1
|
Sosa LF, de Souza PM, Rafael RA, Marceau E, Briois V, Toniolo FS, Noronha FB, Dumeignil F, Paul S. Upgrading furfural to bio-fuels using supported molybdenum carbides: study of the support effect. RSC Adv 2024; 14:26920-26932. [PMID: 39193305 PMCID: PMC11347982 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra04256e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Materials exhibiting different textural and surface properties (SiO2, TiO2, ZrO2 and ZSM-5) were investigated as supports for Mo carbides in the upgrading of furfural (FF) in liquid phase to produce 2-methylfuran (2MF). The state of the catalysts after carburization, passivation, and reactivation under a hydrogen atmosphere was investigated by XAS analysis. The effect of the supports was observed in the first step of the reaction, i.e., the hydrogenation of FF to furfuryl acid and related to Lewis acidic and basic sites. The nature of the supports was also relevant to the final state of the Mo carbides after carburization, passivation, and reactivation. The comparison of the materials showed that Mo2C/SiO2 was the least decarburized catalyst after reactivation, and the most active in converting furfural, while the Mo2C/TiO2 system presented smaller carbide particles after carburization and more disorganized particles after reactivation. Mo carbide supported on SiO2 and on TiO2 were found to be suitable catalysts for producing a mixture containing 2-methylfuran and C10 compounds with potential application as biofuel.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leticia F Sosa
- Chemical Engineering Program of COPPE/UFRJ, Federal University of Rio Janeiro P. O. Box 68502 Rio de Janeiro CEP 21941-972 Brazil
| | - Priscilla M de Souza
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181 - UCCS - Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide F-59000 Lille France
| | - Raphaela A Rafael
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181 - UCCS - Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide F-59000 Lille France
| | - Eric Marceau
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181 - UCCS - Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide F-59000 Lille France
| | - Valérie Briois
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers Saint-Aubin, BP 48 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex France
| | - Fabio S Toniolo
- Chemical Engineering Program of COPPE/UFRJ, Federal University of Rio Janeiro P. O. Box 68502 Rio de Janeiro CEP 21941-972 Brazil
| | - Fabio B Noronha
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181 - UCCS - Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide F-59000 Lille France
- National Institute of Technology, Catalysis, Biocatalysis and Chemical Processes Division Av. Venezuela 82 Rio de Janeiro 20081-312 RJ Brazil
| | - Franck Dumeignil
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181 - UCCS - Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide F-59000 Lille France
| | - Sébastien Paul
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181 - UCCS - Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide F-59000 Lille France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li G, Wang R, Pang J, Wang A, Li N, Zhang T. Production of Renewable Hydrocarbon Biofuels with Lignocellulose and Its Derivatives over Heterogeneous Catalysts. Chem Rev 2024; 124:2889-2954. [PMID: 38483065 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, the issues of global warming and CO2 emission reduction have garnered increasing global attention. In the 21st Conference of the Parties (convened in Paris in 2015), 179 nations and the European Union signed a pivotal agreement to limit the global temperature increase of this century to well below 2 K above preindustrial levels. To fulfill this objective, extensive research has been conducted to use renewable energy sources as potential replacements for traditional fossil fuels. Among them, the production of hydrocarbon transportation fuels from CO2-neutral and renewable biomass has proven to be a particularly promising solution due to its compatibility with existing infrastructure. This review systematically summarizes research progress in the synthesis of liquid hydrocarbon biofuels from lignocellulose during the past two decades. Based on the chemical structure (including n-paraffins, iso-paraffins, aromatics, and cycloalkanes) of hydrocarbon transportation fuels, the synthesis pathways of these biofuels are discussed in four separate sections. Furthermore, this review proposes three guiding principles for the design of practical hydrocarbon biofuels, providing insights into future directions for the development of viable biomass-derived liquid fuels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangyi Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Ran Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- Sinopec Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Industry Yanshan Branch, Beijing 102500, China
