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Gundekari S, Karmee SK. Catalytic Conversion of Levulinic Acid into 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran: A Review. Molecules 2024; 29:242. [PMID: 38202825 PMCID: PMC10780552 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Biomass-derived furanics play a pivotal role in chemical industries, with 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MTHF), a hydrogenated product of levulinic acid (LA), being particularly significant. 2-MTHF finds valuable applications in the fuel, polymer, and chemical sectors, serving as a key component in P-series biofuel and acknowledged as a renewable solvent for various chemical processes. Numerous research groups have explored catalytic systems to efficiently and selectively convert LA to 2-MTHF, using diverse metal-supported catalysts in different solvents under batch or continuous process conditions. This comprehensive review delves into the impact of metal-supported catalysts, encompassing co-metals and co-catalysts, on the synthesis of 2-MTHF from LA. The article also elucidates the influence of different reaction parameters, such as temperature, type and quantity of hydrogen source, and time. Furthermore, the review provides insights into reaction mechanisms for all documented catalytic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreedhar Gundekari
- Department of Engineering Chemistry, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, KL (Deemed to be) University, R.V.S Nagar, Moinabad-Chilkur Rd, Aziznagar 500075, Telangana, India
| | - Sanjib Kumar Karmee
- The Odisha Renewable Energy Research Institute (ORERI), Subarnapur 767018, Odisha, India
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3
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Hijazi A, Khalaf N, Kwapinski W, Leahy JJ. Catalytic valorisation of biomass levulinic acid into gamma valerolactone using formic acid as a H 2 donor: a critical review. RSC Adv 2022; 12:13673-13694. [PMID: 35530384 PMCID: PMC9073962 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01379g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This review sheds light on the catalytic valorisation of agroforestry biomass through levulinic acid and formic acid towards γ-valerolactone and other higher-value chemicals. γ-Valerolactone is produced by the hydrogenation of levulinic acid, which can be achieved through an internal hydrogen transfer reaction with formic acid in the presence of catalyst. By reviewing corresponding catalysts, the paper underlines the most efficient steps constituting an integrated sustainable process that eliminates the need for external H2 sources while producing biofuels as an alternative energy source. Furthermore, the review emphasizes the role of catalysts in the hydrogenation of levulinic acid, with special focus on heterogeneous catalysts. The authors highlighted the dual role of different catalysts by comparing their activity, morphology, electronic structure, synergetic relation between support and doped species, as well as their deactivation and recyclability. Acknowledging the need for green and sustainable H2 production, the review extends to cover the role of photo catalysis in dissociating H2-donor solvents for reducing levulinic acid into γ-valerolactone under mild temperatures. To wrap up, the critical discussion presented enables readers to hone their knowledge about different schools and emphasizes research gaps emerging from experimental work. The review concludes with a comprehensive table summarizing the recent catalysts reported between the years 2017-2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Hijazi
- Chemical and Environmental Science Department, University of Limerick Limerick V94 T9PX Ireland +353-83-3783841
| | - Nidal Khalaf
- Chemical and Environmental Science Department, University of Limerick Limerick V94 T9PX Ireland +353-83-3783841
| | - Witold Kwapinski
- Chemical and Environmental Science Department, University of Limerick Limerick V94 T9PX Ireland +353-83-3783841
| | - J J Leahy
- Chemical and Environmental Science Department, University of Limerick Limerick V94 T9PX Ireland +353-83-3783841
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5
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Ding S, Zhang H, Li B, Xu W, Chen X, Yao S, Xiong L, Guo H, Chen X. Selective hydrogenation of butyl levulinate to γ-valerolactone over sulfonated activated carbon-supported SnRuB bifunctional catalysts. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj04800g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The sulfonated activated carbon (SAC) supported SnRuB catalyst was developed through the co-impregnation followed by a chemical reduction process and applied for BL hydrogenation to GVL for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Ding
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Nano Science and Technology Institute, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215123, China
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou 510640, China
- R&D Center of Xuyi Attapulgite Energy and Environmental Materials, Xuyi 211700, China
| | - Hairong Zhang
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou 510640, China
