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Wiklund L, Sharma A, Muresanu DF, Zhang Z, Li C, Tian ZR, Buzoianu AD, Lafuente JV, Nozari A, Feng L, Sharma HS. TiO 2-Nanowired Delivery of Chinese Extract of Ginkgo biloba EGb-761 and Bilobalide BN-52021 Enhanced Neuroprotective Effects of Cerebrolysin Following Spinal Cord Injury at Cold Environment. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 32:353-384. [PMID: 37480466 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-32997-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Military personnel during combat or peacekeeping operations are exposed to extreme climates of hot or cold environments for longer durations. Spinal cord injury is quite common in military personnel following central nervous system (CNS) trauma indicating a possibility of altered pathophysiological responses at different ambient temperatures. Our previous studies show that the pathophysiology of brain injury is exacerbated in animals acclimated to cold (5 °C) or hot (30 °C) environments. In these diverse ambient temperature zones, trauma exacerbated oxidative stress generation inducing greater blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and cell damage. Extracts of Ginkgo biloba EGb-761 and BN-52021 treatment reduces brain pathology following heat stress. This effect is further improved following TiO2 nanowired delivery in heat stress in animal models. Several studies indicate the role of EGb-761 in attenuating spinal cord induced neuronal damages and improved functional deficit. This is quite likely that these effects are further improved following nanowired delivery of EGb-761 and BN-52021 with cerebrolysin-a balanced composition of several neurotrophic factors and peptide fragments in spinal cord trauma. In this review, TiO2 nanowired delivery of EGb-761 and BN-52021 with nanowired cerebrolysin is examined in a rat model of spinal cord injury at cold environment. Our results show that spinal cord injury aggravates cord pathology in cold-acclimated rats and nanowired delivery of EGb-761 and BN-52021 with cerebrolysin significantly induced superior neuroprotection, not reported earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Wiklund
- Department of Surgical Sciences, International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aruna Sharma
- Department of Surgical Sciences, International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Dafin F Muresanu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Medicine & Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- "RoNeuro" Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese Medicine Hospital of Guangdong Province; The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Yuexiu District, China
| | - Cong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese Medicine Hospital of Guangdong Province; The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Yuexiu District, China
| | - Z Ryan Tian
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Anca D Buzoianu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - José Vicente Lafuente
- LaNCE, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Ala Nozari
- Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lianyuan Feng
- Department of Neurology, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Zhongshan Road (West), Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Hari Shanker Sharma
- Department of Surgical Sciences, International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Babusikova E, Dobrota D, Turner AJ, Nalivaeva NN. Effect of Global Brain Ischemia on Amyloid Precursor Protein Metabolism and Expression of Amyloid-Degrading Enzymes in Rat Cortex: Role in Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2021; 86:680-692. [PMID: 34225591 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297921060067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) increases significantly following chronic stress and brain ischemia which, over the years, cause accumulation of toxic amyloid species and brain damage. The effects of global 15-min ischemia and 120-min reperfusion on the levels of expression of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and its processing were investigated in the brain cortex (Cx) of male Wistar rats. Additionally, the levels of expression of the amyloid-degrading enzymes neprilysin (NEP), endothelin-converting enzyme-1 (ECE-1), and insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE), as well as of some markers of oxidative damage were assessed. It was shown that the APP mRNA and protein levels in the rat Cx were significantly increased after the ischemic insult. Protein levels of the soluble APP fragments, especially of sAPPβ produced by β-secretase, (BACE-1) and the levels of BACE-1 mRNA and protein expression itself were also increased after ischemia. The protein levels of APP and BACE-1 in the Cx returned to the control values after 120-min reperfusion. The levels of NEP and ECE-1 mRNA also decreased after ischemia, which correlated with the decreased protein levels of these enzymes. However, we have not observed any changes in the protein levels of insulin-degrading enzyme. Contents of the markers of oxidative damage (di-tyrosine and lysine conjugates with lipid peroxidation products) were also increased after ischemia. The obtained data suggest that ischemia shifts APP processing towards the amyloidogenic β-secretase pathway and accumulation of the neurotoxic Aβ peptide as well as triggers oxidative stress in the cells. These results are discussed in the context of the role of stress and ischemia in initiation and progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Babusikova
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Martin, 036 01, Slovakia.