| | - Jifeng Pang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Aiqin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Ning Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Huang YB, Yan XY, Huang ZH, Shan TX, Geng JY, Cao ZH, Lu Q. Rapid Synthesis of Diesel Precursors from Biomass-Derived Furanics Over Aluminum-Doped Mesoporous Silica Sphere Catalysts. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202201677. [PMID: 36519750 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The condensation of biomass-derived molecules has been increasingly utilized as a sustainable strategy for the preparation of high-carbon precursors for high-density fuels, thus stimulating the demand for more efficient catalysts. This study concerns the synthesis of an aluminum-doped mesoporous silica sphere (Al-MSS) catalyst for the conversion of biobased furfural and 2-methylfuran into a C15 diesel precursor through a hydroxyalkylation/alkylation (HAA) reaction. A series of Al-MSS catalysts with different Si/Al ratios and calcination temperatures is prepared and extensively characterized, among which Al-MSS20-450 (Si/Al=20 : 1, calcined at 450 °C) exhibits unprecedentedly high reaction efficiency in catalyzing HAA reaction, offering a 94 % product yield at 140 °C in 20 min. The catalyst also gives high product yields across a broad temperature range from 80 °C to 140 °C with varied reaction time. Reaction kinetics reveal that both competitive substrate adsorption and temperature-dependent system viscosity affect the reaction efficiencies. Correlations between the catalytic activity and surface acid sites disclose that moderate and strong acid sites are primarily responsible for catalysis. Brønsted and Lewis acid sites are found by poisoning assays to work synergistically to catalyze the reaction, with the former being the primary sites. Finally, the catalyst displays good recycling performance, which further highlights its potential for industrial application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Bing Huang
- National Engineering Research Center of New Energy Power Generation, North China Electric Power University, 2# Beinong Road, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China) updated to match address
| | - Xia-Yun Yan
- National Engineering Research Center of New Energy Power Generation, North China Electric Power University, 2# Beinong Road, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China) updated to match address
| | - Zhi-Hao Huang
- National Engineering Research Center of New Energy Power Generation, North China Electric Power University, 2# Beinong Road, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China) updated to match address
| | - Tian-Xi Shan
- National Engineering Research Center of New Energy Power Generation, North China Electric Power University, 2# Beinong Road, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China) updated to match address
| | - Jing-Yu Geng
- National Engineering Research Center of New Energy Power Generation, North China Electric Power University, 2# Beinong Road, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China) updated to match address
| | - Zi-He Cao
- National Engineering Research Center of New Energy Power Generation, North China Electric Power University, 2# Beinong Road, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China) updated to match address
| | - Qiang Lu
- National Engineering Research Center of New Energy Power Generation, North China Electric Power University, 2# Beinong Road, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China) updated to match address
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
The Zr Modified γ-Al2O3 Catalysts for Stable Hydrolytic Decomposition of CF4 at Low Temperature. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12030313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
CF4, one of the Perfluorocompounds (PFCs), also known as a greenhouse gas with high global warming potential. In this study, Zr/γ-Al2O3 catalysts were developed for CF4 decomposition. The addition of Zr onto γ-Al2O3 achieves a high CF4 conversion efficiency of 85% at 650 °C and maintain its activity for more than 60 h, which is obviously higher than that of bare γ-Al2O3 (50%). The mechanism involved in CF4 decomposition over the Zr/γ-Al2O3 are clarified that the surface Lewis acidity sites are the main active center for CF4 directly adsorbing and decomposing. The results of NH3-TPD and FT-IR analyses suggest that the amount of Lewis acidity sites on catalyst surface increases significantly after the introduction of Zr, thereby enhancing the activity of catalyst for CF4 decomposition. The results of XPS analyses confirms the electrons transfer from Zr to Al, which contribute to the increase in Lewis acidity sites. The results of this work will help the development of more effective catalysts for CF4 decomposition.
