1
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Zhang L, Hong Y, Lu J, Wang Y, Luo W. Semi-rational engineering of ω-transaminase for enhanced enzymatic activity to 2-ketobutyrate. Enzyme Microb Technol 2024; 180:110505. [PMID: 39197216 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2024.110505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
Transaminases (EC 2.6.1.X, TAs) are important biocatalysts in the synthesis of chiral amines, and have significant value in the field of medicine. However, TAs suffer from low enzyme activity and poor catalytic efficiency in the synthesis of chiral amines or non-natural amino acids, which hinders their industrial applications. In this study, a novel TA derived from Paracoccus pantotrophus (ppTA) that was investigated in our previous study was employed with a semi-rational design strategy to improve its enzyme activity to 2-ketobutyrate. By using homology modeling and molecular docking, four surrounding sites in the substrate-binding S pocket were selected as potential mutational sites. Through alanine scanning and saturation mutagenesis, the optimal mutant V153A with significantly improved enzyme activity was finally obtained, which was 578 % higher than that of the wild-type ppTA (WT). Furthermore, the mutant enzyme ppTA-V153A also exhibited slightly improved temperature and pH stability compared to WT. Subsequently, the mutant was used to convert 2-ketobutyrate for the preparation of L-2-aminobutyric acid (L-ABA). The mutant can tolerate 300 mM 2-ketobutyrate with a conversion rate of 74 %, which lays a solid foundation for the preparation of chiral amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yu Hong
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jiapeng Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Wei Luo
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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2
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Wang F, Qi H, Li H, Ma X, Gao X, Li C, Lu F, Mao S, Qin HM. State-of-the-art strategies and research advances for the biosynthesis of D-amino acids. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2024; 44:495-513. [PMID: 37160372 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2023.2193861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
D-amino acids (D-AAs) are the enantiomeric counterparts of L-amino acids (L-AAs) and important functional factors with a wide variety of physiological activities and applications in the food manufacture industry. Some D-AAs, such as D-Ala, D-Leu, and D-Phe, have been favored by consumers as sweeteners and fragrances because of their unique flavor. The biosynthesis of D-AAs has attracted much attention in recent years due to their unique advantages. In this review, we comprehensively analyze the structure-function relationships, biosynthesis pathways, multi-enzyme cascade and whole-cell catalysis for the production of D-AAs. The state-of-the-art strategies, including immobilization, protein engineering, and high-throughput screening, are summarized. Future challenges and perspectives of strategies-driven by bioinformatics technologies and smart computing technologies, as well as enzyme immobilization, are also discussed. These new approaches will promote the commercial production and application of D-AAs in the food industry by optimizing the key enzymes for industrial biocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenghua Wang
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Hongbin Qi
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Huimin Li
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Xuanzhen Ma
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Xin Gao
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Chao Li
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Fuping Lu
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Shuhong Mao
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Min Qin
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, P.R. China
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3
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Williams V, Cui Y, Jiang X, Zhang C, Zhao J, Zhang N. Co-immobilized Multienzyme System for the Cofactor-Driven Cascade Synthesis of ( R) -2-Amino-3-(2-bromophenyl)propanoic Acid: A Model Reaction. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vyasa Williams
- Center of Biosynthesis Technology, Asymchem Life Science (Tianjin) Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Yuxia Cui
- Center of Biosynthesis Technology, Asymchem Life Science (Tianjin) Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Xiangjun Jiang
- Center of Biosynthesis Technology, Asymchem Life Science (Tianjin) Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Chunyue Zhang
- Center of Biosynthesis Technology, Asymchem Life Science (Tianjin) Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Jiadong Zhao
- Center of Biosynthesis Technology, Asymchem Life Science (Tianjin) Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
| | - Na Zhang
- Center of Biosynthesis Technology, Asymchem Life Science (Tianjin) Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300457, P. R. China
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4
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Li J, Yu S, Wang Y, Yao P, Wu Q, Zhu D. Simultaneous Preparation of (S)-2-Aminobutane and d-Alanine or d-Homoalanine via Biocatalytic Transamination at High Substrate Concentration. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianjiong Li
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, and Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 Xi Qi Dao, Tianjin
Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Shanshan Yu
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, and Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 Xi Qi Dao, Tianjin
Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Yingang Wang
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, and Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 Xi Qi Dao, Tianjin
Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Peiyuan Yao
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, and Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 Xi Qi Dao, Tianjin
Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qiaqing Wu