| | - Dusan Dobrota
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Martin, 036 01, Slovakia.
| | - Anthony J Turner
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom.
| | - Natalia N Nalivaeva
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom. .,Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 194223, Russia
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Wahid M, Ali A, Saqib F, Aleem A, Bibi S, Afzal K, Ali A, Baig A, Khan SA, Bin Asad MHH. Pharmacological exploration of traditional plants for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Phytother Res 2020; 34:3089-3112. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muqeet Wahid
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan Pakistan
- Institute of Food Science and Nutrition Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan Pakistan
| | - Anam Ali
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan Pakistan
| | - Fatima Saqib
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan Pakistan
| | - Ambreen Aleem
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan Pakistan
| | - Sumbal Bibi
- Department of Pharmacy COMSATS University Islamabad Abbottabad Pakistan
| | - Khurram Afzal
- Institute of Food Science and Nutrition Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan Pakistan
| | - Atif Ali
- Department of Pharmacy COMSATS University Islamabad Abbottabad Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Baig
- Department of Biotechnology COMSATS University Islamabad Abbottabad Pakistan
| | - Shujaat Ali Khan
- Department of Pharmacy COMSATS University Islamabad Abbottabad Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Hassham Hassan Bin Asad
- Department of Pharmacy COMSATS University Islamabad Abbottabad Pakistan
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology Kazan Federal University Kazan Russia
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Budeč M, Bošnir J, Racz A, Lasić D, Brkić D, Mosović Ćuić A, Kuharić Ž, Jurak G, Barušić L. VERIFICATION OF AUTHENTICITY OF GINKGO BILOBA L. LEAF EXTRACT AND ITS PRODUCTS PRESENT ON THE CROATIAN MARKET BY ANALYSIS OF QUANTITY AND RATIO OF GINKGO FLAVONE GLYCOSIDES (QUERCETIN, KAEMPFEROL AND ISORHAMNETIN) TO TERPENE TRILACTONES TO THE EFFECT OF UNMASKING COUNTERFEIT DRUGS ENDANGERING PATIENT HEALTH. Acta Clin Croat 2019; 58:672-692. [PMID: 32595253 PMCID: PMC7314304 DOI: 10.20471/acc.2019.58.04.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba L. is the eldest plant growing on the Earth; preparations made of its leaves and seeds represent an integral part of the Chinese medicine for over a millennium. The plant species was first discovered by Linnaeus in 1771, its name thereby originating from the Latin words bis (two) and lobus (lobe), which duly illustrate the specific shape of its leaf. Contemporary Ginkgo biloba L. plant based pharmaceuticals mostly comprise extracts recovered from leaves harvested during fall, when the concentration of active components reaches its peak. Recent investigations have managed to establish the chemical composition of the plant leaf, together with the mechanisms underlying its beneficial effects on rheological profile of the blood and acceleration of its flow. High price of these preparations and their vast popularity have soon become an incentive for counterfeiting Ginkgo biloba L. extracts and the release of bogus drugs comprising cheaper extracts coming from other plants. Namely, modern Ginkgo biloba L.-based medicinal products and food supplements comprise extracts recovered from the plant leaf that get to be standardized according to its key pharmacological active components, most often flavone glycosides (represented in the share of 22%-27%) and terpene trilactones (represented in the share of 6%-7%). The flavonoids that predominate such preparations and are most relevant from the pharmacological standpoint are quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin, their total amount and mutual ratios, thereby being an unquestionable indicator of the extract authenticity. Therefore, most of the analyses aiming at verifying the authenticity of a given Ginkgo biloba L.-based product boil down to the analysis of these parameters. Counterfeiting involves partial or full replacement of the Ginkgo biloba L. extract (GBE) with a cheaper plant extract of a similar composition, the latter occasionally being enriched with an additional amount of flavonoids, most often quercetin, not originating from the Ginkgo biloba L. plant. The aim of this study was to verify the authenticity and quality of Ginkgo biloba L.