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Singh AA, Yadav D, Khan F, Song M. Indole-3-Carbinol and Its Derivatives as Neuroprotective Modulators. Brain Sci 2024; 14:674. [PMID: 39061415 PMCID: PMC11274471 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14070674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its downstream tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) signaling pathway play pivotal roles in the resilience and action of antidepressant drugs, making them prominent targets in psychiatric research. Oxidative stress (OS) contributes to various neurological disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases, stroke, and mental illnesses, and exacerbates the aging process. The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-antioxidant responsive element (ARE) serves as the primary cellular defense mechanism against OS-induced brain damage. Thus, Nrf2 activation may confer endogenous neuroprotection against OS-related cellular damage; notably, the TrkB/phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) pathway, stimulated by BDNF-dependent TrkB signaling, activates Nrf2 and promotes its nuclear translocation. However, insufficient neurotrophin support often leads to the downregulation of the TrkB signaling pathway in brain diseases. Thus, targeting TrkB activation and the Nrf2-ARE system is a promising therapeutic strategy for treating neurodegenerative diseases. Phytochemicals, including indole-3-carbinol (I3C) and its metabolite, diindolylmethane (DIM), exhibit neuroprotective effects through BDNF's mimetic activity; Akt phosphorylation is induced, and the antioxidant defense mechanism is activated by blocking the Nrf2-kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) complex. This review emphasizes the therapeutic potential of I3C and its derivatives for concurrently activating neuronal defense mechanisms in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alka Ashok Singh
- Department of Life Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea; (A.A.S.); (D.Y.)
| | - Dhananjay Yadav
- Department of Life Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea; (A.A.S.); (D.Y.)
| | - Fazlurrahman Khan
- Institute of Fisheries Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea;
- International Graduate Program of Fisheries Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Minseok Song
- Department of Life Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea; (A.A.S.); (D.Y.)
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Zhang T, Feng L, Cui J, Tong W, Zhao H, Wu T, Zhang P, Wang X, Gao Y, Su J, Fu X. Hexavalent Chromium Induces Neurotoxicity by Triggering Mitochondrial Dysfunction and ROS-Mediated Signals. Neurochem Res 2024; 49:660-669. [PMID: 38010603 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-04063-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Hexavalent chromium (Cr (VI)), one of the most detrimental pollutants, has been ubiquitously present in the environment and causes serious toxicity to humans, such as hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, pulmonary toxicity, and cardiotoxicity. However, Cr (VI)-induced neurotoxicity in primary neuron level has not been well explored yet. Herein, potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) was employed to examine the neurotoxicity of Cr (VI) in rat primary hippocampal neurons. MTT test was used to examine the neural viability. Mitochondrial dysfunction was assessed by the JC-1 probe and Mito-Tracker probe. DCFH-DA and Mito-SOX Red were utilized to evaluate the oxidative status. Bcl-2 family and MAPKs expression were investigated using Western blotting. The results demonstrated that Cr (VI) treatment dose- and time-dependently inhibited neural viability. Mechanism investigation found that Cr (VI) treatment causes mitochondrial dysfunction by affecting Bcl-2 family expression. Moreover, Cr (VI) treatment also induces intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, DNA damage, and MAPKs activation in neurons. However, inhibition of ROS by glutathione (GSH) effectually balanced Bcl-2 family expression, attenuated DNA damage and the MAPKs activation, and eventually improved neural viability neurons. Collectively, these above results above suggest that Cr (VI) causes significant neurotoxicity by triggering mitochondrial dysfunction, ROS-mediated oxidative damage and MAKPs activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Linyi, Linyi, 276000, Shandong, China
| | - Lina Feng
- Shandong Key Laboratory of TCM Multi-Target Intervention and Disease Control, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Taian, 271000, Shandong, China
| | - Jie Cui
- Shandong Key Laboratory of TCM Multi-Target Intervention and Disease Control, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Taian, 271000, Shandong, China
| | - Weiwei Tong
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Affiliated Taian City Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Taian, 271000, Shandong, China
| | - Han Zhao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Affiliated Taian City Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Taian, 271000, Shandong, China
| | - Tingchao Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Affiliated Taian City Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Taian, 271000, Shandong, China
| | - Pu Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Affiliated Taian City Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Taian, 271000, Shandong, China
| | - Xianjun Wang
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Linyi, Linyi, 276000, Shandong, China
| | - Yingjun Gao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Affiliated Taian City Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Taian, 271000, Shandong, China.
| | - Jing Su
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Affiliated Taian City Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Taian, 271000, Shandong, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Fu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of TCM Multi-Target Intervention and Disease Control, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Taian, 271000, Shandong, China.
