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A Gelatin Methacrylate-Based Hydrogel as a Potential Bioink for 3D Bioprinting and Neuronal Differentiation. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020627. [PMID: 36839949 PMCID: PMC9959598 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal loss is the ultimate pathophysiologic event in central nervous system (CNS) diseases and replacing these neurons is one of the most significant challenges in regenerative medicine. Providing a suitable microenvironment for new neuron engraftment, proliferation, and synapse formation is a primary goal for 3D bioprinting. Among the various biomaterials, gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) stands out due to its Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) domains, which assure its biocompatibility and degradation under physiological conditions. This work aimed to produce different GelMA-based bioink compositions, verify their mechanical and biological properties, and evaluate their ability to support neurogenesis. We evaluated four different GelMA-based bioink compositions; however, when it came to their biological properties, incorporating extracellular matrix components, such as GeltrexTM, was essential to ensure human neuroprogenitor cell viability. Finally, GeltrexTM: 8% GelMA (1:1) bioink efficiently maintained human neuroprogenitor cell stemness and supported neuronal differentiation. Interestingly, this bioink composition provides a suitable environment for murine astrocytes to de-differentiate into neural stem cells and give rise to MAP2-positive cells.
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Yao Y, Wang C. Dedifferentiation: inspiration for devising engineering strategies for regenerative medicine. NPJ Regen Med 2020; 5:14. [PMID: 32821434 PMCID: PMC7395755 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-020-00099-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell dedifferentiation is the process by which cells grow reversely from a partially or terminally differentiated stage to a less differentiated stage within their own lineage. This extraordinary phenomenon, observed in many physiological processes, inspires the possibility of developing new therapeutic approaches to regenerate damaged tissue and organs. Meanwhile, studies also indicate that dedifferentiation can cause pathological changes. In this review, we compile the literature describing recent advances in research on dedifferentiation, with an emphasis on tissue-specific findings, cellular mechanisms, and potential therapeutic applications from an engineering perspective. A critical understanding of such knowledge may provide fresh insights for designing new therapeutic strategies for regenerative medicine based on the principle of cell dedifferentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchang Yao
- Department of Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 510120 Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Technology and Implant Materials, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
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Vedrenne N, Sarrazy V, Battu S, Bordeau N, Richard L, Billet F, Coronas V, Desmoulière A. Neural Stem Cell Properties of an Astrocyte Subpopulation Sorted by Sedimentation Field-Flow Fractionation. Rejuvenation Res 2016; 19:362-372. [PMID: 26650259 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2015.1776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes encompass a heterogeneous cell population. Using sedimentation field-flow fractionation (SdFFF) method, different, almost pure, astrocyte subpopulations were isolated. Cells were collected from cortex of newborn rats and sorted by SdFFF to obtain different fractions, which were subjected to protein analysis and characterized by immunocytofluorescence. The behavior of the cells was analyzed in vitro, under culture conditions used for neural stem cells. These culture conditions were also applied to cells derived from an adult cortical tissue after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Finally, the astrocytic neural stem-like cells were transplanted in damaged sciatic nerve. Protein analysis indicated a high expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and vimentin in fraction F3-derived cells. These cells formed neurospheres when cultured with epidermal growth factor and large colonies in a collagen-containing semi-solid matrix. Neurospheres expressed GFAP and nestin and were able in addition to generate neurons expressing MAP2 and oligodendrocytes expressing Olig2. When transplanted in a damaged nerve, cells of F3-derived neurospheres colonized the damaged area. Finally, after TBI in adult rats, cells able to form neurospheres containing a subpopulation of astrocytes expressing vimentin were obtained. Using the SdFFF method, an astrocyte subpopulation presenting stem cell properties was isolated from a newborn rat cortex and from an injured adult rat cortex. The specific activation of this astrocyte subpopulation may provide a potential therapeutic approach to restore lost neuronal function in injured or diseased brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Vedrenne
- 1 EA 6309 "Myelin maintenance and peripheral neuropathies," University of Limoges , Limoges, France
| | - Vincent Sarrazy
- 1 EA 6309 "Myelin maintenance and peripheral neuropathies," University of Limoges , Limoges, France
| | - Serge Battu
- 2 EA 3842 "Cell homeostasis and pathologies," University of Limoges , Limoges, France
| | - Nelly Bordeau
- 1 EA 6309 "Myelin maintenance and peripheral neuropathies," University of Limoges , Limoges, France
| | - Laurence Richard
- 1 EA 6309 "Myelin maintenance and peripheral neuropathies," University of Limoges , Limoges, France .,3 Department of Neurology, CHU of Limoges , Limoges, France
| | - Fabrice Billet
- 1 EA 6309 "Myelin maintenance and peripheral neuropathies," University of Limoges , Limoges, France
| | - Valérie Coronas
- 4 CNRS ERL 7368, "Signalisation et transports ioniques membranaires," University of Poitiers , Poitiers, France
| | - Alexis Desmoulière
- 1 EA 6309 "Myelin maintenance and peripheral neuropathies," University of Limoges , Limoges, France
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Cell transcriptional state alters genomic patterns of DNA double-strand break repair in human astrocytes. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5799. [PMID: 25517576 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The misrepair of DNA double-strand breaks in close spatial proximity within the nucleus can result in chromosomal rearrangements that are important in the pathogenesis of haematopoietic and solid malignancies. It is unknown why certain epigenetic states, such as those found in stem or progenitor cells, appear to facilitate neoplastic transformation. Here we show that altering the transcriptional state of human astrocytes alters patterns of DNA damage repair from ionizing radiation at a gene locus-specific and genome-wide level. Astrocytes induced into a reactive state exhibit increased DNA repair, compared with non-reactive cells, in actively transcribed chromatin after irradiation. In mapping these repair sites, we identify misrepair events and repair hotspots that are unique to each state. The precise characterization of genomic regions susceptible to mutation in specific transcriptional states provides new opportunities for addressing clonal evolution in solid cancers, in particular those where double-strand break induction is a cornerstone of clinical intervention.
