1
|
Drugs to Alter Extracellular Concentration of Glutamate: Modulators of Glutamate Uptake Systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7228-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
2
|
Fontana ACK. Current approaches to enhance glutamate transporter function and expression. J Neurochem 2015; 134:982-1007. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andréia C. K. Fontana
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology; Drexel University College of Medicine; Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ahn JH, Park JH, Kim IH, Lee JC, Yan BC, Yong MS, Lee CH, CHoi JH, Yoo KY, Hwang IK, Moon SM, Shin HC, Won MH. Comparison of arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase and melatonin receptor type 1B immunoreactivity between young adult and aged canine spinal cord. J Vet Sci 2014; 15:335-42. [PMID: 24962405 PMCID: PMC4178134 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2014.15.3.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin affects diverse physiological functions through its receptor and plays an important role in the central nervous system. In the present study, we compared immunoreactivity patterns of arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT), an enzyme essential for melatonin synthesis, and melatonin receptor type 1B (MT2) in the spinal cord of young adult (2~3 years) and aged (10~12 years) beagle dogs using immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. AANAT-specific immunoreactivity was observed in the nuclei of spinal neurons, and was significantly increased in aged dog spinal neurons compared to young adult spinal neurons. MT2-specific immunoreactivity was found in the cytoplasm of spinal neurons, and was predominantly increased in the margin of the neuron cytoplasm in aged spinal cord compared to that in the young adult dogs. These increased levels of AANAT and MT2 immunoreactivity in aged spinal cord might be a feature of normal aging and associated with a feedback mechanism that compensates for decreased production of melatonin during aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hyeon Ahn
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, and 5Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Deng Y, Xu Z, Xu B, Xu D, Tian Y, Feng W. The protective effects of riluzole on manganese-induced disruption of glutamate transporters and glutamine synthetase in the cultured astrocytes. Biol Trace Elem Res 2012; 148:242-9. [PMID: 22391793 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-012-9365-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to excessive manganese (Mn) can lead to manganism, a type of neurotoxicity accomplished with extracellular glutamate (Glu) accumulation. To investigate this accumulation, this study focused on the role of astrocyte glutamate transporters (GluTs) and glutamine synthetase (GS), which have roles in Glu transport and metabolism, respectively. And the possible protective effects of riluzole (a glutamatergic modulator) were studied in relation to Mn exposure. At first, the astrocytes were exposed to 0, 125, 250, and 500 μM MnCl(2) for 24 h, and 100 μM riluzole was pretreated to astrocytes for 6 h before 500 μM MnCl(2) exposure. Then, [(3)H]-glutamate uptake was measured by liquid scintillation counting; Na(+)-K(+) ATPase and GS activities were determined by a colorimetric method; glutamate/aspartate transporter (GLAST), glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1), and GS mRNA expression were determined by RT-PCR and protein levels were measured by western blotting. The results showed that Mn inhibited Glu uptake, Na(+)-K(+) ATPase and GS activities, GLAST, GLT-1, and GS mRNA, and protein in a concentration-dependent manner. And they were significantly higher for astrocytes pretreated with 100 μM riluzole than the group exposed to 500 μM MnCl(2). The results suggested that Mn disrupted Glu transport and metabolism by inhibiting GluTs and GS. Riluzole activated protective effects on enhancing GluTs and GS to reverse Glu accumulation. In conclusion, Mn exposure results in the disruption of GLAST, GLT-1, and GS expression and function. Furthermore, riluzole attenuates this Mn toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Deng
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Deng Y, Xu D, Xu B, Xu Z, Tian Y, Feng W, Liu W, Yang H. G0/G1 phase arrest and apoptosis induced by manganese chloride on cultured rat astrocytes and protective effects of riluzole. Biol Trace Elem Res 2011; 144:832-42. [PMID: 22180013 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-011-9028-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Occupational or environmental exposure to excessive Mn would cause manganism, which is resembled Parkinson disease. However, the mechanism underlying manganism is still unknown. It had been documented that astrocytes play important roles in physiological function in brain. Therefore, in the present study, the cultured astrocytes were exposed to 0, 125, 250, and 