-based products circulating on the Croatian market. To that effect, 10 samples of products produced by various manufacturers were analyzed in a certified laboratory. The parameters based on which the authenticity of the preparations was assessed were the shares of aglycones of typical ginkgo flavone glycosides, that is to say, quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin, and mutual ratios of the established quantities of quercetin to kaempferol as the key clues to unmasking Ginkgo extracts counterfeiting. The amount of ginkgo flavone glycosides was established using high performance liquid chromatography. The analysis proved 80% of the samples analyzed to be conformant to the label statements as regards the total amount of flavone glycosides and their mutual ratios. In 20% of the samples, the ratio of quercetin to kaempferol deviated from normal values; on top of that, the presence of the phytoestrogen genistein, one of the components typically comprised by the Sophora japonica L. plant, was also proven, documenting counterfeiting of the GBE and its replacement by the Sophora japonica L. extracts in the samples under consideration. Due to the untrue label statements descriptive of these products, the information on the presence of pharmacologically active genistein was neglected to be mentioned despite its unfavorable health impact that can be expected in some consumer groups. The results of this study indicated the frequency of counterfeiting the Ginkgo biloba L.-based products found on the Croatian market to be deemed substantial. Therefore, a more rigorous and more thorough control of these products and sanctioning of irresponsible manufacturers and distributers is proposed, so as to contribute to a higher market representation of high-quality products, as well as to avoid health risks and downsize the rate of their counterfeiting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jasna Bošnir
- 1Andrija Štampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia; 2University of Applied Health Studies, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Aleksandar Racz
- 1Andrija Štampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia; 2University of Applied Health Studies, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dario Lasić
- 1Andrija Štampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia; 2University of Applied Health Studies, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Danijel Brkić
- 1Andrija Štampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia; 2University of Applied Health Studies, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Mosović Ćuić
- 1Andrija Štampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia; 2University of Applied Health Studies, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Željka Kuharić
- 1Andrija Štampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia; 2University of Applied Health Studies, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Gordana Jurak
- 1Andrija Štampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia; 2University of Applied Health Studies, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lidija Barušić
- 1Andrija Štampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia; 2University of Applied Health Studies, Zagreb, Croatia
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Yiran C, Hongwei W, Mengting L, Haijiao Q, Xin L, Hongjun Y. Effect of Ginkgo biloba leaf extract on cerebral cortex amino acid levels in cerebral ischemia model rats. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/s0254-6272(18)30906-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Li S, Zhang X, Fang Q, Zhou J, Zhang M, Wang H, Chen Y, Xu B, Wu Y, Qian L, Xu Y. Ginkgo biloba extract improved cognitive and neurological functions of acute ischaemic stroke: a randomised controlled trial. Stroke Vasc Neurol 2017; 2:189-197. [PMID: 29507779 PMCID: PMC5829919 DOI: 10.1136/svn-2017-000104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) in acute ischaemic stroke and its impact on the recurrence of vascular events. Methods We conducted a multicentre, prospective, randomised, open label, blinded, controlled clinical trial enrollingpatients with an onset of acute stroke within 7 days from five hospitals in China Jiangsu Province. Participants were assigned to the GBE group (450 mg GBE with 100 mg aspirin daily) or the control group (100 mg aspirin daily) for 6 months. The primary outcome was the decline in the Montreal Cognitive Assessment score at 6 months. Secondary outcomes were other neuropsychological tests of cognitive and neurological function, the the incidence of adverse events and vascular events. Results 348 patients were enrolled: 179 in the GBE group and 169 in the control group. With 18 patients lost to follow-up, the dropout rate was 5.17%. Admission data between two groups were similar, but in the GBE group there was a marked slow down in the decline in the Montreal Cognitive Assessment scores (-2.77±0.21 vs -1.99±0.23, P=0.0116 (30 days); -3.34±0.24 vs -2.48±0.26, P=0.0165 (90 days); -4.00±0.26 vs -2.71±0.26, P=0.0004 (180 days)) compared with controls. The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale scores at 12 and 30 days, the modified Rankin Scale scores for independent rate at 30, 90 and 180 days, and the Barthel Index scores at 30, 90 and 180 days in the GBE group were significantly improved compared with controls. Improvements were also observedin GBE groups for Mini-Metal State Examination scores of 30, 90 and 180 days, Webster's digit symbol test scores at 30 days and Executive Dysfunction Index scores at 30 and 180 days. No significant differences were seen in the incidence of adverse events or vascular events. Conclusions We conclude that GBE in combination with aspirin treatment alleviated cognitive and neurological deficits after acute ischaemic stroke without increasing the incidence of vascular events. Trial registration number ChiCTR-TRC-12002688.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Li
