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Asanomi Y, Kimura T, Shimoda N, Shigemizu D, Niida S, Ozaki K. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knock-in cells of the late-onset Alzheimer's disease-risk variant, SHARPIN G186R, reveal reduced NF-κB pathway and accelerated Aβ secretion. J Hum Genet 2024; 69:171-176. [PMID: 38351238 PMCID: PMC11043039 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-024-01224-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Asanomi
- Medical Genome Center, Research Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tetsuaki Kimura
- Medical Genome Center, Research Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Shimoda
- Medical Genome Center, Research Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan
| | - Daichi Shigemizu
- Medical Genome Center, Research Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shumpei Niida
- Center for Core Facility Administration, Research Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kouichi Ozaki
- Medical Genome Center, Research Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan.
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.
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Miao J, Lan T, Guo H, Wang J, Zhang G, Wang Z, Yang P, Li H, Zhang C, Wang Y, Li X, Miao M. Characterization of SHARPIN knockout Syrian hamsters developed using CRISPR/Cas9 system. Animal Model Exp Med 2023; 6:489-498. [PMID: 36097701 PMCID: PMC10614123 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SHARPIN (SHANK-associated RH domain interactor) is a component of the linear ubiquitination complex that regulates the NF-κB signaling pathway. To better understand the function of SHARPIN, we sought to establish a novel genetically engineered Syrian hamster with SHARPIN disruption using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. METHODS A single-guide ribonucleic acid targeting exon 1 of SHARPIN gene was designed and constructed. The zygotes generated by cytoplasmic injection of the Cas9/gRNA ribonucleoprotein were transferred into pseudopregnant hamsters. Neonatal mutants were identified by genotyping. SHARPIN protein expression was detected using Western blotting assay. Splenic, mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs), and thymic weights were measured, and organ coefficients were calculated. Histopathological examination of the spleen, liver, lung, small intestine, and esophagus was performed independently by a pathologist. The expression of lymphocytic markers and cytokines was evaluated using reverse transcriptase-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS All the offspring harbored germline-transmitted SHARPIN mutations. Compared with wild-type hamsters, SHARPIN protein was undetectable in SHARPIN-/- hamsters. Spleen enlargement and splenic coefficient elevation were spotted in SHARPIN-/- hamsters, with the descent of MLNs and thymuses. Further, eosinophil infiltration and structural alteration in spleens, livers, lungs, small intestines, and esophagi were obvious after the deletion of SHARPIN. Notably, the expression of CD94 and CD22 was downregulated in the spleens of knockout (KO) animals. Nonetheless, the expression of CCR3, CCL11, Il4, and Il13 was upregulated in the esophagi. The expression of NF-κB and phosphorylation of NF-κB and IκB protein significantly diminished in SHARPIN-/- animals. CONCLUSIONS A novel SHARPIN KO hamster was successfully established using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Abnormal development of secondary lymphoid organs and eosinophil infiltration in multiple organs reveal its potential in delineating SHARPIN function and chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxin Miao
- Academy of Chinese Medicine ScienceHenan University of Chinese MedicineZhengzhouHenanPeople's Republic of China
| | - Tianfeng Lan
- Sino‐British Research Center for Molecular Oncology, National Center for the International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, School of Basic Sciences, Academy of Medical SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanPeople's Republic of China
| | - Haoran Guo
- Sino‐British Research Center for Molecular Oncology, National Center for the International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, School of Basic Sciences, Academy of Medical SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanPeople's Republic of China
| | - Jianyao Wang
- Sino‐British Research Center for Molecular Oncology, National Center for the International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, School of Basic Sciences, Academy of Medical SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanPeople's Republic of China
| | - Guangtao Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Longhua HospitalShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiPeople's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Academy of Chinese Medicine ScienceHenan University of Chinese MedicineZhengzhouHenanPeople's Republic of China
- Sino‐British Research Center for Molecular Oncology, National Center for the International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, School of Basic Sciences, Academy of Medical SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanPeople's Republic of China
| | - Panpan Yang
- Sino‐British Research Center for Molecular Oncology, National Center for the International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, School of Basic Sciences, Academy of Medical SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanPeople's Republic of China
| | - Haoze Li
- Sino‐British Research Center for Molecular Oncology, National Center for the International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, School of Basic Sciences, Academy of Medical SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanPeople's Republic of China
