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Muñoz-Jurado A, Escribano BM, Túnez I. Animal model of multiple sclerosis: Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Methods Cell Biol 2024; 188:35-60. [PMID: 38880527 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2024.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a very complex and heterogeneous disease, with an unknown etiology and which, currently, remains incurable. For this reason, animal models are crucial to investigate this disease, which has increased in prevalence in recent years, affecting 2.8 million people worldwide, and is the leading cause of non-traumatic disability in young adults between the ages of 20-30years. Of all the models developed to replicate MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) best reflects the autoimmune pathogenesis of MS. There are different methods to induce it, which will give rise to different types of EAE, which will vary in clinical presentation and severity. Of the EAE models, the most widespread and used is the one induced in rodents due to its advantages over other species. Likewise, EAE has become a widely used model in the development of therapies for the treatment of MS. Likewise, it is very useful to define the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of MS and to establish therapeutic targets for this disease. For all these reasons, the EAE model plays a key role in improving the understanding of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Muñoz-Jurado
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain; Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain.
| | - Begoña M Escribano
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain; Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Isaac Túnez
- Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.
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2
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Lu C, Le Q. Advances in Organoid Technology: A Focus on Corneal Limbal Organoids. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2024:10.1007/s12015-024-10706-6. [PMID: 38558362 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-024-10706-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Organoid technology provides a versatile platform for simulating organogenesis, investigating disease pathogenesis, and exploring therapeutic interventions. Among various types of organoids that have been developed, corneal limbal organoids, the three-dimensional miniaturized corneas which are derived from either pluripotent stem cells or limbal epithelial stem cells, are particularly promising for clinical translation. This narrative review summarized the state-of-the-art in corneal limbal organoids research including the cultivation methods, clinical relevance and its limitations and challenges. The potential of corneal limbal organoids in mimicking corneal development, disease modelling, drug screening, and regenerative medicine was discussed. Technical improvements in cultivation techniques, imaging modalities, and gene editing tools are anticipated to overcome current limitations and further promote its clinical potential. Despite challenges and difficulties, the development of corneal limbal organoids opens a new era of regenerative medicine and provides a potential source of stem cell replacement therapies for challenging corneal diseases with the establishment of an in vitro corneal limbal organoid bank.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuwei Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Qihua Le
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China.
- Research Center, Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China.
- Myopia Key Laboratory of Ministry of Health, Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China.
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3
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Rashidi AS, Tran DN, Peelen CR, van Gent M, Ouwendijk WJD, Verjans GMGM. Herpes simplex virus infection induces necroptosis of neurons and astrocytes in human fetal organotypic brain slice cultures. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:38. [PMID: 38302975 PMCID: PMC10832279 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03027-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herpes simplex virus (HSV) encephalitis (HSE) is a serious and potentially life-threatening disease, affecting both adults and newborns. Progress in understanding the virus and host factors involved in neonatal HSE has been hampered by the limitations of current brain models that do not fully recapitulate the tissue structure and cell composition of the developing human brain in health and disease. Here, we developed a human fetal organotypic brain slice culture (hfOBSC) model and determined its value in mimicking the HSE neuropathology in vitro. METHODS Cell viability and tissues integrity were determined by lactate dehydrogenase release in supernatant and immunohistological (IHC) analyses. Brain slices were infected with green fluorescent protein (GFP-) expressing HSV-1 and HSV-2. Virus replication and spread were determined by confocal microscopy, PCR and virus culture. Expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines were detected by PCR. Cell tropism and HSV-induced neuropathology were determined by IHC analysis. Finally, the in situ data of HSV-infected hfOBSC were compared to the neuropathology detected in human HSE brain sections. RESULTS Slicing and serum-free culture conditions were optimized to maintain the viability and tissue architecture of ex vivo human fetal brain slices for at least 14 days at 37 °C in a CO2 incubator. The hfOBSC supported productive HSV-1 and HSV-2 infection, involving predominantly infection of neurons and astrocytes, leading to expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Both viruses induced programmed cell death-especially necroptosis-in infected brain slices at later time points after infection. The virus spread, cell tropism and role of programmed cell death in HSV-induced cell death resembled the neuropathology of HSE. CONCLUSIONS We developed a novel human brain culture model in which the viability of the major brain-resident cells-including neurons, microglia, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes-and the tissue architecture is maintained for at least 2 weeks in vitro under serum-free culture conditions. The close resemblance of cell tropism, spread and neurovirulence of HSV-1 and HSV-2 in the hfOBSC model with the neuropathological features of human HSE cases underscores its potential to detail the pathophysiology of other neurotropic viruses and as preclinical model to test novel therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad S Rashidi