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.,The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Clinic Medicine Centre for Neurological and Psychiatric Diseases, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinjiang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Yangzhou No 1 People's Hospital, Yangzhou, China
| | - Qi Fang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Junshan Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Nanjing First Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meijuan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.,The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Clinic Medicine Centre for Neurological and Psychiatric Diseases, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.,The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Clinic Medicine Centre for Neurological and Psychiatric Diseases, Nanjing, China
| | - Biyun Xu
- Departments of Analysis, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanfeng Wu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lai Qian
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.,The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Clinic Medicine Centre for Neurological and Psychiatric Diseases, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Xu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.,The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Clinic Medicine Centre for Neurological and Psychiatric Diseases, Nanjing, China
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Zuo W, Yan F, Zhang B, Li J, Mei D. Advances in the Studies of Ginkgo Biloba Leaves Extract on Aging-Related Diseases. Aging Dis 2017; 8:812-826. [PMID: 29344418 PMCID: PMC5758353 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2017.0615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of degenerative disorders in public health has promoted in-depth investigations of the underlying pathogenesis and the development of new treatment drugs. Ginkgo biloba leaves extract (EGb) is obtained from Ginkgo biloba leaves and has been used for thousands of years. In recent decades, both basic and clinical studies have established the effects of EGb. It is widely used in various degenerative diseases such as cerebrovascular disease, Alzheimer's disease, macroangiopathy and more. Here, we reviewed several pharmacological mechanisms of EGb, including its antioxidant properties, prevention of mitochondrial dysfunctions, and effect on apoptosis. We also described some clinical applications of EGb, such as its effect on neuro and cardiovascular protection, and anticancer properties. The above biological functions of EGb are mainly focused on aging-related disorders, but its effect on other diseases remains unclear. Thus, through this review, we aim to encourage further studies on EGb and discover more potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zuo
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Yan
- Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurobiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiantao Li
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Mei
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Lee JC, Park JH, Kim IH, Cho GS, Ahn JH, Tae HJ, Choi SY, Cho JH, Kim DW, Kwon YG, Kang IJ, Won MH, Kim YM. Neuroprotection of ischemic preconditioning is mediated by thioredoxin 2 in the hippocampal CA1 region following a subsequent transient cerebral ischemia. Brain Pathol 2016; 27:276-291. [PMID: 27117068 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Preconditioning by brief ischemic episode induces tolerance to a subsequent lethal ischemic insult, and it has been suggested that reactive oxygen species are involved in this phenomenon. Thioredoxin 2 (Trx2), a small protein with redox-regulating function, shows cytoprotective roles against oxidative stress. Here, we had focused on the role of Trx2 in ischemic preconditioning (IPC)-mediated neuroprotection against oxidative stress followed by a subsequent lethal transient cerebral ischemia. Animals used in this study were randomly assigned to six groups; sham-operated group, ischemia-operated group, IPC plus (+) sham-operated group, IPC + ischemia-operated group, IPC + auranofin (a TrxR2 inhibitor) + sham-operated group and IPC + auranofin + ischemia-operated group. IPC was subjected to a 2 minutes of sublethal transient ischemia 1 day prior to a 5 minutes of lethal transient ischemia. A significant loss of neurons was found in the stratum pyramidale (SP) of the hippocampal CA1 region (CA1) in the ischemia-operated-group 5 days after ischemia-reperfusion; in the IPC + ischemia-operated-group, pyramidal neurons in the SP were well protected. In the IPC + ischemia-operated-group, Trx2 and TrxR2 immunoreactivities in the SP and its protein level in the CA1 were not significantly changed compared with those in the sham-operated-group after ischemia-reperfusion. In addition, superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) expression, superoxide anion radical ( O2-) production, denatured cytochrome c expression and TUNEL-positive cells in the IPC + ischemia-operated-group were similar to those in the sham-operated-group. Conversely, the treatment of auranofin to the IPC + ischemia-operated-group significantly increased cell damage/death and abolished the IPC-induced effect on Trx2 and TrxR2 expressions. Furthermore, the inhibition of Trx2R nearly cancelled the beneficial effects of IPC on SOD2 expression, O2- production, denatured cytochrome c expression and TUNEL-positive cells. In brief, this study shows that IPC conferred neuroprotection against ischemic injury by maintaining Trx2 and suggests that the maintenance or enhancement of Trx2 expression by IPC may be a legitimate strategy for therapeutic intervention of cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Chul Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Joon Ha Park