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Liu M, Zeng M, Wang S, Cao B, Guo P, Zhang Y, Jia J, Zhang Q, Zhang B, Wang R, Li J, Zheng X, Feng W. Thymidine and 2'-deoxyuridine reduce microglial activation and improve oxidative stress damage by modulating glycolytic metabolism on the Aβ 25-35-induced brain injury. Arch Biochem Biophys 2022; 729:109377. [PMID: 35998686 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2022.109377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive disease with a long duration and complicated pathogenesis. Thymidine (Thy) and 2'-deoxyuridine (2'-De) are pyrimidines nucleotides that are associated with nervous system diseases. However, it remains unclear whether Thy and 2'-De exert neuroprotective effects in AD. Therefore, this study was conducted to explore the interventional effects and mechanisms of Thy and 2'-De on the Aβ25-35-induced brain injury. Donepezil (Do, 10 mg/kg/d), Thy (20 mg/kg/d), and 2'-De (20 mg/kg/d) were administered for 4 weeks after the injection of Aβ25-35 peptides (200 μM, i.c.v.) to mice. UPLC-MS/MS method was performed to quantify Thy and 2'-De in the hippocampus of mice brain. The cognition ability, neuronal and mitochondria damage, and levels of Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40, p-Tau, Na+ K+-ATPase, apoptosis, oxidative stress, immune cells, and Iba 1+ were measured in Aβ25-35-induced mice. The oxygen consumption (OCR) and extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) were measured using a seahorse analyzer in Aβ25-35-induced N9 cells. Moreover, 2-Deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG), a glycolysis inhibitor, was added to explore the mechanisms underlying the effects of Thy and 2'-De on Aβ25-35-induced N9 cells. The expression of Iba 1+ and levels of CD11b+ and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured after treatment with Thy (5 μM) and 2'-De (10 μM) against 2-DG (5 mM) in Aβ25-35-induced N9 cells. The results suggested that Do, Thy, and 2'-De improved the cognition ability, attenuated the damage to hippocampus and mitochondria, downregulated the levels of Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40, p-Tau, Na+ K+-ATPase, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and Iba 1+, and regulated the immune response induced by Aβ25-35 against the brain injury. Furthermore, Do, Thy, and 2'-De increased ATP production and inhibited glycolysis in Aβ25-35-induced N9 cells. Moreover, 2-DG enhanced the effects of drugs, reduced microglial activation, and attenuated oxidative stress to interfere with Aβ25-35-induced N9 cells. In conclusion, Thy and 2'-De reduced microglial activation and improved oxidative stress damage by modulating glycolytic metabolism on the Aβ25-35-induced brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China; The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Mengnan Zeng
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China; The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Shengchao Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China; The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Bing Cao
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China; The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Pengli Guo
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China; The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Yuhan Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China; The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Jufang Jia
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China; The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Qinqin Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China; The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Beibei Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China; The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Ru Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China; The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Jinyue Li
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Xiaoke Zheng
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China; The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| | - Weisheng Feng
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China; The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
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Song H, Yang J, Yu W. Promoter Hypomethylation of TGFBR3 as a Risk Factor of Alzheimer’s Disease: An Integrated Epigenomic-Transcriptomic Analysis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:825729. [PMID: 35310542 PMCID: PMC8924075 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.825729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by the abnormal deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and tau tangles in the brain and accompanied with cognitive impairment. However, the fundamental cause of this disease remains elusive. To elucidate the molecular processes related to AD, we carried out an integrated analysis utilizing gene expression microarrays (GSE36980 and GSE5281) and DNA methylation microarray (GSE66351) in temporal cortex of AD patients from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. We