- HerpesLabNL of the Department of Viroscience (Room Ee1720a), Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Diana N Tran
- HerpesLabNL of the Department of Viroscience (Room Ee1720a), Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Caithlin R Peelen
- HerpesLabNL of the Department of Viroscience (Room Ee1720a), Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel van Gent
- HerpesLabNL of the Department of Viroscience (Room Ee1720a), Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Werner J D Ouwendijk
- HerpesLabNL of the Department of Viroscience (Room Ee1720a), Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Georges M G M Verjans
- HerpesLabNL of the Department of Viroscience (Room Ee1720a), Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Kaplanis SI, Kaffe D, Ktena N, Lygeraki A, Kolliniati O, Savvaki M, Karagogeos D. Nicotinamide enhances myelin production after demyelination through reduction of astrogliosis and microgliosis. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1201317. [PMID: 37663127 PMCID: PMC10469866 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1201317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Caloric restriction is the chronic reduction of total caloric intake without malnutrition and has attracted a lot of attention as, among multiple other effects, it attenuates demyelination and stimulates remyelination. In this study we have evaluated the effect of nicotinamide (NAM), a well-known caloric restriction mimetic, on myelin production upon demyelinating conditions. NAM is the derivative of nicotinic acid (vitamin B3) and a precursor of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), a ubiquitous metabolic cofactor. Here, we use cortical slices ex vivo subjected to demyelination or cultured upon normal conditions, a lysolecithin (LPC)-induced focal demyelination mouse model as well as primary glial cultures. Our data show that NAM enhances both myelination and remyelination ex vivo, while it also induces myelin production after LPC-induced focal demyelination ex vivo and in vivo. The increased myelin production is accompanied by reduction in both astrogliosis and microgliosis in vivo. There is no direct effect of NAM on the oligodendrocyte lineage, as no differences are observed in oligodendrocyte precursor cell proliferation or differentiation or in the number of mature oligodendrocytes. On the other hand, NAM affects both microglia and astrocytes as it decreases the population of M1-activated microglia, while reducing the pro-inflammatory phenotype of astrocytes as assayed by the reduction of TNF-α. Overall, we show that the increased myelin production that follows NAM treatment in vivo is accompanied by a decrease in both astrocyte and microglia accumulation at the lesion site. Our data indicate that NAM influences astrocytes and microglia directly, in favor of the remyelination process by promoting a less inflammatory environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanos Ioannis Kaplanis
- Department of Basic Science, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Despoina Kaffe
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Niki Ktena
- Department of Basic Science, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
| | | | - Ourania Kolliniati
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Maria Savvaki
- Department of Basic Science, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Domna Karagogeos
- Department of Basic Science, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
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Dedoni S, Scherma M, Camoglio C, Siddi C, Dazzi L, Puliga R, Frau J, Cocco E, Fadda P. An overall view of the most common experimental models for multiple sclerosis. Neurobiol Dis 2023:106230. [PMID: 37453561 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex chronic disease with an unknown etiology. It is considered an inflammatory demyelinating and neurodegenerative disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized, in most cases, by an unpredictable onset of relapse and remission phases. The disease generally starts in subjects under 40; it has a higher incidence in women and is described as a multifactorial disorder due to the interaction between genetic and environmental risk factors. Unfortunately, there is currently no definitive cure for MS. Still, therapies can modify the disease's natural history, reducing the relapse rate and slowing the progression of the disease or managing symptoms. The limited access to human CNS tissue slows down. It limits the progression of research on MS. This limit has been partially overcome over the years by developing various experimental models to study this disease. Animal models of autoimmune demyelination, such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and viral and toxin or transgenic MS models, represent the most significant part of MS research approaches. These models have now been complemented by ex vivo studies, using organotypic brain slice cultures and in vitro, through induced Pluripotent Stem cells (iPSCs). We will discuss which clinical features of the disorders might be reproduced and investigated in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro in models commonly used in MS research to understand the processes behind the neuropathological events occurring in the CNS of MS patients. The primary purpose of this review is to give the reader a global view of the main paradigms used in MS research, spacing from the classical animal models to transgenic mice and 2D and 3D cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dedoni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Italy.