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - In Hye Kim
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Geum-Sil Cho
- Pharmacology & Toxicology Department, Shinpoong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Ansan, South Korea
| | - Ji Hyeon Ahn
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Jin Tae
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Soo Young Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Jun Hwi Cho
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Dae Won Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Kangnung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, South Korea
| | - Young-Guen Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Il Jun Kang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Moo-Ho Won
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Young-Myeong Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
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Ismail AF, El-Sonbaty SM. Fermentation enhances Ginkgo biloba protective role on gamma-irradiation induced neuroinflammatory gene expression and stress hormones in rat brain. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2016; 158:154-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Nash KM, Shah ZA. Current Perspectives on the Beneficial Role of Ginkgo biloba in Neurological and Cerebrovascular Disorders. INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE INSIGHTS 2015; 10:1-9. [PMID: 26604665 PMCID: PMC4640423 DOI: 10.4137/imi.s25054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba extract is an alternative medicine available as a standardized formulation, EGb 761®, which consists of ginkgolides, bilobalide, and flavonoids. The individual constituents have varying therapeutic mechanisms that contribute to the pharmacological activity of the extract as a whole. Recent studies show anxiolytic properties of ginkgolide A, migraine with aura treatment by ginkgolide B, a reduction in ischemia-induced glutamate excitotoxicity by bilobalide, and an alternative antihypertensive property of quercetin, among others. These findings have been observed in EGb 761 as well and have led to clinical investigation into its use as a therapeutic for conditions such as cognition, dementia, cardiovascular, and cerebrovascular diseases. This review explores the therapeutic mechanisms of the individual EGb 761 constituents to explain the pharmacology as a whole and its clinical application to cardiovascular and neurological disorders, in particular ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Nash
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Zahoor A Shah
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, OH, USA. ; Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, OH, USA
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Wang Y, Reis C, Applegate R, Stier G, Martin R, Zhang JH. Ischemic conditioning-induced endogenous brain protection: Applications pre-, per- or post-stroke. Exp Neurol 2015; 272:26-40. [PMID: 25900056 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the area of brain injury and neurodegenerative diseases, a plethora of experimental and clinical evidence strongly indicates the promise of therapeutically exploiting the endogenous adaptive system at various levels like triggers, mediators and the end-effectors to stimulate and mobilize intrinsic protective capacities against brain injuries. It is believed that ischemic pre-conditioning and post-conditioning are actually the strongest known interventions to stimulate the innate neuroprotective mechanism to prevent or reverse neurodegenerative diseases including stroke and traumatic brain injury. Recently, studies showed the effectiveness of ischemic per-conditioning in some organs. Therefore the term ischemic conditioning, including all interventions applied pre-, per- and post-ischemia, which spans therapeutic windows in 3 time periods, has recently been broadly accepted by scientific communities. In addition, it is extensively acknowledged that ischemia-mediated protection not only affects the neurons but also all the components of the neurovascular network (consisting of neurons, glial cells, vascular endothelial cells, pericytes, smooth muscle cells, and venule/veins). The concept of cerebroprotection has been widely used in place of neuroprotection. Intensive studies on the cellular signaling pathways involved in ischemic conditioning have improved the mechanistic understanding of tolerance to cerebral ischemia. This has added impetus to exploration for potential pharmacologic mimetics, which could possibly induce and maximize inherent protective capacities. However, most of these studies were performed in rodents, and the efficacy of these mimetics remains to be