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Rehman AU, Nazir S, Irshad R, Tahir K, ur Rehman K, Islam RU, Wahab Z. Toxicity of heavy metals in plants and animals and their uptake by magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Handl J, Čapek J, Majtnerová P, Báčová J, Roušar T. The effect of repeated passaging on the susceptibility of human proximal tubular HK-2 cells to toxic compounds. Physiol Res 2020; 69:731-738. [PMID: 32672047 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The human proximal tubular HK-2 cell line is an immortalized cell line commonly used for studying proximal tubular toxicity. Even as their use is presently increasing, there unfortunately are no studies focused on functional changes in HK-2 cells associated with passaging. The aim of the present study, therefore, was to evaluate the functional stability of HK-2 cells during 13 weeks of continuous passaging after 6 and 24 h of treatment with model nephrotoxic compounds (i.e., acetaminophen, cisplatin, CdCl(2)). Short tandem repeat profile, the doubling time, cell diameter, glutathione concentration, and intracellular dehydrogenase activity were measured in HK-2 cells at each tested passage. The results showed that HK-2 cells exhibit stable morphology, cell size, and cell renewal during passaging. Mean doubling time was determined to be 54 h. On the other hand, we observed a significant effect of passaging on the susceptibility of HK-2 cells to toxic compounds. The largest difference in results was found in both cadmium and cisplatin treated cells across passages. We conclude that the outcomes of scientific studies on HK-2 cells can be affected by the number of passages even after medium-term cultivation and passaging for 13 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Handl
- Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Pardubice, Czech Republic.
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Zang Y, Devleesschauwer B, Bolger PM, Goodman E, Gibb HJ. Global burden of late-stage chronic kidney disease resulting from dietary exposure to cadmium, 2015. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 169:72-78. [PMID: 30419431 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Chronic exposures to cadmium (Cd) are associated with reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR), increasing the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD). In support of the World Health Organization (WHO)'s initiative to estimate the global burden of foodborne diseases, a risk assessment was performed to estimate the Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) due to late-stage CKD associated with dietary exposures to cadmium. Using the distribution of population GFRs, the prevalence of CKD was calculated as the proportion of humans whose GFR fall in the ranges corresponding to Stage 4 or Stage 5 CKD. The increase in the CKD prevalence due to cadmium exposure was simulated based on a previously reported pharmacokinetic model describing the relationship between dietary cadmium intake and urinary cadmium (UCd), as well as a previously published dose-response relationship between UCd and GFR. Cadmium-related incidence rate, calculated as the change in the prevalence during a one-year period, were used to compute the mortality and DALY in all WHO regions. It is estimated that dietary cadmium would result in a median of 12,224 stage 4 and stage 5 new CKD cases per year worldwide, resulting in 2064 global deaths and 70,513 DALYs. These data translate into a median global burden of 1.0 DALY per 100,000 population, which account for 0.2% of the global DALYs of CKD. While these results suggest that the overall impact of dietary cadmium exposure on global CKD is low, they do indicate that reasonable efforts to reduce dietary exposure will result a positive public health impact. This would be particularly the case in areas with elevated levels of dietary cadmium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zang
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Brecht Devleesschauwer
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | | | - Emily Goodman
- George Washington University Milken Institute School of Public Health, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Herman J Gibb
- George Washington University Milken Institute School of Public Health, Washington, D.C., USA; Gibb Epidemiology Consulting LLC, Arlington, VA, USA
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Saleh RM, Awadin WF. Biochemical and histopathological changes of subacute cadmium intoxication in male rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:25475-25481. [PMID: 28975487 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0348-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Biochemical and histopathological effects of subacute intoxication of rats with cadmium (Cd) were studied in rats. Twenty adult healthy male albino rats were randomly divided into two duplicate groups (five rats in each cage); (1) control group where rats were provided with standard diet and water ad-libitum, (2) Cd group where rats were subjected to freshly prepared Cd chloride solution (CdCl2) 200 mg/l in drinking water daily for 8 weeks, the whole duration of experiment. Blood samples were obtained after 4 weeks, via retro-orbital bleeding for separation of serum. Five rats were killed, each sacrifice by decapitation for collection of kidneys and heart. Disturbed renal and cardiac functions were achieved after 4 weeks as indicated by the increase of most biochemical parameters measured in the serum, renal, and cardiac tissues. Histopathological examination of kidneys and hearts showed pathological alterations in Cd-intoxicated rats after 4 and 8 weeks with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Masson trichrome stains. It was concluded that subacute exposure of rats to Cd (200 mg/l) in drinking water daily induced glomerular shrinkage, focal renal, and cardiac fibrosis at 4 and 8 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha M Saleh
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Walaa F Awadin
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt.