| | - M Scherma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Italy.
| | - C Camoglio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Italy.
| | - C Siddi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - L Dazzi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Anthropology, University of Cagliari, Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy.
| | - R Puliga
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Anthropology, University of Cagliari, Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy.
| | - J Frau
- Regional Multiple Sclerosis Center, ASSL Cagliari, ATS Sardegna, Italy
| | - E Cocco
- Regional Multiple Sclerosis Center, ASSL Cagliari, ATS Sardegna, Italy; Department Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Italy.
| | - P Fadda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Italy; Neuroscience Institute, Section of Cagliari, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Cagliari, Italy.
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Werner L, Gliem M, Rychlik N, Pavic G, Reiche L, Kirchhoff F, Silva Oliveira Junior M, Gruchot J, Meuth SG, Küry P, Göttle P. A Novel Ex Vivo Model to Study Therapeutic Treatments for Myelin Repair following Ischemic Damage. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10972. [PMID: 37446147 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a major reason for persistent disability due to insufficient treatment strategies beyond reperfusion, leading to oligodendrocyte death and axon demyelination, persistent inflammation and astrogliosis in peri-infarct areas. After injury, oligodendroglial precursor cells (OPCs) have been shown to compensate for myelin loss and prevent axonal loss through the replacement of lost oligodendrocytes, an inefficient process leaving axons chronically demyelinated. Phenotypic screening approaches in demyelinating paradigms revealed substances that promote myelin repair. We established an ex vivo adult organotypic coronal slice culture (OCSC) system to study repair after stroke in a resource-efficient way. Post-photothrombotic OCSCs can be manipulated for 8 d by exposure to pharmacologically active substances testing remyelination activity. OCSCs were isolated from a NG2-CreERT2-td-Tomato knock-in transgenic mouse line to analyze oligodendroglial fate/differentiation and kinetics. Parbendazole boosted differentiation of NG2+ cells and stabilized oligodendroglial fate reflected by altered expression of associated markers PDGFR-α, CC1, BCAS1 and Sox10 and GFAP. In vitro scratch assay and chemical ischemia confirmed the observed effects upon parbendazole treatment. Adult OCSCs represent a fast, reproducible, and quantifiable model to study OPC differentiation competence after stroke. Pharmacological stimulation by means of parbendazole promoted OPC differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Werner
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael Gliem
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nicole Rychlik
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Goran Pavic
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Laura Reiche
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Saarland, 66424 Homburg, Germany
| | | | - Joel Gruchot
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sven G Meuth
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Patrick Küry
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter Göttle
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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7
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Serrano‐Regal MP, Bayón‐Cordero L, Chara Ventura JC, Ochoa‐Bueno BI, Tepavcevic V, Matute C, Sánchez‐Gómez MV. GABA B receptor agonist baclofen promotes central nervous system remyelination. Glia 2022; 70:2426-2440. [PMID: 35980256 PMCID: PMC9804779 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Promoting remyelination is considered as a potential neurorepair strategy to prevent/limit the development of permanent neurological disability in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). To this end, a number of clinical trials are investigating the potential of existing drugs to enhance oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) differentiation, a process that fails in chronic MS lesions. We previously reported that oligodendroglia express GABAB receptors (GABAB Rs) both in vitro and in vivo, and that GABAB R-mediated signaling enhances OPC differentiation and myelin protein expression in vitro. Our goal here was to evaluate the pro-remyelinating potential of GABAB R agonist baclofen (Bac), a clinically approved drug to treat spasticity in patients with MS. We first demonstrated that Bac increases myelin protein production in lysolecithin (LPC)-treated cerebellar slices. Importantly, Bac administration to adult mice following induction of demyelination by LPC injection in the spinal cord resulted in enhanced OPC differentiation and remyelination. Thus, our results suggest that Bac repurposing should be considered as a potential therapeutic strategy to stimulate remyelination in patients with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Paz Serrano‐Regal