500 μM MnCl(2), and cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage, morphological change, cell cycle progression, and apoptosis were determined. In addition, 100 μM riluzole (a glutamatergic modulator) was pretreated for 6 h before no MnCl(2) exposure or 500 μM MnCl(2) exposure. The results showed that cell viability inhibited, LDH leakage elevated, morphology injured, G(0)/G(1) phase cell cycle arrested, and apoptosis rate increased in a concentration-dependent manner. Further investigation indicated that riluzole pretreatment reversed cytotoxicity, cell cycle aberration, and apoptosis on astrocytes caused by MnCl(2). These results suggested that MnCl(2) could cause cytotoxicity, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis concentration-dependently; riluzole might antagonize Mn toxicity on astrocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Deng
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Machado-Vieira R, Ibrahim L, Henter ID, Zarate CA. Novel glutamatergic agents for major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2011; 100:678-87. [PMID: 21971560 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mood disorders such as major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BPD) are common, chronic, recurrent mental illnesses that affect the lives and functioning of millions of individuals worldwide. Growing evidence suggests that the glutamatergic system is central to the neurobiology and treatment of these disorders. Here, we review data supporting the involvement of the glutamatergic system in the pathophysiology of mood disorders as well as the efficacy of glutamatergic agents as novel therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Machado-Vieira
- LIM-27, Institute and Department of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, USP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zarate C, Machado-Vieira R, Henter I, Ibrahim L, Diazgranados N, Salvadore G. Glutamatergic modulators: the future of treating mood disorders? Harv Rev Psychiatry 2010; 18:293-303. [PMID: 20825266 PMCID: PMC3000412 DOI: 10.3109/10673229.2010.511059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mood disorders such as bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder are common, chronic, and recurrent conditions affecting millions of individuals worldwide. Existing antidepressants and mood stabilizers used to treat these disorders are insufficient for many. Patients continue to have low remission rates, delayed onset of action, residual subsyndromal symptoms, and relapses. New therapeutic agents able to exert faster and sustained antidepressant or mood-stabilizing effects are urgently needed to treat these disorders. In this context, the glutamatergic system has been implicated in the pathophysiology of mood disorders in unique clinical and neurobiological ways. In addition to evidence confirming the role of the glutamatergic modulators riluzole and ketamine as proof-of-concept agents in this system, trials with diverse glutamatergic modulators are under way. Overall, this system holds considerable promise for developing the next generation of novel therapeutics for the treatment of bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Zarate
- Experimental Therapeutics & Pathophysiology Branch, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health & Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Grant P, Song JY, Swedo SE. Review of the use of the glutamate antagonist riluzole in psychiatric disorders and a description of recent use in childhood obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2010; 20:309-15. [PMID: 20807069 PMCID: PMC2958461 DOI: 10.1089/cap.2010.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The antiglutamatergic drug riluzole (Rilutek) is presently being used off label in the treatment of psychiatric conditions in adult patients and, increasingly, in children. This article briefly reviews the pharmacology of this drug and its current investigative and clinical uses and adverse effects. It also reports on our experience to date in the study of the drug in children, with emphasis on adverse effects noted so far in these younger patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Grant
- Pediatrics and Developmental Neuroscience (PDN) Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Banasr M, Chowdhury GMI, Terwilliger R, Newton SS, Duman RS, Behar KL, Sanacora G. Glial pathology in an animal model of depression: reversal of stress-induced cellular, metabolic and behavioral deficits by the glutamate-modulating drug riluzole. Mol Psychiatry 2010; 15:501-11. [PMID: 18825147 PMCID: PMC3347761 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2008.