- R&D Center of Xuyi Attapulgite Energy and Environmental Materials, Xuyi 211700, China
| | - Bo Li
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou 510640, China
- R&D Center of Xuyi Attapulgite Energy and Environmental Materials, Xuyi 211700, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenping Xu
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou 510640, China
- R&D Center of Xuyi Attapulgite Energy and Environmental Materials, Xuyi 211700, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xuefang Chen
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou 510640, China
- R&D Center of Xuyi Attapulgite Energy and Environmental Materials, Xuyi 211700, China
| | - Shimiao Yao
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou 510640, China
- R&D Center of Xuyi Attapulgite Energy and Environmental Materials, Xuyi 211700, China
| | - Lian Xiong
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou 510640, China
- R&D Center of Xuyi Attapulgite Energy and Environmental Materials, Xuyi 211700, China
| | - Haijun Guo
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou 510640, China
- R&D Center of Xuyi Attapulgite Energy and Environmental Materials, Xuyi 211700, China
| | - Xinde Chen
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou 510640, China
- R&D Center of Xuyi Attapulgite Energy and Environmental Materials, Xuyi 211700, China
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Ni Supported on Natural Clays as a Catalyst for the Transformation of Levulinic Acid into γ-Valerolactone without the Addition of Molecular Hydrogen. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13133448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
γ-Valerolactone (GVL) is a valuable chemical that can be used as a clean additive for automotive fuels. This compound can be produced from biomass-derived compounds. Levulinic acid (LA) is a compound that can be obtained easily from biomass and it can be transformed into GVL by dehydration and hydrogenation using metallic catalysts. In this work, catalysts of Ni (a non-noble metal) supported on a series of natural and low-cost clay-materials have been tested in the transformation of LA into GVL. Catalysts were prepared by a modified wet impregnation method using oxalic acid trying to facilitate a suitable metal dispersion. The supports employed are attapulgite and two sepiolites with different surface areas. Reaction tests have been undertaken using an aqueous medium at moderate reaction temperatures of 120 and 180 °C. Three types of experiments were undertaken: (i) without H2 source, (ii) using formic acid (FA) as hydrogen source and (iii) using Zn in order to transform water in hydrogen through the reaction Zn + H2O → ZnO + H2. The best results have been obtained combining Zn (which plays a double role as a reactant for hydrogen formation and as a catalyst) and Ni/attapulgite. Yields to GVL higher than 98% have been obtained at 180 °C in the best cases. The best catalytic performance has been related to the presence of tiny Ni particles as nickel crystallites larger than 4 nm were not present in the most efficient catalysts.
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Li J, Zhang W, Xu S, Hu C. The Roles of H 2O/Tetrahydrofuran System in Lignocellulose Valorization. Front Chem 2020; 8:70. [PMID: 32117893 PMCID: PMC7020750 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass as a potential alternative to fossil resource for the production of valuable chemicals and fuels has attracted substantial attention, while reducing the recalcitrance of lignocellulosic biomass is still challenging due to the complex and cross-linking structure of biomass. Solvent system plays important roles in the pretreatment of lignocellulose, enabling the transformation of solid biomass to liquid fluid with better mass and heat transfer, as well as in the selective formation of target products. In particular, H2O/tetrahydrofuran (H2O/THF) system has recently been widely applied in lignocellulose valorization, which has been proved to exhibit outstanding efficiency for the conversion of lignocellulose, solubilization of the intermediates and products, and shifting reaction equilibrium, thereby significantly improving the yield and selectivity of target products, as well as the full utilization of lignocellulose. In addition, THF shows low toxicity, and is known as a renewable solvent which can be produced from bio-derived chemicals. Herein, this review concentrates on the advances of H2O/THF system in lignocellulose valorization in recent years. Several aspects relative to the roles of H2O/THF system are discussed as follows: the pretreatment of lignin, conversion of hemicellulose and cellulose components in lignocelluloses, and the promoting formation of valuable chemicals like furfural, 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF), levulinic acid, and so on, as well as the inhibiting role in humins formation. This review might provide useful information for the design of effective solvent system in full utilization of lignocellulosic biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Changwei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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