- Laboratory of NeurobiologyAchucarro Basque Center for NeuroscienceLeioaSpain,Department of NeurosciencesUniversity of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU)LeioaSpain,Present address:
Grupo de Neuroinmuno‐ReparaciónHospital Nacional de Parapléjicos‐SESCAMToledoSpain
| | - Laura Bayón‐Cordero
- Laboratory of NeurobiologyAchucarro Basque Center for NeuroscienceLeioaSpain,Department of NeurosciencesUniversity of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU)LeioaSpain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)LeioaSpain
| | - Juan Carlos Chara Ventura
- Laboratory of NeurobiologyAchucarro Basque Center for NeuroscienceLeioaSpain,Department of NeurosciencesUniversity of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU)LeioaSpain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)LeioaSpain
| | - Blanca I. Ochoa‐Bueno
- Laboratory of NeurobiologyAchucarro Basque Center for NeuroscienceLeioaSpain,Department of NeurosciencesUniversity of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU)LeioaSpain
| | - Vanja Tepavcevic
- Laboratory of NeurobiologyAchucarro Basque Center for NeuroscienceLeioaSpain
| | - Carlos Matute
- Laboratory of NeurobiologyAchucarro Basque Center for NeuroscienceLeioaSpain,Department of NeurosciencesUniversity of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU)LeioaSpain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)LeioaSpain
| | - María Victoria Sánchez‐Gómez
- Laboratory of NeurobiologyAchucarro Basque Center for NeuroscienceLeioaSpain,Department of NeurosciencesUniversity of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU)LeioaSpain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)LeioaSpain
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Involvement of the Intestinal Microbiota in the Appearance of Multiple Sclerosis: Aloe vera and Citrus bergamia as Potential Candidates for Intestinal Health. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14132711. [PMID: 35807891 PMCID: PMC9269320 DOI: 10.3390/nu14132711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurological and inflammatory autoimmune disease of the Central Nervous System in which selective activation of T and B lymphocytes prompts a reaction against myelin, inducing demyelination and axonal loss. Although MS is recognized to be an autoimmune pathology, the specific causes are many; thus, to date, it has been considered a disorder resulting from environmental factors in genetically susceptible individuals. Among the environmental factors hypothetically involved in MS, nutrition seems to be well related, although the role of nutritional factors is still unclear. The gut of mammals is home to a bacterial community of about 2000 species known as the “microbiota”, whose composition changes throughout the life of each individual. There are five bacterial phylas that make up the microbiota in healthy adults: Firmicutes (79.4%), Bacteroidetes (16.9%), Actinobacteria (2.5%), Proteobacteria (1%) and Verrucomicrobia (0.1%). The diversity and abundance of microbial populations justifies a condition known as eubiosis. On the contrary, the state of dysbiosis refers to altered diversity and abundance of the microbiota. Many studies carried out in the last few years have demonstrated that there is a relationship between the intestinal microflora and the progression of multiple sclerosis. This correlation was also demonstrated by the discovery that patients with MS, treated with specific prebiotics and probiotics, have greatly increased bacterial diversity in the intestinal microbiota, which might be otherwise reduced or absent. In particular, natural extracts of Aloe vera and bergamot fruits, rich in polyphenols and with a high percentage of polysaccharides (mostly found in indigestible and fermentable fibers), appear to be potential candidates to re-equilibrate the gut microbiota in MS patients. The present review article aims to assess the pathophysiological mechanisms that reveal the role of the microbiota in the development of MS. In addition, the potential for supplementing patients undergoing early stages of MS with Aloe vera as well as bergamot fibers, on top of conventional drug treatments, is discussed.