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu Y, Liu X, Li M, Meng Y, Li J, Zhang Z, Zhang H. Recyclable Zr/Hf-Containing Acid-Base Bifunctional Catalysts for Hydrogen Transfer Upgrading of Biofuranics: A Review. Front Chem 2021; 9:812331. [PMID: 34993179 PMCID: PMC8724202 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.812331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The massive burning of a large amount of fossil energy has caused a lot of serious environmental issues (e.g., air pollution and climate change), urging people to efficiently explore and valorize sustainable alternatives. Biomass is being deemed as the only organic carbon-containing renewable resource for the production of net-zero carbon emission fuels and fine chemicals. Regarding this, the selective transformation of high-oxygen biomass feedstocks by catalytic transfer hydrogenation (CTH) is a very promising strategy to realize the carbon cycle. Among them, the important Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley (MPV) reaction is believed to be capable of replacing the traditional hydrogenation strategy which generally requires high-pressure H2 and precious metals, aiming to upgrade biomass into downstream biochemical products and fuels. Employing bifunctional heterogeneous catalysts with both acidic and basic sites is needed to catalyze the MPV reaction, which is the key point for domino/cascade reaction in one pot that can eliminate the relevant complicated separation/purification step. Zirconium (Zr) and hafnium (Hf), belonging to transition metals, rich in reserves, can demonstrate similar catalytic efficiency for MPV reaction as that of precious metals. This review introduced the application of recyclable heterogeneous non-noble Zr/Hf-containing catalysts with acid-base bifunctionality for CTH reaction using the safe liquid hydrogen donor. The corresponding catalysts were classified into different types including Zr/Hf-containing metal oxides, supported materials, zeolites, metal-organic frameworks, metal-organic hybrids, and their respective pros and cons were compared and discussed comprehensively. Emphasis was placed on evaluating the bifunctionality of catalytic material and the key role of the active site corresponding to the structure of the catalyst in the MPV reaction. Finally, a concise summary and prospect were also provided centering on the development and suggestion of Zr/Hf-containing acid-base bifunctional catalysts for CTH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, State-Local Joint Laboratory for Comprehensive Utilization of Biomass, Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xixi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Sciences of the Ministry of Education, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingrui Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, State-Local Joint Laboratory for Comprehensive Utilization of Biomass, Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ye Meng
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, State-Local Joint Laboratory for Comprehensive Utilization of Biomass, Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, State-Local Joint Laboratory for Comprehensive Utilization of Biomass, Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zehui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Sciences of the Ministry of Education, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, State-Local Joint Laboratory for Comprehensive Utilization of Biomass, Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yang J, Niu X, Wu H, Zhang H, Ao Z, Zhang S. Valorization of humin as a glucose derivative to fabricate a porous carbon catalyst for esterification and hydroxyalkylation/alkylation. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 103:407-415. [PMID: 31952022 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A challenge of today's industry is to transform low-value side products into more value-added materials. The acid-catalyzed conversion of hemi(cellulose) to platform chemicals in green chemical/fuel production and biorefinery yields large formation of insoluble byproduct called humin. Herein, humin obtained from dehydration of glucose was transformed into a novel class of effective carbonaceous solid acid catalyst for the first time via low-temperature pyrolysis followed by sulfonation. A range of preparation conditions were investigated, and the structure-function relationships of the resulting catalysts were also discussed based on the analysis of structure and composition. Comparing with the glucose-derived carbon catalyst, the humin-derived catalyst has substantially larger surface area and higher SO3H density, which enable it to display higher catalytic activity and efficiency not only in esterification of levulinic acid and n-butanol (yield = 95.0%, 373 K), but also in hydroxyalkylation/alkylation of 2-methylfuran and furfural (yield = 64.2%, 323 K). Additionally, the catalyst could be repeatedly employed for at least four cycles without obvious deactivation, exhibiting good reusability. This work provides a green method to convert humin byproduct into economic and eco-friendly solid acid catalyst and may contribute to a holistic approach for biomass utilization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinfan Yang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education (Shaanxi University of Science & Technology), Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, China.