totally discovered 409 aberrantly methylated and differentially expressed genes. These dysregulated genes were significantly enriched in biological processes including cell part morphogenesis, chemical synaptic transmission and regulation of Aβ formation. Through convergent functional genomic (CFG) analysis, expression cross-validation and clinicopathological correlation analysis, higher TGFBR3 level was observed in AD and positively correlated with Aβ accumulation. Meanwhile, the promoter methylation level of TGFBR3 was reduced in AD and negatively associated with Aβ level and advanced Braak stage. Mechanically, TGFBR3 might promote Aβ production by enhancing β- and γ-secretase activities. Further investigation revealed that TGFBR3 may exert its functions via Synaptic vesicle cycle, Calcium signaling pathway and MAPK signal pathway by regulating hub genes GNB1, GNG3, CDC5L, DYNC1H1 and FBXW7. Overall, our findings highlighted TGFBR3 as an AD risk gene and might be used as a diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Song
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology of Guizhou Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jue Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academic of Sciences, Guiyang, China
| | - Wenfeng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology of Guizhou Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- *Correspondence: Wenfeng Yu,
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Castillo CA, Ballesteros-Yáñez I, León-Navarro DA, Albasanz JL, Martín M. Early Effects of the Soluble Amyloid β 25-35 Peptide in Rat Cortical Neurons: Modulation of Signal Transduction Mediated by Adenosine and Group I Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126577. [PMID: 34205261 PMCID: PMC8234864 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The amyloid β peptide (Aβ) is a central player in the neuropathology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The alteration of Aβ homeostasis may impact the fine-tuning of cell signaling from the very beginning of the disease, when amyloid plaque is not deposited yet. For this reason, primary culture of rat cortical neurons was exposed to Aβ25-35, a non-oligomerizable form of Aβ. Cell viability, metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR) and adenosine receptors (AR) expression and signalling were assessed. Aβ25-35 increased mGluR density and affinity, mainly due to a higher gene expression and protein presence of Group I mGluR (mGluR1 and mGluR5) in the membrane of cortical neurons. Intriguingly, the main effector of group I mGluR, the phospholipase C β1 isoform, was less responsive. Also, the inhibitory action of group II and group III mGluR on adenylate cyclase (AC) activity was unaltered or increased, respectively. Interestingly, pre-treatment of cortical neurons with an antagonist of group I mGluR reduced the Aβ25-35-induced cell death. Besides, Aβ25-35 increased the density of A1R and A2AR, along with an increase in their gene expression. However, while A1R-mediated AC inhibition was increased, the A2AR-mediated stimulation of AC remained unchanged. Therefore, one of the early events that takes place after Aβ25-35 exposure is the up-regulation of adenosine A1R, A2AR, and group I mGluR, and the different impacts on their corresponding signaling pathways. These results emphasize the importance of deciphering the early events and the possible involvement of metabotropic glutamate and adenosine receptors in AD physiopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Alberto Castillo
- Department of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, School of Physiotherapy and Nursing, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain;
- Regional Center for Biomedical Research (CRIB), University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain; (I.B.-Y.); (D.A.L.-N.); (M.M.)
| | - Inmaculada Ballesteros-Yáñez
- Regional Center for Biomedical Research (CRIB), University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain; (I.B.-Y.); (D.A.L.-N.); (M.M.)
- Department of Inorganic, School of Medicine of Ciudad Real, Organic and Biochemistry, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - David Agustín León-Navarro
- Regional Center for Biomedical Research (CRIB), University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain; (I.B.-Y.); (D.A.L.-N.); (M.M.)
- Department of Inorganic, Faculty of Chemical and Technological Sciences, Organic and Biochemistry, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - José Luis Albasanz
- Regional Center for Biomedical Research (CRIB), University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain; (I.B.-Y.); (D.A.L.-N.); (M.M.)
- Department of Inorganic, School of Medicine of Ciudad Real, Organic and Biochemistry, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Mairena Martín
- Regional Center for Biomedical Research (CRIB), University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain; (I.B.-Y.); (D.A.L.-N.); (M.M.)
- Department of Inorganic, Faculty of Chemical and Technological Sciences, Organic and Biochemistry, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
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