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Gorter RP, Dijksman NS, Baron W, Colognato H. Investigating demyelination, efficient remyelination and remyelination failure in organotypic cerebellar slice cultures: Workflow and practical tips. Methods Cell Biol 2022; 168:103-123. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2021.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Hupp S, Tomov NS, Bischoff C, Baronti D, Iliev AI. Easy to build cost-effective acute brain slice incubation system for parallel analysis of multiple treatment conditions. J Neurosci Methods 2021; 366:109405. [PMID: 34785269 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2021.109405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute brain slices represent a powerful tool for analysis of brain function in physiology and pathology. Commercial systems and custom-build solutions with carbogen (95% O2/5% CO2) aeration, but they are expensive, have a high working volume requiring large amount of substances, and only limited options for treatment in parallel are possible. NEW METHOD We developed a novel cost-effective incubation system using materials available in every laboratory, allowing parallel incubation of several treatment conditions, thus also reducing the number of experimental animals. Our system incubation parameters were optimized for cortical neuron observation. RESULTS We tested several different options using 6, 12 or 24 standard culture well plates, combining them with cell strainer baskets inside. The system was placed in a pre-warmed incubator at 37 °C. Carbogen was injected through a 22 gauge needle, positioned between the basket and the wall of the well. Best results were achieved in a 6-well plate. In 12 and 24-well plates bubbles accumulated beneath the basket, displacing it upwards, making it unsuitable for our purposes. The gas oxygenized the medium without mechanically disturbing the slices, protected within the strainer basket, but still allowing optimal diffusion through the 100 µm pores. In a 6-well plate, six simultaneous treatments were possible in parallel. LDH/Cytotoxicity tests showed an acute toxicity of less than 7%. The system lost about 2.5% per hour of the fluid through evaporation, which was replenished every 2 h. Up to 6 h after treatment, however, this evaporation was excellently tolerated by the neurons even without fluid replenishment, most probably due to the anti-swelling effect of the mildly hypertonic medium. We performed two staining procedures, working excellently with this experimental setup, namely - a modified DiI staining and a slice silver impregnation method, both confirming the intact neuronal morphology. Preserved CA3 calcium influx and removal response following KCl depolarization confirmed the normal physiology of the pyramidal neurons 6 h after exposure in the system. COMPARISON TO EXISTING METHODS The proposed system is much cheaper than the commercial solutions, can be constructed in any lab, allows up to 6 different treatments in parallel, which none of the existing systems allows. Antibiotic presence in the incubation medium and adequate evaporation control is required if longer incubation (> 6 h) is needed. Lower incubation volumes (3-6 ml) allow sparing expensive reagents. Our procedure was optimized for cortical neurons, further fine tuning to meet other specific requirements is possible. CONCLUSIONS The system we propose allows filling the gap for budget solutions for short to mid-term incubation of acute brain slices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Hupp
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 2, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | | | - Carolin Bischoff
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacherstrasse 9, 97073 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Dario Baronti
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 2, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Asparouh I Iliev
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 2, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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11
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Assessing the Potential of Molecular Imaging for Myelin Quantification in Organotypic Cultures. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13070975. [PMID: 34203246 PMCID: PMC8309097 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13070975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ex vivo models for the noninvasive study of myelin-related diseases represent an essential tool to understand the mechanisms of diseases and develop therapies against them. Herein, we assessed the potential of multimodal imaging traceable myelin-targeting liposomes to quantify myelin in organotypic cultures. Methods: MRI testing was used to image mouse cerebellar tissue sections and organotypic cultures. Demyelination was induced by lysolecithin treatment. Myelin-targeting liposomes were synthetized and characterized, and their capacity to quantify myelin was tested by fluorescence imaging. Results: Imaging of freshly excised tissue sections ranging from 300 µm to 1 mm in thickness was achieved with good contrast between white (WM) and gray matter (GM) using T2w MRI. The typical loss of stiffness, WM structures, and thickness of organotypic cultures required the use of diffusion-weighted methods. Designed myelin-targeting liposomes allowed for semiquantitative detection by fluorescence, but the specificity for myelin was not consistent between assays due to the unspecific binding of liposomes. Conclusions: With respect to the sensitivity, imaging of brain tissue sections and organotypic cultures by MRI is feasible, and myelin-targeting nanosystems are a promising solution to quantify myelin ex vivo. With respect to specificity, fine tuning of the probe is required. Lipid-based systems may not be suitable for this goal, due to unspecific binding to tissues.