| | - Chunyang Zhang
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanPeople's Republic of China
- Department of General Thoracic SurgeryHami Central HospitalHamiXinjiangPeople's Republic of China
| | - Yaohe Wang
- Sino‐British Research Center for Molecular Oncology, National Center for the International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, School of Basic Sciences, Academy of Medical SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanPeople's Republic of China
- Centre for Molecular OncologyBarts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Xiu‐Min Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Department of OtolaryngologyNew York Medical College and School of MedicineValhallaNew YorkUSA
| | - Mingsan Miao
- Academy of Chinese Medicine ScienceHenan University of Chinese MedicineZhengzhouHenanPeople's Republic of China
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Andrade-Guerrero J, Santiago-Balmaseda A, Jeronimo-Aguilar P, Vargas-Rodríguez I, Cadena-Suárez AR, Sánchez-Garibay C, Pozo-Molina G, Méndez-Catalá CF, Cardenas-Aguayo MDC, Diaz-Cintra S, Pacheco-Herrero M, Luna-Muñoz J, Soto-Rojas LO. Alzheimer's Disease: An Updated Overview of Its Genetics. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043754. [PMID: 36835161 PMCID: PMC9966419 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease in the world. It is classified as familial and sporadic. The dominant familial or autosomal presentation represents 1-5% of the total number of cases. It is categorized as early onset (EOAD; <65 years of age) and presents genetic mutations in presenilin 1 (PSEN1), presenilin 2 (PSEN2), or the Amyloid precursor protein (APP). Sporadic AD represents 95% of the cases and is categorized as late-onset (LOAD), occurring in patients older than 65 years of age. Several risk factors have been identified in sporadic AD; aging is the main one. Nonetheless, multiple genes have been associated with the different neuropathological events involved in LOAD, such as the pathological processing of Amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide and Tau protein, as well as synaptic and mitochondrial dysfunctions, neurovascular alterations, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation, among others. Interestingly, using genome-wide association study (GWAS) technology, many polymorphisms associated with LOAD have been identified. This review aims to analyze the new genetic findings that are closely related to the pathophysiology of AD. Likewise, it analyzes the multiple mutations identified to date through GWAS that are associated with a high or low risk of developing this neurodegeneration. Understanding genetic variability will allow for the identification of early biomarkers and opportune therapeutic targets for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Andrade-Guerrero
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis Molecular, Laboratorio 4, Edificio A4, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Edomex, Mexico
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla 76230, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Alberto Santiago-Balmaseda
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis Molecular, Laboratorio 4, Edificio A4, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Edomex, Mexico
- Red MEDICI, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Edomex, Mexico
| | - Paola Jeronimo-Aguilar
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis Molecular, Laboratorio 4, Edificio A4, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Edomex, Mexico
- Red MEDICI, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Edomex, Mexico
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico
| | - Isaac Vargas-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla 76230, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Ana Ruth Cadena-Suárez
- National Dementia BioBank, Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad-Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuatitlan 53150, Edomex, Mexico
| | - Carlos Sánchez-Garibay
- Departamento de Neuropatología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Ciudad de México 14269, Mexico
| | - Glustein Pozo-Molina
- Laboratorio de Genética y Oncología Molecular, Laboratorio 5, Edificio A4, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Edomex, Mexico
| | - Claudia Fabiola Méndez-Catalá
- Laboratorio de Genética y Oncología Molecular, Laboratorio 5, Edificio A4, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Edomex, Mexico
- División de Investigación y Posgrado, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Edomex, Mexico
| | - Maria-del-Carmen Cardenas-Aguayo
- Laboratory of Cellular Reprogramming, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Sofía Diaz-Cintra
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla 76230, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Mar Pacheco-Herrero
- Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra, Santiago de los Caballeros 51000, Dominican Republic
| | - José Luna-Muñoz
- National Dementia BioBank, Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad-Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuatitlan 53150, Edomex, Mexico
- National Brain Bank-UNPHU, Universidad Nacional Pedro Henríquez Ureña, Santo Domingo 1423, Dominican Republic
- Correspondence: (J.L.-M.); (L.O.S.-R.); Tel.: +52-55-45-23-41-20 (J.L.-M.); +52-55-39-37-94-30 (L.O.S.-R.)
| | - Luis O. Soto-Rojas
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis Molecular, Laboratorio 4, Edificio A4, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Edomex, Mexico
- Red MEDICI, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Edomex, Mexico
- Correspondence: (J.L.-M.); (L.O.S.-R.); Tel.: +52-55-45-23-41-20 (J.L.-M.); +52-55-39-37-94-30 (L.O.S.-R.)
