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Anonye BO, Nweke V, Furner-Pardoe J, Gabrilska R, Rafiq A, Ukachukwu F, Bruce J, Lee C, Unnikrishnan M, Rumbaugh KP, Snyder LAS, Harrison F. The safety profile of Bald's eyesalve for the treatment of bacterial infections. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17513. [PMID: 33060666 PMCID: PMC7562736 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74242-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The rise in antimicrobial resistance has prompted the development of alternatives to combat bacterial infections. Bald's eyesalve, a remedy used in the Early Medieval period, has previously been shown to have efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus in in vitro and in vivo models of chronic wounds. However, the safety profile of Bald's eyesalve has not yet been demonstrated, and this is vital before testing in humans. Here, we determined the safety potential of Bald's eyesalve using in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models representative of skin or eye infections. We also confirmed that Bald's eyesalve is active against an important eye pathogen, Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Low levels of cytotoxicity were observed in eyesalve-treated cell lines representative of skin and immune cells. Results from a bovine corneal opacity and permeability test demonstrated slight irritation to the cornea that resolved within 10 min. The slug mucosal irritation assay revealed that a low level of mucus was secreted by slugs indicating moderate mucosal irritation. We obtained promising results from mouse wound closure experiments; no visible signs of irritation or inflammation were observed. Our results suggest that Bald's eyesalve could be tested further on human volunteers to assess safety for topical application against bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blessing O Anonye
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK. .,School of Medicine, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK.
| | - Valentine Nweke
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy, and Chemistry, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, UK
| | - Jessica Furner-Pardoe
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.,Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Rebecca Gabrilska
- Department of Surgery, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine, Texas, USA
| | - Afshan Rafiq
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy, and Chemistry, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, UK
| | - Faith Ukachukwu
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy, and Chemistry, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, UK
| | - Julie Bruce
- Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Christina Lee
- School of English and Centre for the Study of the Viking Age, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Meera Unnikrishnan
- Microbiology and Infection Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Kendra P Rumbaugh
- Department of Surgery, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine, Texas, USA
| | - Lori A S Snyder
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy, and Chemistry, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, UK
| | - Freya Harrison
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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Laçin NT. Development of biodegradable antibacterial cellulose based hydrogel membranes for wound healing. Int J Biol Macromol 2014; 67:22-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Eraso AJ, Albesa I. Eriobotrya japonica Counteracts Reactive Oxygen Species and Nitric Oxide Stimulated by Chloramphenicol. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2012; 35:875-85. [DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x0700534x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Chloramphenicol is a toxic antibiotic used for certain infections, though aplastic anaemia is one of its side-effects. The results of our experiments showed that blood cells suffered oxidative stress in the presence of chloramphenicol, with a significant increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) detected by luminol-chemiluminescence (CL). The extract of fruits of Eriobotrya japonica markedly decreased ROS in leukocytes and erythrocytes, the oxidative stress caused by this antibiotic. Nitro Blue Tetrazolium (NBT) assay with purified leukocytes demonstrated that the antioxidant action of E. japonica caused an intracellular reduction in ROS, and that the extracts decreased these promoters of oxidative stress to normal levels in the cytoplasm. Determinations of nitric oxide (NO) generation indicated that E. japonica extracts also inhibited the stimuli of NO provoked by chloramphenicol. This study showed that the immediate antioxidant effect of E. japonica could be associated with the action of vitamin A. The protective action of this fruit was seen on mature leukocytes and erythrocytes, beneficial effect on blood cells suggest that its extract could be used as an antioxidant agent complementing the administration of chloramphenicol, as a modern-day extension to its traditional use in Chinese medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Jorge Eraso
- Escuela de Nutrición, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Inés Albesa
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
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Kobayashi M, Tsutsui TW, Kobayashi T, Ohno M, Higo Y, Inaba T, Tsutsui T. Sensitivity of human dental pulp cells to eighteen chemical agents used for endodontic treatments in dentistry. Odontology 2011; 101:43-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s10266-011-0047-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Oyagbemi AA, Adedara IA, Saba AB, Farombi EO. Role of Oxidative Stress in Reproductive Toxicity Induced by Co-administration of Chloramphenicol and Multivitamin-Haematinics Complex in Rats. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2010; 107:703-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2010.00561.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Correa-Salde V, Albesa I. Reactive oxidant species and oxidation of protein and heamoglobin as biomarkers of susceptibility to stress caused by chloramphenicol. Biomed Pharmacother 2009; 63:100-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2008.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2008] [Accepted: 05/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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