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Fibroblast growth factor 4 is required but not sufficient for the astrocyte dedifferentiation. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 50:997-1012. [PMID: 24510312 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8649-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Our recent studies demonstrated that mature astrocytes from spinal cord can be reprogrammed in vitro and in vivo to generate neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) following treatment with conditioned medium collected from mechanically injured astrocytes. However, little is known regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying the reprogramming of astrocytes. Here, we show that fibroblast growth factor 4 (FGF4) exerts a critical role in synergistically converting astrocytes into NSPCs that can express multiple neural stem cell markers (nestin and CD133) and are capable of both self-renewal and differentiation into neurons and glia. Lack of FGF4 signals fails to elicit the dedifferentiation of astrocytes towards NSPCs, displaying a substantially lower efficiency in the reprogramming of astrocytes and a slower transition through fate-determined state. These astrocyte-derived NSPCs displayed relatively poor self-renewal and multipotency. More importantly, further investigation suggested that FGF4 is a key molecule necessary for activating PI3K/Akt/p21 signaling cascades, as well as their downstream effectors responsible for directing cell reprogramming towards NSPCs. Collectively, these findings provide a molecular basis for astrocyte dedifferentiation into NSPCs after central nervous system (CNS) injury and imply that FGF4 may be a clinically applicable molecule for in situ neural repair in the CNS disorders.
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Sakamoto Y, Boëda B, Etienne-Manneville S. APC binds intermediate filaments and is required for their reorganization during cell migration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 200:249-58. [PMID: 23382461 PMCID: PMC3563686 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201206010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor APC binds to the intermediate filament vimentin and is required for its microtubule-dependent rearrangements during astrocyte migration. Intermediate filaments (IFs) are components of the cytoskeleton involved in most cellular functions, including cell migration. Primary astrocytes mainly express glial fibrillary acidic protein, vimentin, and nestin, which are essential for migration. In a wound-induced migration assay, IFs reorganized to form a polarized network that was coextensive with microtubules in cell protrusions. We found that the tumor suppressor adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) was required for microtubule interaction with IFs and for microtubule-dependent rearrangements of IFs during astrocyte migration. We also show that loss or truncation of APC correlated with the disorganization of the IF network in glioma and carcinoma cells. In migrating astrocytes, vimentin-associated APC colocalized with microtubules. APC directly bound polymerized vimentin via its armadillo repeats. This binding domain promoted vimentin polymerization in vitro and contributed to the elongation of IFs along microtubules. These results point to APC as a crucial regulator of IF organization and confirm its fundamental role in the coordinated regulation of cytoskeletons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhisa Sakamoto
- Cell Polarity, Migration and Cancer Unit, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, Cedex 15, France
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Modeling the blood-brain barrier using stem cell sources. Fluids Barriers CNS 2013; 10:2. [PMID: 23305164 PMCID: PMC3564868 DOI: 10.1186/2045-8118-10-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a selective endothelial interface that controls trafficking between the bloodstream and brain interstitial space. During development, the BBB arises as a result of complex multicellular interactions between immature endothelial cells and neural progenitors, neurons, radial glia, and pericytes. As the brain develops, astrocytes and pericytes further contribute to BBB induction and maintenance of the BBB phenotype. Because BBB development, maintenance, and disease states are difficult and time-consuming to study in vivo, researchers often utilize in vitro models for simplified analyses and higher throughput. The in vitro format also provides a platform for screening brain-penetrating therapeutics. However, BBB models derived from adult tissue, especially human sources, have been hampered by limited cell availability and model fidelity. Furthermore, BBB endothelium is very difficult if not impossible to isolate from embryonic animal or human brain, restricting capabilities to model BBB development in vitro. In an effort to address some of these shortcomings, advances in stem cell research have recently been leveraged for improving our understanding of BBB development and function. Stem cells, which are defined by their capacity to expand by self-renewal, can be coaxed to form various somatic cell types and could in principle be very attractive for BBB modeling applications. In this review, we will describe how neural progenitor cells (NPCs), the in vitro precursors to neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, can be used to study BBB induction. Next, we will detail how these same NPCs can be differentiated to more mature populations of neurons and astrocytes and profile their use in co-culture modeling of the adult BBB. Finally, we will describe our recent efforts in differentiating human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) to endothelial cells with robust BBB characteristics and detail how these cells could ultimately be used to study BBB development and maintenance, to model neurological disease, and to screen neuropharmaceuticals.
