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Zedan AF, AlJaber AS, El-Shall MS. Facile Microwave Synthesis of Hierarchical Porous Copper Oxide and Its Catalytic Activity and Kinetics for Carbon Monoxide Oxidation. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:44021-44032. [PMID: 36506176 PMCID: PMC9730479 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of copper oxide (CuO)-based nanomaterials has received a tremendous deal of interest in recent years. Particularly, the design and development of novel CuO structures with improved physical and chemical properties have attracted immense attention, especially for catalysis applications. We report on a rational, rapid, and surfactant-free microwave synthesis (MWS) of hierarchical porous copper oxide (HP-CuO) with a three-dimensional (3D) sponge-like topology using an MWS reactor. The activity of the microwave (MW)-synthesized HP-CuO catalysts for carbon monoxide (CO) oxidation was studied and compared to CuO prepared by the conventional heating method (CHM). Results showed that HP-CuO catalysts prepared by MWS for 10 and 30 min surpassed the CuO catalyst prepared by CHM, exhibiting T 80 of 98 and 115 °C, respectively, as compared to 185 °C of CuO prepared by CHM (T80 is the temperature corresponding to 80% CO conversion). In addition, the MW-synthesized HP-CuO catalysts outperformed the CHM-synthesized CuO, achieving a 100% CO conversion at 150 °C compared to 240 °C in the case of CuO prepared by CHM. Interestingly, the HP-CuO catalyst expressed workable CO conversion kinetics with a reaction rate of c.a.35 μmol s-1 g-1 at 150 °C and apparent activation energy (E a) of 82 kJ mol-1. The HP-CuO catalyst showed excellent cycling and long-term stabilities for CO oxidation up to 4 cycles and 72 h on the stream, respectively. The enhanced catalytic activity and stability of the HP-CuO catalyst appear to result from the unique topological and structural features of HP-CuO, which were revealed by SEM, XRD, Raman, BET, TGA, XPS, and TPR techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdallah F. Zedan
- National
Institute of Laser Enhanced Sciences, Cairo
University, Giza12613, Egypt
- Department
of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia23284, United States
| | - Amina S. AlJaber
- Department
of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, Qatar University, Doha2713, Qatar
| | - M. Samy El-Shall
- Department
of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia23284, United States
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2
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Recent Advances in Graphene and Graphene‐Based Heterogeneous Nanocatalysts: C−C And C−Y Coupling Reactions in Liquid Phase. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202202291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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3
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Abstract
Over the past few decades, the use of transition metal nanoparticles (NPs) in catalysis has attracted much attention and their use in C–C bond forming reactions constitutes one of their most important applications. A huge variety of metal NPs, which have showed high catalytic activity for C–C bond forming reactions, have been developed up to now. Many kinds of stabilizers, such as inorganic materials, magnetically recoverable materials, porous materials, organic–inorganic composites, carbon materials, polymers, and surfactants have been utilized to develop metal NPs catalysts. This review classified and outlined the categories of metal NPs by the type of support.