| | - Xiaoru Niu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education (Shaanxi University of Science & Technology), Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education (Shaanxi University of Science & Technology), Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Zhifeng Ao
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education (Shaanxi University of Science & Technology), Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Sufeng Zhang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education (Shaanxi University of Science & Technology), Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang X, Hao J, Deng L, Zhao H, Liu Q, Li N, He R, Zhi K, Zhou H. The construction of novel and efficient hafnium catalysts using naturally existing tannic acid for Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley reduction. RSC Adv 2020; 10:6944-6952. [PMID: 35493886 PMCID: PMC9049710 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra10317a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The conversion of carbonyl compounds into alcohols or their derivatives via the catalytic transfer hydrogenation (CTH) process known as Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley reduction is an important reaction in the reaction chain involved in biomass transformation. The rational design of efficient catalysts using natural and renewable materials is critical for decreasing the catalyst cost and for the sustainable supply of raw materials during catalyst preparation. In this study, a novel hafnium-based catalyst was constructed using naturally existing tannic acid as the ligand. The prepared hafnium-tannic acid (Hf-TA) catalyst was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermogravimetry (TG). Hf-TA was applied in the conversion of furfuraldehyde (FD) to furfuryl alcohol (FA) using isopropanol (2-PrOH) as both the reaction solvent and the hydrogen source. Both preparation conditions and the effects of the reaction parameters on the performance of the catalyst were studied. Under the relatively mild reaction conditions of 70 °C and 3 h, FD (1 mmol) could be converted into FA with a high yield of 99.0%. In addition, the Hf-TA catalyst could be reused at least ten times without a notable decrease in activity and selectivity, indicating its excellent stability. It was proved that Hf-TA could also catalyze the conversion of various carbonyl compounds with different structures. The high efficiency, natural occurrence of tannic acid, and facile preparation process make Hf-TA a potential catalyst for applications in the biomass conversion field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of High-Value Functional Utilization of Low Rank Carbon Resources Hohhot 010051 Inner Mongolia China
| | - Jianxiu Hao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of High-Value Functional Utilization of Low Rank Carbon Resources Hohhot 010051 Inner Mongolia China
| | - Lijuan Deng
- Hohhot No. 2 High School Hohhot 010010 Inner Mongolia China
| | - Hongye Zhao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of High-Value Functional Utilization of Low Rank Carbon Resources Hohhot 010051 Inner Mongolia China
| | - Quansheng Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of High-Value Functional Utilization of Low Rank Carbon Resources Hohhot 010051 Inner Mongolia China
| | - Na Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of High-Value Functional Utilization of Low Rank Carbon Resources Hohhot 010051 Inner Mongolia China
| | - Runxia He
- College of Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of High-Value Functional Utilization of Low Rank Carbon Resources Hohhot 010051 Inner Mongolia China
| | - Keduan Zhi
- College of Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of High-Value Functional Utilization of Low Rank Carbon Resources Hohhot 010051 Inner Mongolia China
| | - Huacong Zhou
- College of Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of High-Value Functional Utilization of Low Rank Carbon Resources Hohhot 010051 Inner Mongolia China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Huang YB, Luo YJ, Wang F. Hafnium-Doped Mesoporous Silica as Efficient Lewis Acidic Catalyst for Friedel-Crafts Alkylation Reactions. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9081128. [PMID: 31387334 PMCID: PMC6723505 DOI: 10.3390/nano9081128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The development of an efficient solid catalyst for Friedel–Crafts (FC) reactions is of great importance to organic synthetic chemistry. Herein, we reported the hafnium-doped mesoporous silica catalyst Hf/SBA-15 and its first use for Friedel–Crafts alkylation reactions. Catalysts with different Si/Hf ratios were prepared and characterized, among which Hf/SBA-15(20) (Si/Hf = 20:1) was the most active catalyst, offering up to 99.1% benzylated product under mild reaction conditions. The influences of reaction conditions on the product were systematically investigated and compared. Pyridine-IR characterization of the catalyst showed that Lewis acid formed the primary active sites for the Friedel–Crafts alkylation reaction. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) characterization revealed that the electron shift from the Hf center to the silica framework resulted in a more active Lewis metal center for FC reactions. Moreover, the catalyst was successfully applied to the alkylation reaction with different alcohols and aromatic compounds. Finally, the Hf/SBA-15(20) catalyst also showed good recyclability in the recycling runs, demonstrating its high potential of being used for large scale FC reactions in the industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Bing Huang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94706, USA.
| | - Yu-Jia Luo
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| |
Collapse
|