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Sonic hedgehog released from scratch-injured astrocytes is a key signal necessary but not sufficient for the astrocyte de-differentiation. Stem Cell Res 2012; 9:156-66. [PMID: 22771389 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies demonstrated that mature atrocytes have the capacity for de-differentiating into neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) in vitro and in vivo. However, it is still unknown what signals endow astroglial cells with a de-differentiation potential. Furthermore, the signaling molecules and underlying mechanism that confer astrocytes with the competence of NSPC phenotypes have not been completely elucidated. Here, we found that sonic hedgehog (Shh) production in astrocytes following mechanical injury was significantly elevated, and that incubation of astrocyes with the injured astrocyte conditioned medium (ACM) causes astrocytes to gradually lose their immunophenotypical profiles, and acquire NSPC characteristics, as demonstrated by down-regulation of typical astrocytic markers (GFAP and S100) and up-regulation of markers that are generally expressed in NSCs, (nestin, Sox2, and CD133). ACM treated astrocytes exhibit self-renewal capacity and multipotency similar to NSPCs. Concomitantly, in addition to Ptc, there was a significant up-regulation of the Shh downstream signal components Gli2 and Cyclin D1 which are involved in cell proliferation, dramatic changes in cell morphology, and the disruption of cell-cycle G1 arrest. Conversely, the depletion of Shh by administration of its neutralizing antibody (Shh n-Ab) effectively inhibited the de-differentiation process. Strikingly, Shh alone had little effect on astrocyte de-differentiation to NSPCs. These data above suggest that Shh is a key instructive molecule while other molecules secreted from insulted astrocytes may synergistically promote the de-differentiation event.
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Sheng X, Li M, Song S, Zhang N, Wang Y, Liang H, Wang W, Ji A. Sulfated Polysaccharide Isolated from the Sea Cucumber Stichopus japonicus Promotes Neurosphere Migration and Differentiation via Up-regulation of N-Cadherin. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2011; 32:435-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-011-9773-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Yang H, Ling W, Vitale A, Olivera C, Min Y, You S. ErbB2 activation contributes to de-differentiation of astrocytes into radial glial cells following induction of scratch-insulted astrocyte conditioned medium. Neurochem Int 2011; 59:1010-8. [PMID: 21924310 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2011.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Radial glial cells play a significant role in the repair of spinal cord injuries as they exert critical role in the neurogenesis and act as a scaffold for neuronal migration. Our previous study showed that mature astrocytes of spinal cord can undergo a de-differentiation process and further transform into pluripotential neural precursors; the occurrence of these complex events arise directly from the induction of diffusible factors released from scratch-insulted astrocytes. However, it is unclear whether astrocytes can also undergo rejuvenation to revert to a radial glial progenitor phenotype after the induction of scratch-insulted astrocytes conditioned medium (ACM). Furthermore, the mechanism of astrocyte de-differentiation to the progenitor cells is still unclear. Here we demonstrate that upon treating mature astrocytes with ACM for 10 days, the astrocytes exhibit progressive morphological and functional conversion to radial glial cells. These changes include the appearance of radial glial progenitor cells, changes in the immunophenotypical profiles, characterized by the co-expression of nestin, paired homeobox protein (Pax6) and RC2 as well as enhanced capability of multipotential differentiation. Concomitantly, ErbB2 protein level was progressively up-regulated. Thereby these results provide a potential mechanism by which ACM could induce mature astrocytes to regain the profile of radial glial progenitors due to activating the ErbB2 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yang
- Institute of Neurosciences, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
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Robel S, Berninger B, Götz M. The stem cell potential of glia: lessons from reactive gliosis. Nat Rev Neurosci 2011; 12:88-104. [PMID: 21248788 DOI: 10.1038/nrn2978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 388] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Astrocyte-like cells, which act as stem cells in the adult brain, reside in a few restricted stem cell niches. However, following brain injury, glia outside these niches acquire or reactivate stem cell potential as part of reactive gliosis. Recent studies have begun to uncover the molecular pathways involved in this process. A comparison of molecular pathways activated after injury with those involved in the normal neural stem cell niches highlights strategies that could overcome the inhibition of neurogenesis outside the stem cell niche and instruct parenchymal glia towards a neurogenic fate. This new view on reactive glia therefore suggests a widespread endogenous source of cells with stem cell potential, which might potentially be harnessed for local repair strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Robel
- Physiological Genomics, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Germany
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