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Paoli R, Samitier J. Mimicking the Kidney: A Key Role in Organ-on-Chip Development. MICROMACHINES 2016; 7:E126. [PMID: 30404298 PMCID: PMC6190229 DOI: 10.3390/mi7070126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical drug screening and research into diseases call for significant improvement in the effectiveness of current in vitro models. Better models would reduce the likelihood of costly failures at later drug development stages, while limiting or possibly even avoiding the use of animal models. In this regard, promising advances have recently been made by the so-called "organ-on-chip" (OOC) technology. By combining cell culture with microfluidics, biomedical researchers have started to develop microengineered models of the functional units of human organs. With the capacity to mimic physiological microenvironments and vascular perfusion, OOC devices allow the reproduction of tissue- and organ-level functions. When considering drug testing, nephrotoxicity is a major cause of attrition during pre-clinical, clinical, and post-approval stages. Renal toxicity accounts for 19% of total dropouts during phase III drug evaluation-more than half the drugs abandoned because of safety concerns. Mimicking the functional unit of the kidney, namely the nephron, is therefore a crucial objective. Here we provide an extensive review of the studies focused on the development of a nephron-on-chip device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Paoli
- Nanobioengineering Laboratory, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona 08028, Spain.
| | - Josep Samitier
- Nanobioengineering Laboratory, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona 08028, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid 28029, Spain.
- Department of Electronics, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain.
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Iavicoli I, Fontana L, Nordberg G. The effects of nanoparticles on the renal system. Crit Rev Toxicol 2016; 46:490-560. [DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2016.1181047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Iavicoli
- Section of Occupational Medicine, Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Luca Fontana
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene INAIL-Italian Workers’ Compensation Authority, Monte Porzio Catone (Rome), Italy
| | - Gunnar Nordberg
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umea University, Umea, Sweden
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Curcic M, Durgo K, Kopjar N, Ancic M, Vucinic S, Antonijevic B. Cadmium and decabrominated diphenyl ether mixture: In vitro evaluation of cytotoxic, prooxidative and genotoxic effects. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 38:663-671. [PMID: 25218094 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2014.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In order to look into the combined effects of Cd and BDE-209 in vitro, this study was aimed at examining cytotoxic and genotoxic effects using the human colon carcinoma cell line (SW 480) as a biological test system as well as to determine if ROS production was one of the possible mechanisms of their mixture action. This cell line was chosen since ingestion of contaminated food/water represents an important route of exposure to both Cd and BDE-209, which is why intestinal cells are a common target for the contaminants present in food and water. Cells were treated with single Cd in concentrations of 2.5, 7.5 or 15μg Cd/mL (corresponding to 22, 67 or 134μM), single BDE-209 in concentrations of 2.5, 5 or 10μg BDE209/mL (corresponding to 2.5, 5 or 10μM), and their mixtures (design 3×3). Mixture of Cd and BDE-209 has shown clear potential to reduce the viability of SW 480 cells, as evidenced by cytotoxicity associated with ROS generation. Factorial regression models used to identify type of interaction revealed synergism related to mixture citotoxicity and additive interaction for the effect on ROS production. The results from this introductory study could contribute to the issue of possible adverse effects associated with co-exposure and body burden with two persistent environmental pollutants, Cd and BDE-209.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijana Curcic
- Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatovic", University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Ksenija Durgo
- Department for Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Zagreb University, Krsnjavoga 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Nevenka Kopjar
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10001 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Mario Ancic
- Department for Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Zagreb University, Krsnjavoga 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Slavica Vucinic
- National Poison Control Center, Military Medical Academy, Crnotravska 17, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Biljana Antonijevic
- Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatovic", University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia.
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DesRochers TM, Palma E, Kaplan DL. Tissue-engineered kidney disease models. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 69-70:67-80. [PMID: 24361391 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 12/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Renal disease represents a major health problem that often results in end-stage renal failure necessitating dialysis and eventually transplantation. Historically these diseases have been studied with patient observation and screening, animal models, and two-dimensional cell culture. In this review, we focus on recent advances in tissue engineered kidney disease models that have the capacity to compensate for the limitations of traditional modalities. The cells and materials utilized to develop these models are discussed and tissue engineered models of polycystic kidney disease, drug-induced nephrotoxicity, and the glomerulus are examined in detail. The application of these models has the potential to direct future disease treatments and preclinical drug development.