evaluated in human patients. Several classical signaling pathways involving apoptosis, inflammation, or oxidation have been elaborated in the past decades. Newly characterized mechanisms are emerging with the advances in biotechnology and conceptual renewal. In this review we are going to focus on those recently reported methodological and mechanistic discoveries in the realm of ischemic conditioning. Due to the varied time differences of ischemic conditioning in different animal models and clinical trials, it is important to define optimal timing to achieve the best conditioning induced neuroprotection. This brings not only an opportunity in the treatment of stroke, but challenges as well, as data is just becoming available and the procedures are not yet optimized. The purpose of this review is to shed light on exploiting these ischemic conditioning modalities to protect the cerebrovascular system against diverse injuries and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuechun Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, USA; Department of Physiology, Jinan University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cesar Reis
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Richard Applegate
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Gary Stier
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Robert Martin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
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Lu T, Hu Z, Zeng L, Jiang Z. Changes in secretory pathway Ca(2+)-ATPase 2 following focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Neural Regen Res 2014; 8:76-82. [PMID: 25206375 PMCID: PMC4107497 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate changes in secretory pathway Ca2+-ATPase 2 expression following cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury, and to define the role of Ca2+-ATPases in oxidative stress. A rat model of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury was established using the unilateral middle cerebral artery occlusion method. Immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription-PCR assay results showed that compared with the control group, the expression of secretory pathway Ca2+-ATPase 2 protein and mRNA in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of male rats did not significantly change during the ischemic period. However, secretory pathway Ca2+-ATPase 2 protein and mRNA expression reduced gradually at 1, 3, and 24 hours during the reperfusion period. Our experimental findings indicate that levels of secretory pathway Ca2+-ATPase 2 protein and mRNA expression in brain tissue change in response to cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonglin Lu
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zhiping Hu
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - Liuwang Zeng
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zheng Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
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Badem S, Ugurlucan M, El H, Sahin M, Uysal M, Sayin OA, Gurel B, Basaran M, Bayindir C, Alpagut U, Dayioglu E. Effects of Ginkgo biloba Extract on Spinal Cord Ischemia–Reperfusion Injury in Rats. Ann Vasc Surg 2014; 28:1296-305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2014.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Comparison of inflammatory cytokines changes in the hippocampal CA1 region between the young and adult gerbil after transient cerebral ischemia. Brain Res 2012; 1461:64-75. [PMID: 22578357 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Revised: 01/08/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Young animals appear much less vulnerable to ischemic insults. In present study, we compared neuronal damage and changes in the immunoreactivities and levels of inflammatory cytokine, interleukin (IL-) 2 as a pro-inflammatory cytokine and its receptor (IL-2Rβ), IL-4 and IL-13 as anti-inflammatory cytokines, in the hippocampal CA1 region between adult and young gerbils after 5 min of transient cerebral ischemia. Most (about 89%) of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons showed neuronal damage only in the adult gerbil at 4 days post-ischemia; in the young ischemia-group, about 61% of CA1 pyramidal neurons showed neuronal damage at 7 days post-ischemia. Thereafter, the neuronal damage in the CA1 pyramidal neurons was not significantly changed in both the groups. IL-2 and IL-2Rβ immunoreactivity in the stratum pyramidale (SP) of the CA1 region was similar in both the sham groups. At 4 days post-ischemia, IL-2 and IL-2Rβ immunoreactivity in the adult SP was dramatically decreased; however, in the young SP, they were not changed, and they were decreased at 7 days post-ischemia. IL-4 and IL-13 immunoreactivity in the SP of the young sham-group were much lower than those in the adult group. Four days after ischemia-reperfusion, they were dramatically decreased in the adult ischemia-group; however, at this time, they were markedly increased in the young ischemia-group. In brief, our findings indicate that IL-2, 2Rβ, IL-4 and IL-13 immunoreactivity in young gerbils was similar or low compared to those in the adult, and they were decreased at 4 days post-ischemia in the adult; however, at this time, they were distinctively increased in the young.