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence indicates that glia pathology and amino-acid neurotransmitter system abnormalities contribute to the pathophysiology and possibly the pathogenesis of major depressive disorder. This study investigates changes in glial function occurring in the rat prefrontal cortex (PFC) after chronic unpredictable stress (CUS), a rodent model of depression. Furthermore, we analyzed the effects of riluzole, a Food and Drug Administration-approved drug for the treatment of amyotrophic laterosclerosis, known to modulate glutamate release and facilate glutamate uptake, on CUS-induced glial dysfunction and depressive-like behaviors. We provide the first experimental evidence that chronic stress impairs cortical glial function. Animals exposed to CUS and showing behavioral deficits in sucrose preference and active avoidance exhibited significant decreases in 13C-acetate metabolism reflecting glial cell metabolism, and glial fibrillary associated protein (GFAP) mRNA expression in the PFC. The cellular, metabolic and behavioral alterations induced by CUS were reversed and/or blocked by chronic treatment with the glutamate-modulating drug riluzole. The beneficial effects of riluzole on CUS-induced anhedonia and helplessness demonstrate the antidepressant action of riluzole in rodents. Riluzole treatment also reversed CUS-induced reductions in glial metabolism and GFAP mRNA expression. Our results are consistent with recent open-label clinical trials showing the drug's effect in mood and anxiety disorders. This study provides further validation of hypothesis that glial dysfunction and disrupted amino-acid neurotransmission contribute to the pathophysiology of depression and that modulation of glutamate metabolism, uptake and/or release represent viable targets for antidepressant drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Banasr
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,Ribicoff Research Facilities, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - GMI Chowdhury
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - R Terwilliger
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,Ribicoff Research Facilities, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - SS Newton
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,Ribicoff Research Facilities, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - RS Duman
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,Ribicoff Research Facilities, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - KL Behar
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - G Sanacora
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,Ribicoff Research Facilities, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Machado-Vieira R, Manji HK, Zarate CA. The role of the tripartite glutamatergic synapse in the pathophysiology and therapeutics of mood disorders. Neuroscientist 2009; 15:525-39. [PMID: 19471044 DOI: 10.1177/1073858409336093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder are common, chronic, and recurrent mood disorders that affect the lives of millions of individuals worldwide. Growing evidence suggests that glutamatergic system dysfunction is directly involved in mood disorders. This article describes the role of the "tripartite glutamatergic synapse," comprising presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons and glial cells, in the pathophysiology and therapeutics of mood disorders. Glutamatergic neurons and glia directly control synaptic and extrasynaptic glutamate levels/ release through integrative effects that target glutamate excitatory amino acid transporters, postsynaptic density proteins, ionotropic receptors (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid [AMPA], N-methyl-D-aspartate [NMDA], and kainate), and metabotropic receptors. This article also explores the glutamatergic modulators riluzole and ketamine, which are considered valuable proof-of-concept agents for developing the next generation of antidepressants and mood stabilizers. In therapeutically relevant paradigms, ketamine preferentially targets postsynaptic AMPA/NMDA receptors, and riluzole preferentially targets presynaptic voltage-operated channels and glia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Machado-Vieira
- Experimental Therapeutics, Mood and Anxiety Disorders Research Program, NIMH-NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND The glutamate system seems to be an important contributor to the pathophysiology of mood and anxiety disorders. Thus, glutamatergic modulators are reasonable candidate drugs to test in patients with mood and anxiety disorders. Riluzole, a neuroprotective agent with anticonvulsant properties approved for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is one such agent. OBJECTIVE To assess the potential risks and benefits of riluzole treatment in psychiatric patients. METHODS A PubMed search was performed using the keywords 'riluzole', 'inhibitor of glutamate release' and 'glutamatergic modulator' to identify all clinical studies and case reports involving riluzole in psychiatric patients. RESULTS/CONCLUSION Riluzole's side effect profile is favorable and preliminary results regarding riluzole for the treatment of severe mood, anxiety and impulsive disorders are encouraging.
Collapse
|