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L'Azou B, Passagne I, Mounicou S, Tréguer-Delapierre M, Puljalté I, Szpunar J, Lobinski R, Ohayon-Courtès C. Comparative cytotoxicity of cadmium forms (CdCl2, CdO, CdS micro- and nanoparticles) in renal cells. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tx50063b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Peng L, He M, Chen B, Wu Q, Zhang Z, Pang D, Zhu Y, Hu B. Cellular uptake, elimination and toxicity of CdSe/ZnS quantum dots in HepG2 cells. Biomaterials 2013; 34:9545-58. [PMID: 24011712 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the cellular uptake, elimination and toxicity of CdSe/ZnS QDs in HepG2 cells were comprehensively studied using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), MTT assay, AO/EB staining, and glutathione level and gene expression analysis. ICP-MS analytical results showed that the uptake efficiency of CdSe QDs by HepG2 cells was lower than that of Cd(II) and Se(IV), and the uptake was dose- and time-dependent. The uptake amount was related to the physicochemical properties of QDs, and NH2-QDs with smaller size were more easily taken up by cells. In combination with various biochemical methodologies, a systematic and thorough quantitative analysis of the in vitro effects of CdSe/ZnS QDs with different coatings was conducted, along with that of Cd (II) and Se (IV). Although Cd(II) above 8.9 μM exhibited obvious toxicity to the cells, no obvious toxicity of four CdSe/ZnS QDs was observed within the tested concentration range (10-100 nM), most likely due to the protection of the ZnS shell and the PEG coating. From the molecular level's point of view, QDs at concentration of 100 nM exhibit obvious impact on the cells, such as increased gene expression (MT1A and CYP1A1), which was positively correlated with the intracellular concentration of QDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Peng
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
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Choong G, Liu Y, Xiao W, Templeton DM. Cadmium-induced glutathionylation of actin occurs through a ROS-independent mechanism: implications for cytoskeletal integrity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 272:423-30. [PMID: 23872096 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium disrupts the actin cytoskeleton in rat mesangial cells, and we have previously shown that this involves a complex interplay involving activation of kinase signaling, protein translocation, and disruption of focal adhesions. Here we investigate the role that glutathionylation of actin plays in Cd(2+)-associated cytoskeletal reorganization. Low concentrations of Cd(2+) (0.5-2 μM) caused an increase in actin glutathionylation by 6h, whereas at higher concentrations glutathionylation remained at basal levels. Although oxidation with diamide increased glutathionylation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) were not involved in the Cd(2+)-dependent effect, as only Cd(2+) concentrations above 2 μM were sufficient to increase ROS. However, low [Cd(2+)] increased total glutathione levels without affecting the ratio of reduced/oxidized glutathione, and inhibition of glutathione synthesis suppressed actin glutathionylation. Cadmium increased the activity of the enzyme glutaredoxin, which influences the equilibrium between glutathionylated and deglutathionylated proteins and thus may influence levels of glutathionylated actin. Together these observations show that cadmium-dependent effects on actin glutathionylation are affected by glutathione metabolism and not by direct effects of ROS on thiol chemistry. In vitro polymerization assays with glutathionylated actin show a decreased rate of polymerization. In contrast, immunofluorescence of cytoskeletal structure in intact cells suggests that increases in actin glutathionylation accompanying increased glutathione levels occurring under low Cd(2+) exposure are protective in vivo, with cytoskeletal disruption ensuing only when higher Cd(2+) concentrations increase ROS levels and prevent an increase in actin-glutathione conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Choong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A8, Canada
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Choong G, Liu Y, Templeton DM. Cadmium affects focal adhesion kinase (FAK) in mesangial cells: Involvement of CaMK-II and the actin cytoskeleton. J Cell Biochem 2013; 114:1832-42. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Pujalté I, Passagne I, Brouillaud B, Tréguer M, Durand E, Ohayon-Courtès C, L'Azou B. Cytotoxicity and oxidative stress induced by different metallic nanoparticles on human kidney cells. Part Fibre Toxicol 2011; 8:10. [PMID: 21371295 PMCID: PMC3058043 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-8-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Some manufactured nanoparticles are metal-based and have a wide variety of applications in electronic, engineering and medicine. Until now, many studies have described the potential toxicity of NPs on pulmonary target, while little attention has been paid to kidney which is considered to be a secondary target organ. The objective of this study, on human renal culture cells, was to assess the toxicity profile of metallic nanoparticles (TiO2, ZnO and CdS) usable in industrial production. Comparative studies were conducted, to identify whether particle properties impact cytotoxicity by altering the intracellular oxidative status. Results Nanoparticles were first characterized by size, surface charge, dispersion and solubility. Cytotoxicity of NPs was then evaluated in IP15 (glomerular mesangial) and HK-2 (epithelial proximal) cell lines. ZnO and CdS NPs significantly increased the cell mortality, in a dose-dependent manner. Cytotoxic effects were correlated with the physicochemical properties of NPs tested and the cell type used. Analysis of reactive oxygen species and intracellular levels of reduced and oxidized glutathione revealed that particles induced stress according to their composition, size and solubility. Protein involved in oxidative stress such as NF-κb was activated with ZnO and CdS nanoparticles. Such effects were not observed with TiO2 nanoparticles. Conclusion On glomerular and tubular human renal cells, ZnO and CdS nanoparticles exerted cytotoxic effects that were correlated with metal composition, particle scale and metal solubility. ROS production and oxidative stress induction clearly indicated their nephrotoxic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Pujalté