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4
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Sun X, Li S, Cao J, Wang Y, Yang W, Zhang L, Liu Y, Qiu J, Tao S. A Hierarchical-Structured Impeller with Engineered Pd Nanoparticles Catalyzing Suzuki Coupling Reactions for High-Purity Biphenyl. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:17429-17438. [PMID: 33827215 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c22284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Suzuki cross-coupling reactions catalyzed by palladium are authoritative protocols in fine-chemical synthesis. Mass transfer and catalyst activity are both significant factors affecting the reaction efficiency in heterogeneous reactions. Although the holistic catalysts hold great promise in heterogeneous reactions due to the enhanced mass transport and convenient recycling, the unsatisfied catalytic activity has impeded further large-scale applications. In addition, another pronounced barrier is the product separation in the intricate system. Here, the catalytic production and separation of biphenyl (purity of 99.7%) were achieved by integrating the Suzuki cross-coupling reactions and the crystallization separation for the first time. A hierarchical-structured impeller with Pd nanoparticles (NPs) loaded on the Ni(OH)2 nanosheets was prepared to catalyze the Suzuki reactions for bromobenzene, which exhibits a high turnover frequency (TOF) value of 25,976 h-1 and a yield of 99.5%. The X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) analysis has unveiled that the electron transfer between the Pd NPs and Ni(OH)2 accounts for the greatly enhanced catalytic activity. The findings inspire new insights toward rational engineering of highly efficient holistic catalysts for Suzuki reaction, and the innovative integrated technology offers an avenue for the separation and collection of products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Shaofeng Li
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
- State Key Lab of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Key Lab for Energy Materials and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Jinzhe Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Yuchao Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Wenbo Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Lijing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Yijin Liu
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Jieshan Qiu
- State Key Lab of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Key Lab for Energy Materials and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Shengyang Tao
- Department of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
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5
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Darawsheh MD, Mazarío J, Lopes CW, Giménez-Marqués M, Domine ME, Meira DM, Martínez J, Mínguez Espallargas G, Oña-Burgos P. MOF-Mediated Synthesis of Supported Fe-Doped Pd Nanoparticles under Mild Conditions for Magnetically Recoverable Catalysis*. Chemistry 2020; 26:13659-13667. [PMID: 32521073 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Metal-organic framework (MOF)-driven synthesis is considered as a promising alternative for the development of new catalytic materials with well-designed active sites. This synthetic approach is used here to gradually transform a new bimetallic MOF, with Pd and Fe as the metal components, by the in situ generation of aniline under mild conditions. This methodology results in a compositionally homogeneous nanocomposite formed by Fe-doped Pd nanoparticles that, in turn, are supported on iron oxide-doped carbon. The nanocomposite has been fully characterized by several techniques such as IR and Raman spectroscopy, TEM, XPS, and XAS. The performance of this nanocomposite as an heterogeneous catalyst for hydrogenation of nitroarenes and nitrobenzene coupling with benzaldehyde has been evaluated, proving it to be an efficient and reusable catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohanad D Darawsheh
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, c/ Catedrático José Beltrán, 2, 46980, Paterna, Spain
| | - Jaime Mazarío
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de, València, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC), Avda. de los Naranjos s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Christian W Lopes
- Laboratory of Reactivity and Catalysis-Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 91501970, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Mónica Giménez-Marqués
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, c/ Catedrático José Beltrán, 2, 46980, Paterna, Spain
| | - Marcelo E Domine
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de, València, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC), Avda. de los Naranjos s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Debora M Meira
- CLS@APS sector 20, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA.,Canadian Light Source Inc., 44 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 2V3, Canada
| | - Jordan Martínez
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de, València, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC), Avda. de los Naranjos s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Guillermo Mínguez Espallargas
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, c/ Catedrático José Beltrán, 2, 46980, Paterna, Spain
| | - Pascual Oña-Burgos
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de, València, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC), Avda. de los Naranjos s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain.,Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre CIAIMBITAL, University of Almería, Ctra. Sacramento, s/n, Almería, 04120, Spain
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Norouzi N, Das MK, Richard AJ, Ibrahim AA, El-Kaderi HM, El-Shall MS. Heterogeneous catalysis by ultra-small bimetallic nanoparticles surpassing homogeneous catalysis for carbon-carbon bond forming reactions. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:19191-19202. [PMID: 32926030 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr04105j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Palladium catalyzed cross-coupling reactions represent a significant advancement in contemporary organic synthesis as these reactions are of strategic importance in the area of pharmaceutical drug discovery and development. Supported palladium-based catalysts are highly sought-after in carbon-carbon bond forming catalytic processes to ensure catalyst recovery and reuse while preventing product contamination. This paper reports the development of heterogeneous Pd-based bimetallic catalysts supported on fumed silica that have high activity and selectivity matching those of homogeneous catalysts, eliminating the catalyst's leaching and sintering and allowing efficient recycling of the catalysts. Palladium and base metal (Cu, Ni or Co) contents of less than 1.0 wt% loading are deposited on a mesoporous fumed silica support (surface area SABET = 350 m2 g-1) using strong electrostatic adsorption (SEA) yielding homogeneously alloyed nanoparticles with an average size of 1.3 nm. All bimetallic catalysts were found to be highly active toward Suzuki cross-coupling (SCC) reactions with superior activity and stability for the CuPd/SiO2 catalyst. A low CuPd/SiO2 loading (Pd: 0.3 mol%) completes the conversion of bromobenzene and phenylboronic acid to biphenyl in 30 minutes under ambient conditions in water/ethanol solvent. In contrast, monometallic Pd/SiO2 (Pd: 0.3 mol%) completes the same reaction in three hours under the same conditions. The combination of Pd with the base metals helps in retaining the Pd0 status by charge donation from the base metals to Pd, thus lowering the activation energy of the aryl halide oxidative addition step. Along with its exceptional activity, CuPd/SiO2 exhibits excellent recycling performance with a turnover frequency (TOF) of 280 000 h-1 under microwave reaction conditions at 60 °C. Our study demonstrates that SEA is an excellent synthetic strategy for depositing ultra-small Pd-based bimetallic nanoparticles on porous silica for SCC. This avenue not only provides highly active and sintering-resistant catalysts but also significantly lowers Pd contents in the catalysts without compromising catalytic activity, making the catalysts very practical for large-scale applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazgol Norouzi
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2006, USA.
