original monomers, fuels or chemical precursors for value-added products. These approaches are the most promising for value-recovery of post-consumer polymer products; however, they are often cost-prohibitive in comparison to current recycling and disposal methods. Catalysts can be used to accelerate and improve product selectivity for chemical recycling and upcycling of polymers. This review aims to not only highlight and describe the tremendous efforts towards the development of improved catalysts for well-known chemical recycling processes, but also identify new promising methods for catalytic recycling or upcycling of the most abundant commercial polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia C Kosloski-Oh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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Jeong JM, Jin SB, Son SG, Suh H, Moon JM, Choi BG. Fast and facile synthesis of two-dimensional Fe III nanosheets based on fluid-shear exfoliation for highly catalytic glycolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate). REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00385a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
2D FeIII nanosheets are synthesized by a fluid dynamics–assisted exfoliation and oxidation method for highly-catalyzed glycolysis reaction of PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Min Jeong
- Department of Nanoengineering
- University of California San Diego
- La Jolla
- USA
| | - Se Bin Jin
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Kangwon National University
- Samcheok 25913
- Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Gyu Son
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Kangwon National University
- Samcheok 25913
- Republic of Korea
| | - Hoyoung Suh
- Advanced Analysis Center
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology
- Seoul
- Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Min Moon
- Department of Nanoengineering
- University of California San Diego
- La Jolla
- USA
| | - Bong Gill Choi
- Department of Nanoengineering
- University of California San Diego
- La Jolla
- USA
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Esquer R, García JJ. Metal-catalysed Poly(Ethylene) terephthalate and polyurethane degradations by glycolysis. J Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2019.120972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Chen G, Leng X, Luo J, You L, Qu C, Dong X, Huang H, Yin X, Ni J. In Vitro Toxicity Study of a Porous Iron(III) Metal‒Organic Framework. Molecules 2019; 24:E1211. [PMID: 30925694 PMCID: PMC6480057 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24071211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A MIL series metal‒organic framework (MOF), MIL-100(Fe), was successfully synthesized at the nanoscale and fully characterized by TEM, TGA, XRD, FTIR, DLS, and BET. A toxicological assessment was performed using two different cell lines: human normal liver cells (HL-7702) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2). In vitro cytotoxicity of MIL-100(Fe) was evaluated by the MTT assay, LDH releasing rate assay, DAPI staining, and annexin V/PI double staining assay. The safe dose of MIL-100(Fe) was 80 μg/mL. It exhibited good biocompatibility, low cytotoxicity, and high cell survival rate (HL-7702 cells' viability >85.97%, HepG2 cells' viability >91.20%). Therefore, MIL-100(Fe) has a potential application as a drug carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongsen Chen
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
| | - Xin Leng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
| | - Juyuan Luo
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
| | - Longtai You
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
| | - Changhai Qu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
| | - Xiaoxv Dong
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
| | - Hongliang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China.
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China.
| | - Xingbin Yin
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
| | - Jian Ni
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
- Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
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