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Wu T, Lin D, Cheng Y, Jiang S, Riaz MW, Fu N, Mou C, Ye M, Zheng Y. Amyloid Cascade Hypothesis for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease: Progress and Challenges. Aging Dis 2022; 13:1745-1758. [PMID: 36465173 PMCID: PMC9662281 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2022.0412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The amyloid cascade hypothesis has always been a research focus in the therapeutic field of Alzheimer's disease (AD) since it was put forward. Numerous researchers attempted to find drugs for AD treatment based on this hypothesis. To promote the research of anti-AD drugs development, the current hypothesis and pathogenesis were reviewed with expounding of β-amyloid generation from its precursor protein and related transformations. Meanwhile, the present drug development strategies aimed at each stage in this hypothesis were also summarized. Several strategies especially immunotherapy showed the optimistic results in clinical trials, but only a small percentage of them eventually succeeded. In this review, we also tried to point out some common problems of drug development in preclinical and clinical studies which might be settled through multidisciplinary cooperation as well as the understanding that reinforces the amyloid cascade hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Ding Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Yaqian Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Senze Jiang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Muhammad Waheed Riaz
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Nina Fu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Chenhao Mou
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Menglu Ye
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Ying Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
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Asanomi Y, Shigemizu D, Akiyama S, Miyashita A, Mitsumori R, Hara N, Ikeuchi T, Niida S, Ozaki K. A functional variant of SHARPIN confers increased risk of late-onset Alzheimer's disease. J Hum Genet 2022; 67:203-208. [PMID: 34737388 PMCID: PMC8948087 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-021-00987-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) is the most common form of dementia, and its pathogenesis is multifactorial. We previously reported a rare functional variant of SHARPIN (rs572750141, NP_112236.3:p.Gly186Arg) that was significantly associated with LOAD. In addition, several recent studies have suggested the potential role of SHARPIN in AD pathogenesis. In this study, we sought to identify additional functional variants of SHARPIN in Japanese population. Six highly deleterious variants of SHARPIN, comprising four missense variants, one frameshift variant, and one stop-gain variant were detected from whole-genome sequencing data for 180 patients with LOAD and 184 with mild cognitive impairment. One of these candidate variants (rs77359862, NP_112236.3:p.Arg274Trp) was significantly associated with an increased risk of LOAD in 5043 LOAD cases and 11984 controls (P = 0.0016, odds ratio = 1.43). Furthermore, this variant SHARPIN showed aberrant cellular localization and reduced the activation of NF-κB, a central mediator of inflammatory and immune responses. Further investigation of the physiologic role of SHARPIN may reveal the mechanism of onset of LOAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Asanomi
- grid.419257.c0000 0004 1791 9005Medical Genome Center, Research Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi Japan
| | - Daichi Shigemizu
- grid.419257.c0000 0004 1791 9005Medical Genome Center, Research Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi Japan ,grid.265073.50000 0001 1014 9130Department of Medical Science Mathematics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan ,grid.509459.40000 0004 0472 0267RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shintaro Akiyama
- grid.419257.c0000 0004 1791 9005Medical Genome Center, Research Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi Japan
| | - Akinori Miyashita
- grid.260975.f0000 0001 0671 5144Department of Molecular Genetics, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Risa Mitsumori
- grid.419257.c0000 0004 1791 9005Medical Genome Center, Research Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi Japan
| | - Norikazu Hara
- grid.260975.f0000 0001 0671 5144Department of Molecular Genetics, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ikeuchi
- grid.260975.f0000 0001 0671 5144Department of Molecular Genetics, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Shumpei Niida
- grid.419257.c0000 0004 1791 9005Medical Genome Center, Research Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi Japan
| | - Kouichi Ozaki
- Medical Genome Center, Research Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan. .,RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.
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Xu L, Pan CL, Wu XH, Song JJ, Meng P, Li L, Wang L, Zhang Z, Zhang ZY. Inhibition of Smad3 in macrophages promotes Aβ efflux from the brain and thereby ameliorates Alzheimer's pathology. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 95:154-167. [PMID: 33737172 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired amyloid-β (Aβ) clearance is believed to be a primary cause of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and peripheral abnormalities in Aβ clearance have recently been linked to AD pathogenesis and progression. Data from recent genome-wide association studies have linked genetic risk factors associated with altered functions of more immune cells to AD pathology. Here, we first identified correlations of Smad3 signaling activation in peripheral macrophages with AD progression and phagocytosis of Aβ. Then, manipulating the Smad3 signaling regulated macrophage phagocytosis of Aβ and induced switch of macrophage inflammatory phenotypes in our cell cultures. In our mouse models, flag-tagged or fluorescent-dye conjugated Aβ was injected into the lateral ventricles or tail veins, and traced. Interestingly, blocking Smad3 signaling efficiently increased Aβ clearance by macrophages, reduced Aβ in the periphery and thereby enhanced Aβ efflux from the brain. Moreover, in our APP/PS1 transgenic AD model mice, Smad3 inhibition significantly attenuated Aβ deposition and neuroinflammation, and ameliorated cognitive deficits, probably by enhancing the peripheral clearance of Aβ. In conclusion, enhancing Aβ clearance by peripheral macrophages through Smad3 inhibition attenuated AD-related pathology and cognitive deficits, which may provide a new perspective for understanding AD and finding novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Xu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; The Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of Ministry of Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Cai-Long Pan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; The Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of Ministry of Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Xiang-Hui Wu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Jing-Jing Song
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Ping Meng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Department of Pathology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lei Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Hygiene Analysis and Detection, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Zhiren Zhang
- Institute of Immunology, Army Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Main Street, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; The Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of Ministry of Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Department of Neurology, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
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