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, and Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 Xi Qi Dao, Tianjin
Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dunming Zhu
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, and Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 Xi Qi Dao, Tianjin
Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
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5
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Luo W, Hu J, Lu J, Zhang H, Wang X, Liu Y, Dong L, Yu X. One pot cascade synthesis of L-2-aminobutyric acid employing ω-transaminase from Paracoccus pantotrophus. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2021.111890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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6
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Pickl M, Marín-Valls R, Joglar J, Bujons J, Clapés P. Chemoenzymatic Production of Enantiocomplementary 2-Substituted 3-Hydroxycarboxylic Acids from L-α-Amino Acids. Adv Synth Catal 2021; 363:2866-2876. [PMID: 34276272 PMCID: PMC7611260 DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A two-enzyme cascade reaction plus in situ oxidative decarboxylation for the transformation of readily available canonical and non-canonical L-α-amino acids into 2-substituted 3-hydroxy-carboxylic acid derivatives is described. The biocatalytic cascade consisted of an oxidative deamination of L-α-amino acids by an L-α-amino acid deaminase from Cosenzaea myxofaciens, rendering 2-oxoacid intermediates, with an ensuing aldol addition reaction to formaldehyde, catalyzed by metal-dependent (R)- or (S)-selective carboligases namely 2-oxo-3-deoxy-l-rhamnonate aldolase (YfaU) and ketopantoate hydroxymethyltransferase (KPHMT), respectively, furnishing 3-substituted 4-hydroxy-2-oxoacids. The overall substrate conversion was optimized by balancing biocatalyst loading and amino acid and formaldehyde concentrations, yielding 36-98% aldol adduct formation and 91- 98% ee for each enantiomer. Subsequent in situ follow-up chemistry via hydrogen peroxide-driven oxidative decarboxylation afforded the corresponding 2-substituted 3-hydroxycarboxylic acid derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Pickl
- Department of Chemical Biology. Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18–26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Roser Marín-Valls
- Department of Chemical Biology. Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18–26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús Joglar
- Department of Chemical Biology. Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18–26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Bujons
- Department of Chemical Biology. Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18–26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pere Clapés
- Department of Chemical Biology. Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18–26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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7
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In situ removal of inhibitory products with ion exchange resins for enhanced synthesis of chiral amines using ω-transaminase. Biochem Eng J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2020.107718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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8
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Liu Y, Xu G, Zhou J, Ni J, Zhang L, Hou X, Yin D, Rao Y, Zhao YL, Ni Y. Structure-Guided Engineering of d-Carbamoylase Reveals a Key Loop at Substrate Entrance Tunnel. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c02942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu China
| | - Guochao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu China
| | - Jieyu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu China
| | - Jie Ni
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, School of Life and Health Science, Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu China
| | - Xiaodong Hou
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu China
| | - Dejing Yin
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu China
| | - Yijian Rao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu China
| | - Yi-Lei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ye Ni
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu China
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Martínez-Rodríguez S, Torres JM, Sánchez P, Ortega E. Overview on Multienzymatic Cascades for the Production of Non-canonical α-Amino Acids. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:887. [PMID: 32850740 PMCID: PMC7431475 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The 22 genetically encoded amino acids (AAs) present in proteins (the 20 standard AAs together with selenocysteine and pyrrolysine), are commonly referred as proteinogenic AAs in the literature due to their appearance in ribosome-synthetized polypeptides. Beyond the borders of this key set of compounds, the rest of AAs are generally named imprecisely as non-proteinogenic AAs, even when they can also appear in polypeptide chains as a result of post-transductional machinery. Besides their importance as metabolites in life, many of D-α- and L-α-"non-canonical" amino acids (NcAAs) are of interest in the biotechnological and biomedical fields. They have found numerous applications in the discovery of new medicines and antibiotics, drug synthesis, cosmetic, and nutritional compounds, or in the improvement of protein and peptide pharmaceuticals. In addition to the numerous studies dealing with the asymmetric synthesis of NcAAs, many different enzymatic pathways have been reported in the literature allowing for the biosynthesis of NcAAs. Due to the huge heterogeneity of this group of molecules, this review is devoted to provide an overview on different established multienzymatic cascades for the production of non-canonical D-α- and L-α-AAs, supplying neophyte and experienced professionals in this field with different illustrative examples in the literature. Whereas the discovery of new or newly designed enzymes is of great interest, dusting off previous enzymatic methodologies by a "back and to the future" strategy might accelerate the implementation of new or improved multienzymatic cascades.