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12
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AlaylioĞlu M, Dursun E, Yilmazer S, Ak DG. A Bridge Between in vitro and in vivo Studies in Neuroscience: Organotypic Brain Slice Cultures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 57:333-337. [PMID: 33354128 DOI: 10.29399/npa.26139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In vitro and in vivo models are efficiently used systems in neuroscience research to study the brain in normal or pathological conditions. There are many advantages to these systems, yet they also have significant limitations. In vitro cell cultures offer the opportunity to investigate the cell basics or primary response of a cell population against any treatment. However, these models do not always predict in vivo behavior. In vivo animal studies constitute the most realistic platform for research and therapeutic approaches, yet they are laborious, open to secondary complications and painful or stressful for the animals from an ethical point of view. Organotypic brain slice cultures provide an in vivo-like environment since they maintain three-dimensional cytoarchitecture of the brain thus enable to study many cell types in one system and allow precise control of the microenvironment. In this review, we will focus on the history and key features of organotypic brain slice cultures as well as its preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve AlaylioĞlu
- Brain and Neurodegenerative Disorders Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Biology, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Erdinç Dursun
- Brain and Neurodegenerative Disorders Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Biology, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, İstanbul, Turkey.,Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Neurological Sciences, İstanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Selma Yilmazer
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Altınbaş University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Duygu Gezen Ak
- Brain and Neurodegenerative Disorders Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Biology, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, İstanbul, Turkey
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13
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Tian Z, Chu T, Shields LBE, Zhu Q, Zhang YP, Kong M, Barnes GN, Wang Y, Shields CB, Cai J. Platelet-Activating Factor Deteriorates Lysophosphatidylcholine-Induced Demyelination Via Its Receptor-Dependent and -Independent Effects. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:4069-4081. [PMID: 32661728 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that platelet-activating factor (PAF) increases the inflammatory response in demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis. However, PAF receptor (PAFR) antagonists do not show therapeutic efficacy for MS, and its underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated the effects of PAF on an ex vivo demyelination cerebellar model following lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC, 0.5 mg/mL) application using wild-type and PAFR conventional knockout (PAFR-KO) mice. Demyelination was induced in cerebellar slices that were cultured with LPC for 18 h. Exogenous PAF (1 μM) acting on cerebellar slices alone did not cause demyelination but increased the severity of LPC-induced demyelination in both wild-type and PAFR-KO mice. LPC inhibited the expression of PAF-AH, MBP, TNF-α, and TGF-β1 but facilitated the expression of IL-1β and IL-6 in wild-type preparations. Of note, exogenous PAF stimulated microglial activation in both wild-type and PAFR-KO mice. The subsequent inflammatory cytokines TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6 as well as the anti-inflammatory cytokine TGF-β1 demonstrated a diverse transcriptional profile with or without LPC treatment. PAF promoted TNF-α expression and suppressed TGF-β1 expression indiscriminately in wild-type and knockout slices; however, transcription of IL-1β and IL-6 was not significantly affected in both slices. The syntheses of IL-1β and IL-6 were significantly increased in LPC-induced demyelination preparations without PAF but showed a redundancy in PAF-treated wild-type and knockout slices. These data suggest that PAF can play a detrimental role in LPC-induced demyelination probably due to a redundant response of PAFR-dependent and PAFR-independent effects on inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhisen Tian
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, People's Republic of China.,Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Tianci Chu
- Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Lisa B E Shields
- Norton Neuroscience Institute, Norton Healthcare, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Qingsan Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yi Ping Zhang
- Norton Neuroscience Institute, Norton Healthcare, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Maiying Kong
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, University of Louisville School of Public Health & Information Sciences, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Gregory N Barnes
- Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Yuanyi Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China.