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Comparison of the Immunoreactivity of Trx2/Prx3 Redox System in the Hippocampal CA1 Region Between the Young and Adult Gerbil Induced by Transient Cerebral Ischemia. Neurochem Res 2012; 37:1019-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0702-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Pavlíková M, Tatarková Z, Sivonová M, Kaplan P, Krizanová O, Lehotský J. Alterations induced by ischemic preconditioning on secretory pathways Ca2+-ATPase (SPCA) gene expression and oxidative damage after global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in rats. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2009; 29:909-16. [PMID: 19288187 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-009-9374-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2008] [Accepted: 02/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) represents the phenomenon of CNC adaptation, which results in increased tolerance of CNS to lethal ischemia. Brain ischemia/reperfusion (IRI) initiates a catastrophic cascade in which many subcellular organelles play an important role. The Golgi apparatus, which is a part of secretory pathways (SP), represents the Ca(2+) store and regulates secretion of proteins for growth/reorganization of neuronal circuit by secretory Ca(2+)ATPases (SPCA1). The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of IRI and preconditioning on SPCA1 gene expression and oxidative damage after 4-vessel occlusion for 15 min and after being exposed to different reperfusion periods. Rats were preconditioned by 5 min of sub-lethal ischemia and 2 days later, 15 min of lethal ischemia was induced. Our experiments conclusively showed IRI-induced depression of SPCA activity and lipo- and protein oxidation in rat hippocampal membranes. IRI also activates the induction of SPCA1 gene expression in later reperfusion periods. IPC partially suppresses lipo- and protein oxidation in hippocampal membranes and leads to partiall rovery of the ischemic-induced depression of SPCA activity. In addition, IPC initiates earlier cellular response to the injury by the significant elevation of mRNA expression to 142% comparing to 1 h of corresponding reperfusion and to 11% comparing to 24 h of corresponding reperfusion, respectively. Similar patterns were observed on the translational level by Western blot analysis. Our results indicate the specific SPCA1 expression pattern in ischemic hippocampus. It also shows that the SPCA expression and the post-translational changes induced by ischemia are modulated by the IPC. This might serve to understand the molecular mechanisms involved in the structural integrity and function of the SP after ischemic challenge. It also suggests that there is a correlation of SPCA function with the role of SP in the response to pre-ischemic challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pavlíková
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 036 01 Martin, Slovak Republic
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Lehotský J, Urban P, Pavlíková M, Tatarková Z, Kaminska B, Kaplán P. Molecular mechanisms leading to neuroprotection/ischemic tolerance: effect of preconditioning on the stress reaction of endoplasmic reticulum. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2009; 29:917-25. [PMID: 19283468 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-009-9376-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2008] [Accepted: 02/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic tolerance can be developed by prior ischemic non-injurious stimulus preconditioning. The molecular mechanisms underlying ischemic tolerance are not yet fully understood. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of preconditioning/preischemia on ischemic brain injury. We examined the endoplasmic reticulum stress response (unfolded protein response (UPR)) by measuring the mRNA and protein levels of specific genes such as ATF6, GRP78, and XBP1 after 15 min 4-VO ischemia and different times of reperfusion (1, 3, and 24 h). The data from the group of naïve ischemic rats were compared with data from the group of preconditioned animals. The results of the experiments showed significant changes in the gene expression at the mRNA level in the all ischemic/reperfusion phases. The influence of preischemia on protein level of XBP was significant in later ischemic times and at 3 h, the reperfusion reached 230% of the controls. The protein levels of GRP78 in preischemic animals showed a significant increase in ischemic and reperfusion times. They exceeded to 50% levels of corresponding naïve ischemic/reperfusion groups. Preconditioning also induced remarkable changes in the levels of ATF6 protein in the ischemic phase (about 170%). The levels of ATF6 remained elevated in earlier reperfusion times (37 and 62%, respectively) and persisted significantly elevated after 24 h of reperfusion. This data suggest that preconditioning paradigm (preischemia) underlies its neuroprotective effect by the attenuation of ER stress response after acute ischemic/reperfusion insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lehotský
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 036 01 Martin, Slovak Republic.