| | - Mrinmoy K Das
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2006, USA.
| | - Alexander J Richard
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2006, USA.
| | - Amr A Ibrahim
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Al-Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Hani M El-Kaderi
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2006, USA.
| | - M Samy El-Shall
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2006, USA.
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7
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Ibrahim AA, Lin A, Adly MS, El-Shall MS. Enhancement of the catalytic activity of Pd nanoparticles in Suzuki coupling by partial functionalization of the reduced graphene oxide support with p-phenylenediamine and benzidine. J Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2020.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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8
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Golestanzadeh M, Naeimi H. Palladium decorated on a new dendritic complex with nitrogen ligation grafted to graphene oxide: fabrication, characterization, and catalytic application. RSC Adv 2019; 9:27560-27573. [PMID: 35529209 PMCID: PMC9070579 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra04511b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Immobilized Pd nanoparticles on a new ligand, namely, tris(pentaethylene-pentamine)triazine supported on graphene oxide (Pdnp-TPEPTA(L)-GO) was introduced as a novel and robust heterogeneous catalyst for use in C-C bond formation reaction. The Pdnp-TPEPTA(L)-GO catalyst was synthesized by complexation of Pd with TPEPTA as a ligand with high N-ligation sites that were supported on graphene oxide through 3-chloropropyltrimethoxysilane. The prepared catalyst was characterized using some microscopic and spectroscopic techniques. The TPEPTA(L)-GO substrate is a 2D heterogeneous catalyst with a high specific surface area and a large amount of N-ligation sites. The Pdnp-TPEPTA(L)-GO catalyst used in the C-C bond formation reaction between aryl or heteroaryl and phenylboronic acid derivatives was applied towards the synthesis of biaryl units in high isolated yields. Notably, a series of competing experiments were performed to establish the selectivity trends of the presented method. Also, this catalyst system was reusable at least six times without a significant decrease in its catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Golestanzadeh
- Departetment of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Kashan Kashan 8731751167 Iran +98-31-55912397 +98-31-55912388
- Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Isfahan 8174673461 Iran
| | - Hossein Naeimi
- Departetment of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Kashan Kashan 8731751167 Iran +98-31-55912397 +98-31-55912388
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9
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Elazab HA, Radwan MA, El-Idreesy TT. Facile Microwave-Assisted Synthetic Approach to Palladium Nanoparticles Supported on Copper Oxide as an Efficient Catalyst for Heck and Sonogashira Cross-Coupling Reactions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NANOSCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219581x18500321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A simple green one-step method for the synthesis of highly active palladium nanoparticles embedded on copper oxide as an efficient catalyst for ligand-free Heck and Sonogashira cross-coupling reactions has been developed. The synthetic approach is based on Microwave (MW)-assisted simultaneous chemical reduction of an aqueous solution of palladium and copper salts using hydrazine hydrate as the reducing agent. Selected characterization of the catalyst with transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD) reveal a size range of 25[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]2[Formula: see text]nm for the generated catalyst nanoparticles with the highest catalytic activity. The use of the generated Pd/CuO nanoparticles is highly advantageous due to the use of ethanol/water as an environmentally green solvent under mild reaction conditions. Furthermore, the synthesized Pd/CuO nanoparticles catalyst can be recycled and re-used up to five times with negligible effect on the efficiency having turnover number up to 6000 and turnover frequency reaching 72[Formula: see text]000[Formula: see text]h[Formula: see text] for 20[Formula: see text]wt.% Pd loaded catalyst at 150∘C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany A. Elazab
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The British University in Egypt, El-Shorouk City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - M. A. Radwan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The British University in Egypt, El-Shorouk City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Tamer T. El-Idreesy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The British University in Egypt, El-Shorouk City, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
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10