- Laboratoire Biologie Cellulaire, FRE/CNRS 3396, Université Bordeaux Segalen, 146 rue Léo-Saignat, Bordeaux Cedex, France
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Liu Y, Templeton DM. Role of the cytoskeleton in Cd2+-induced death of mouse mesangial cells. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2011; 88:341-52. [PMID: 20393599 DOI: 10.1139/y09-133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium induces apoptotic cell death in mouse mesangial cells that is in part dependent on reactive oxygen species (ROS). Cadmium also activates multiple kinases in these cells, including the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMK-II) and p38 kinase, and also leads to disruption of the filamentous actin cytoskeleton. We investigated the role of the cytoskeleton in Cd2+-induced cell death. Cell viability was decreased by Cd2+ and two types of apoptotic death, defined by flow cytometry, were increased. Disruption of actin filaments with cytochalasin D was partially protective, whereas stabilization of the cytoskeleton with jasplakinolide was without effect, indicating that cytoskeletal disruption contributes to, but is not necessary for, induction of apoptosis. Inhibition of CaMK-II and p38 kinase, mitochondrial stabilization with cyclosporine A, and the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine all protected against apoptosis and prevented disruption of the cytoskeleton. Cytochalasin D decreased Cd2+-dependent ROS production, reduced the decline in mitochondrial membrane potential, and decreased phosphorylation of p38 kinase. We conclude that Cd2+-dependent actin disruption is a downstream event facilitating apoptotic death. Cadmium-dependent cell death involves actin-dependent mitochondrial changes, ROS production, and p38 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
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Templeton DM, Liu Y. Multiple roles of cadmium in cell death and survival. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 188:267-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2010] [Revised: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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L'azou B, Jorly J, On D, Sellier E, Moisan F, Fleury-Feith J, Cambar J, Brochard P, Ohayon-Courtès C. In vitro effects of nanoparticles on renal cells. Part Fibre Toxicol 2008; 5:22. [PMID: 19099552 PMCID: PMC2621238 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-5-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2008] [Accepted: 12/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The ability of nanoparticles to cross the lung-blood barrier suggests that they may translocate to blood and to targets distant from their portal of entry. Nevertheless, nanotoxicity in organs has received little attention. The purpose of this study was to evaluate nanotoxicity in renal cells using in vitro models. Various carbon black (CB) (FW2–13 nm, Printex60-21 nm and LB101-95 nm) and titanium dioxide (TiO2-15 and TiO2-50 nm) nanoparticles were characterized on size by electron microscopy. We evaluated theirs effects on glomerular mesangial (IP15) and epithelial proximal tubular (LLC-PK1) renal cells, using light microscopy, WST-1 assay, immunofluorescence labeling and DCFH-DA for reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay. Results Nanoparticles induced a variety of cell responses. On both IP15 and LLC-PK1 cells, the smallest FW2 NP was found to be the most cytotoxic with classic dose-behavior. For the other NPs tested, different cytotoxic profiles were found, with LLC-PK1 cells being more sensitive than IP15 cells. Exposure to FW2 NPs, evidenced in our experiments as the most cytotoxic particle type, significantly enhanced production of ROS in both IP15 and LLC-PK1 cells. Immunofluorescence microscopy using latex beads indicated that depending on their size, the cells internalized particles, which accumulated in the cell cytoplasm. Additionally using transmission electronic microscope micrographs show nanoparticles inside the cells and trapped in vesicles. Conclusion The present data constitute the first step towards determining in vitro dose effect of manufactured CB and TiO2 NPs in renal cells. Cytotoxicological assays using epithelial tubular and glomerular mesangial cell lines rapidly provide information and demonstrated that NP materials exhibit varying degrees of cytotoxicity. It seems clear that in vitro cellular systems will need to be further developed, standardized and validated (relative to in vivo effects) in order to provide useful screening data about the relative toxicity of nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Béatrice L'azou
- Laboratoire Santé - Travail - Environnement, EA 3672, Université de Bordeaux, Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2,146 rue Léo-Saignat, 33 076 Bordeaux Cedex, France.
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