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van Patot MCT, Keyes LE, Leadbetter G, Hackett PH. Ginkgo bilobafor Prevention of Acute Mountain Sickness: Does It Work? High Alt Med Biol 2009; 10:33-43. [DOI: 10.1089/ham.2008.1085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Martha C. Tissot van Patot
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
- Altitude Research Center, Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado, Denver Colorado
| | - Linda E. Keyes
- Altitude Research Center, Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado, Denver Colorado
| | - Guy Leadbetter
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Mesa State College, Grand Junction, Colorado
| | - Peter H. Hackett
- Altitude Research Center, Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado, Denver Colorado
- Institute for Altitude Medicine, Telluride, Colorado
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Molecular analysis of endoplasmic reticulum stress response after global forebrain ischemia/reperfusion in rats: effect of neuroprotectant simvastatin. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2008; 29:181-92. [PMID: 18807172 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-008-9309-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2008] [Accepted: 08/21/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Simvastatin is a cholesterol-lowering agent whose functional significance and neuroprotective mechanism in ischemic brain injury is not yet solved. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of simvastatin on ischemic brain injury. We examined the endoplasmic reticulum stress response (UPR/unfolded protein response), by measuring the mRNA and protein levels of specific genes such as ATF6, GRP78, and XBP1 after 15 min 4-VO ischemia and different times of reperfusion (1, 3, and 24 h). The results from the group of naïve ischemic rats were compared with results from the group of pre-treated animals with simvastatin. The results of the experiments showed significant increase in all genes at the mRNA level in ischemic phase (about 43% for XBP1, 58% for GRP78, and 39% for ATF6 more than control). The protein level of XBP1 was decreased in pre-treated animals at ischemic phase and first hour of reperfusion (about 15% less), and did not reach control levels. The protein levels of GRP78 were maximal at third hour of reperfusion in statin group with a small decrease at 24 h of reperfusion in both groups. The levels of ATF6 mRNA in statin-treated animals was higher in comparison to non-statin animals at the ischemic phase and the third hour of reperfusion (about 35% higher), which was also translated into the higher protein level. This could indicate that one of the main proteins targeted to enhance neuroprotective effect to ER during the first two hours of reperfusion was ATF6 protein, the levels of which were 60% higher than in non-treated animals. These data suggest that simvastatin, in addition to the proposed neuroprotective effect, exerts a neuroprotective role in the attenuation of ER stress response after acute ischemic/reperfusion insult.
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Time course of peripheral oxidative stress as consequence of global ischaemic brain injury in rats. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2007; 28:431-41. [PMID: 18058017 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-007-9246-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2007] [Accepted: 11/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Free radicals play an important role in the pathogenesis of brain injury. This study evaluates the potential relationship between ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced brain injury, peripheral oxidative stress (lymphocyte DNA damage), plasma antioxidant potential and uric acid levels. We observed that 15 min of ischaemia were sufficient to significantly increase lymphocyte DNA damage that remained elevated at the end of early (3 h) reperfusion and at later (72 h) reperfusion time; this parameter was not significantly increased, when compared to preoperated levels. In parallel, antioxidant potential was elevated after 15 min of ischaemia, remained high at early (3 h) reperfusion and decreased again with longer (72 h) reperfusion. A close association between the plasma antioxidant status and the uric acid content has been confirmed by findings that changes in TRAP values positively correlate with uric acid concentration in rat plasma after ischaemic injury. Moreover, results of in vitro experiments with extra uric acid addition to control plasma have shown that uric acid contributes to a greater part of TRAP values. These results indicate a similar time course of brain I/R-associated oxidative stress and peripheral antioxidant defence status and/or oxidative stress in animal experiments.
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