| | - Christopher B Shields
- Norton Neuroscience Institute, Norton Healthcare, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Jun Cai
- Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
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14
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Slanzi A, Iannoto G, Rossi B, Zenaro E, Constantin G. In vitro Models of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:328. [PMID: 32528949 PMCID: PMC7247860 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are progressive degenerative conditions characterized by the functional deterioration and ultimate loss of neurons. These incurable and debilitating diseases affect millions of people worldwide, and therefore represent a major global health challenge with severe implications for individuals and society. Recently, several neuroprotective drugs have failed in human clinical trials despite promising pre-clinical data, suggesting that conventional cell cultures and animal models cannot precisely replicate human pathophysiology. To bridge the gap between animal and human studies, three-dimensional cell culture models have been developed from human or animal cells, allowing the effects of new therapies to be predicted more accurately by closely replicating some aspects of the brain environment, mimicking neuronal and glial cell interactions, and incorporating the effects of blood flow. In this review, we discuss the relative merits of different cerebral models, from traditional cell cultures to the latest high-throughput three-dimensional systems. We discuss their advantages and disadvantages as well as their potential to investigate the complex mechanisms of human neurodegenerative diseases. We focus on in vitro models of the most frequent age-related neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease and prion disease, and on multiple sclerosis, a chronic inflammatory neurodegenerative disease affecting young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Slanzi
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giulia Iannoto
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Barbara Rossi
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Elena Zenaro
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Gabriela Constantin
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,Center for Biomedical Computing (CBMC), University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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15
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Farnan JK, Green KK, Jackson JG. Ex Vivo Imaging of Mitochondrial Dynamics and Trafficking in Astrocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 92:e94. [PMID: 32176459 DOI: 10.1002/cpns.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential organelles involved in energy supply and calcium homeostasis. The regulated distribution of mitochondria in polarized cells, particularly neurons, is thought to be essential to these roles. Altered mitochondrial function and impairment of mitochondrial distribution and dynamics is implicated in a number of neurologic disorders. Several recent reports have described mechanisms regulating the activity-dependent distribution of mitochondria within astrocyte processes and the functional consequences of altered mitochondrial transport. Here we provide an ex vivo method for monitoring the transport of mitochondria within the processes of astrocytes using organotypic "slice" cultures. These methods can be easily adapted to investigate a wide range of mitochondrial behaviors, including fission and fusion dynamics, mitophagy, and calcium signaling in astrocytes and other cell types of the central nervous system. © 2020 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Basic Protocol 1: Preparation of brain slices Basic Protocol 2: Preparation of gene gun bullets Basic Protocol 3: Gene gun transfection of slices Basic Protocol 4: Visualization and tracking of mitochondrial movement Alternate Protocol: Transduction of EGFP-mito via viral injection of the neonatal mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia K Farnan
- Department of Pharmacology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kayla K Green
- Department of Pharmacology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Joshua G Jackson
- Department of Pharmacology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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16
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Dissanayake KN, Chou RCC, Brown R, Ribchester RR. Organotypic Culture Assay for Neuromuscular Synaptic Degeneration and Function. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2143:145-157. [PMID: 32524478 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0585-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We describe here an organotypic culture system we have used to investigate mechanisms that maintain structure and function of axon terminals at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). We developed this by taking advantage of the slow Wallerian degeneration phenotype in mutant Wlds mice, using these to compare preservation of NMJs with degeneration in nerve-muscle preparations from wild-type mice. We take hind limb tibial nerve/flexor digitorum brevis and lumbrical muscles and incubate them in mammalian physiological saline at 32 °C for 24-48 h. Integrity of NMJs can then be compared using a combination of electrophysiological and morphological techniques. We illustrate our method with data showing synaptic preservation ex vivo in nerve-muscle explants from Sarm-1 null-mutant mice. The ex vivo assays of NMJ integrity we describe here may therefore be useful for detailed investigation of synaptic maintenance and degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosala N Dissanayake
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and the Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Robert Chang-Chih Chou
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and the Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rosalind Brown
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and the Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Richard R Ribchester
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and the Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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17