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Xu J, Zhang K, Cao H, Li H, Cheng F, Cao C, Xue YP, Zheng YG. Development of a biocatalytic cascade for synthesis of 2-oxo-4-(hydroxymethylphosphinyl) butyric acid in one pot. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2020.1797697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianmiao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Huiting Cao
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Heng Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Feng Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Chenghao Cao
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Ping Xue
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Guo Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
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11
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Pollegioni L, Rosini E, Molla G. Advances in Enzymatic Synthesis of D-Amino Acids. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3206. [PMID: 32369969 PMCID: PMC7247363 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In nature, the D-enantiomers of amino acids (D-AAs) are not used for protein synthesis and during evolution acquired specific and relevant physiological functions in different organisms. This is the reason for the surge in interest and investigations on these "unnatural" molecules observed in recent years. D-AAs are increasingly used as building blocks to produce pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals. In past years, a number of methods have been devised to produce D-AAs based on enantioselective enzymes. With the aim to increase the D-AA derivatives generated, to improve the intrinsic atomic economy and cost-effectiveness, and to generate processes at low environmental impact, recent studies focused on identification, engineering and application of enzymes in novel biocatalytic processes. The aim of this review is to report the advances in synthesis of D-AAs gathered in the past few years based on five main classes of enzymes. These enzymes have been combined and thus applied to multi-enzymatic processes representing in vitro pathways of alternative/exchangeable enzymes that allow the generation of an artificial metabolism for D-AAs synthetic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gianluca Molla
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy; (L.P.); (E.R.)
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12
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Won Y, Jeon H, Pagar AD, Patil MD, Nadarajan SP, Flood DT, Dawson PE, Yun H. In vivo biosynthesis of tyrosine analogs and their concurrent incorporation into a residue-specific manner for enzyme engineering. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:15133-15136. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc08503c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A cellular system for the in vivo biosynthesis of Tyr-analogs and their concurrent incorporation into target proteins is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Won
- Department of Systems Biotechnology
- Konkuk University
- Gwangjin-gu
- Korea
| | - Hyunwoo Jeon
- Department of Systems Biotechnology
- Konkuk University
- Gwangjin-gu
- Korea
| | - Amol D. Pagar
- Department of Systems Biotechnology
- Konkuk University
- Gwangjin-gu
- Korea
| | - Mahesh D. Patil
- Department of Systems Biotechnology
- Konkuk University
- Gwangjin-gu
- Korea
| | | | - Dillon T. Flood
- Department of Chemistry
- The Scripps Research Institute
- La Jolla
- USA
| | - Philip E. Dawson
- Department of Chemistry
- The Scripps Research Institute
- La Jolla
- USA
| | - Hyungdon Yun
- Department of Systems Biotechnology
- Konkuk University
- Gwangjin-gu
- Korea
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