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Tomar R, Singh N, Kumar N, Tomar V, Chandra R. Base-Free Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling Reaction Using Palladium(II) Supported Catalyst in Water. Catal Letters 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-019-02723-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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Gholinejad M, Naghshbandi Z, Nájera C. Carbon‐Derived Supports for Palladium Nanoparticles as Catalysts for Carbon‐Carbon Bonds Formation. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201802101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Gholinejad
- Department of ChemistryInstitute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS) P. O. Box 45195–1159, Gavazang Zanjan 45137-66731 Iran
- Research Center for Basic Sciences & Modern Technologies (RBST)Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS) Zanjan 45137-66731 Iran
| | - Zhwan Naghshbandi
- Department of ChemistryInstitute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS) P. O. Box 45195–1159, Gavazang Zanjan 45137-66731 Iran
| | - Carmen Nájera
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA)Universidad de Alicante Apdo. 99 E-03080- Alicante Spain
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12
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Elazab HA. Investigation of microwave‐assisted synthesis of palladium nanoparticles supported on Fe
3
O
4
as efficient recyclable magnetic catalysts for Suzuki‐Miyaura cross‐coupling. CAN J CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.23402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hany A. Elazab
- Chemical Engineering DepartmentThe British University in EgyptCairoEgypt
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13
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Design of BNPs-TAPC Palladium Complex as a Reusable Heterogeneous Nanocatalyst for the O-Arylation of Phenols and N-Arylation of Amines. Catal Letters 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-018-2627-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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14
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Heidari B, Heravi MM, Nabid MR, Sedghi R, Hooshmand SE. Novel palladium nanoparticles supported on β-cyclodextrin@graphene oxide as magnetically recyclable catalyst for Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction with two different approaches in bio-based solvents. Appl Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.4632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Heidari
- Department of Chemistry; Alzahra University; Vanak, Tehran Iran
| | - Majid M. Heravi
- Department of Chemistry; Alzahra University; Vanak, Tehran Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Nabid
- Department of Polymer and Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Petroleum Sciences; Shahid Beheshti University; GC 1983969411 Tehran Iran
| | - Roya Sedghi
- Department of Polymer and Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Petroleum Sciences; Shahid Beheshti University; GC 1983969411 Tehran Iran
| | - Seyyed Emad Hooshmand
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Oil, Faculty of Chemistry and Petroleum Sciences; Shahid Beheshti University; GC 1983969411 Tehran Iran
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15
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Amrollahi MA, Vahidnia F. Decoration of β-CD-ZrO on Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles as a magnetically, recoverable and reusable catalyst for the synthesis of 2,3-dihydro-1H-perimidines. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-018-3574-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Elazab HA, Sadek M, El-Idreesy TT. Microwave-assisted synthesis of palladium nanoparticles supported on copper oxide in aqueous medium as an efficient catalyst for Suzuki cross-coupling reaction. ADSORPT SCI TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/0263617418771777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here a reliable green method for the synthesis of palladium nanoparticles supported on copper oxide as a highly active and efficient catalyst for Suzuki cross-coupling reaction. The experimental synthetic approach is based on microwave-assisted chemical reduction of an aqueous mixture of palladium and copper salt simultaneously using hydrazine hydrate as reducing agent. The catalyst was fully characterized using various techniques showing well-dispersed palladium nanoparticles. The catalytic activity and recyclability of the prepared catalyst were experimentally explored in the ligand-free Suzuki cross-coupling reaction with a diverse series of functionalized substrates. The synthesized Pd/CuO catalyst shows many advantages beside its high catalytic efficiency such as the recyclability of up to five times with negligible loss of catalytic activity, short reaction times, use of environmentally benign solvent systems, and mild reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany A Elazab
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The British University in Egypt, Egypt
| | - M.A. Sadek
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The British University in Egypt, Egypt
| | - Tamer T El-Idreesy
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Egypt. Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, Egypt
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