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Sanabria-Castro A, Flores-Díaz M, Alape-Girón A. Biological models in multiple sclerosis. J Neurosci Res 2019; 98:491-508. [PMID: 31571267 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Considering the etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS) is still unknown, experimental models resembling specific aspects of this immune-mediated demyelinating human disease have been developed to increase the understanding of processes related to pathogenesis, disease evolution, evaluation of therapeutic interventions, and demyelination and remyelination mechanisms. Based on the nature of the investigation, biological models may include in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo assessments. Even though these approaches have disclosed valuable information, every disease animal model has limitations and can only replicate specific features of MS. In vitro and ex vivo models generally do not reflect what occurs in the organism, and in vivo animal models are more likely used; nevertheless, they are able to reproduce only certain stages of the disease. In vivo MS disease animal models in mammals include: experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, viral encephalomyelitis, and induced demyelination. This review examines and describes the most common biological disease animal models for the study of MS, their specific characteristics and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Sanabria-Castro
- Research Unit, San Juan de Dios Hospital CCSS, San José, Costa Rica.,School of Pharmacy, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
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18
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Gulino M, Kim D, Pané S, Santos SD, Pêgo AP. Tissue Response to Neural Implants: The Use of Model Systems Toward New Design Solutions of Implantable Microelectrodes. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:689. [PMID: 31333407 PMCID: PMC6624471 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of implantable neuroelectrodes is advancing rapidly as these tools are becoming increasingly ubiquitous in clinical practice, especially for the treatment of traumatic and neurodegenerative disorders. Electrodes have been exploited in a wide number of neural interface devices, such as deep brain stimulation, which is one of the most successful therapies with proven efficacy in the treatment of diseases like Parkinson or epilepsy. However, one of the main caveats related to the clinical application of electrodes is the nervous tissue response at the injury site, characterized by a cascade of inflammatory events, which culminate in chronic inflammation, and, in turn, result in the failure of the implant over extended periods of time. To overcome current limitations of the most widespread macroelectrode based systems, new design strategies and the development of innovative materials with superior biocompatibility characteristics are currently being investigated. This review describes the current state of the art of in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models available for the study of neural tissue response to implantable microelectrodes. We particularly highlight new models with increased complexity that closely mimic in vivo scenarios and that can serve as promising alternatives to animal studies for investigation of microelectrodes in neural tissues. Additionally, we also express our view on the impact of the progress in the field of neural tissue engineering on neural implant research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Gulino
- i3S – Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- INEB – Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- FEUP – Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Donghoon Kim
- Multi-Scale Robotics Lab (MSRL), Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems (IRIS), ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Salvador Pané
- Multi-Scale Robotics Lab (MSRL), Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems (IRIS), ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sofia Duque Santos
- i3S – Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- INEB – Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Paula Pêgo
- i3S – Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- INEB – Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- FEUP – Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS – Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Joost S, Mikkat S, Wille M, Schümann A, Schmitt O. Membrane Protein Identification in Rodent Brain Tissue Samples and Acute Brain Slices. Cells 2019; 8:cells8050423. [PMID: 31072038 PMCID: PMC6562397 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute brain slices are a sample format for electrophysiology, disease modeling, and organotypic cultures. Proteome analyses based on mass spectrometric measurements are seldom used on acute slices, although they offer high-content protein analyses and explorative approaches. In neuroscience, membrane proteins are of special interest for proteome-based analysis as they are necessary for metabolic, electrical, and signaling functions, including myelin maintenance and regeneration. A previously published protocol for the enrichment of plasma membrane proteins based on aqueous two-phase polymer systems followed by mass spectrometric protein identification was adjusted to the small sample size of single acute murine slices from newborn animals and the reproducibility of the results was analyzed. For this, plasma membrane proteins of 12 acute slice samples from six animals were enriched and analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. A total of 1161 proteins were identified, of which 369 were assigned to membranes. Protein abundances showed high reproducibility between samples. The plasma membrane protein separation protocol can be applied to single acute slices despite the low sample size and offers a high yield of identifiable proteins. This is not only the prerequisite for proteome analysis of organotypic slice cultures but also allows for the analysis of small-sized isolated brain regions at the proteome level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Joost
- Institute of Anatomy, University Medical Center Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Stefan Mikkat
- Core Facility Proteome Analysis, University Medical Center Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Michael Wille
- Institute of Anatomy, University Medical Center Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Antje Schümann
- Institute of Anatomy, University Medical Center Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Oliver Schmitt
- Institute of Anatomy, University Medical Center Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
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20
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Significance of the Stress Research: “In Memoriam, Richard Kvetnansky”. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-017-0569-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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