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Keyes KM, Kreski NT, Patrick ME. Depressive Symptoms in Adolescence and Young Adulthood. JAMA Netw Open 2024; 7:e2427748. [PMID: 39141383 PMCID: PMC11325205 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.27748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Importance Depressive symptoms have increased among US adolescents since 2010. It remains unclear as to what extent this increase will persist into young adulthood, potentially turning the youth mental health crisis into a young adult mental health crisis. Objective To test the association between birth cohort and adolescent depressive symptoms at ages 18, 19 to 20, and 21 to 22 years and changes in these symptoms by cohort. Design, Setting, and Participants This panel cohort study analyzed data from the Monitoring the Future longitudinal survey from 1990 to 2019, including birth cohorts from 1972 to 2001. Survey respondents were recruited from US high schools in 12th grade and were approximately aged 18 years (at baseline) through age 21 to 22 years (during mail and web follow-up). Data analysis was conducted from April to October 2023. Exposure Depressive symptoms score (>12 vs ≤12, with >12 representing top-decile scores) on a scale examining affective items (eg, "Life often seems meaningless"). Main Outcomes and Measures High (vs lower) depressive symptoms at ages 19 to 20 years and 21 to 22 years. Results The 36 552 respondents included 18 597 females (50.5%), and most reported having a parent who graduated from college (44.8%). Among females, 19.1% (95% CI, 16.7%-21.4%) of the most recent birth cohort (born: 1997-2001) had high depressive symptoms at age 18 years, higher than any previous birth cohort. While prevalence declined by age 21 to 22 years, it remained higher than previous cohorts at that age. Among males, 13.4% (95% CI, 11.2%-15.6%) of the most recent birth cohort had high depressive symptoms at age 18 years, and prevalence increased through young adulthood. Males with high baseline depressive symptoms had 10.24 (95% CI, 7.01-14.97) times the odds of symptoms at age 19 to 20 years and 6.20 (95% CI, 3.93-9.78) times the odds of symptoms at age 21 to 22 years. Females with high baseline depressive symptoms had 9.16 (95% CI, 6.57-12.76) times the odds of symptoms at age 19 to 20 years and 7.28 (95% CI, 4.92-10.78) times the odds of symptoms at age 21 to 22 years. The magnitude of the associations did not vary over time. Population attributable fractions indicated that the total proportion of young adult symptoms associated with depressive symptoms at age 18 years among females has increased; in the most recent birth cohort, 55.25% (95% CI, 38.11%-65.13%) of depressive symptoms at age 21 to 22 years were associated with symptoms at age 18 years. Conclusions and Relevance This panel cohort study found that increases in depressive symptoms in adolescence persisted into young adulthood, suggesting the need for primary prevention and mental health resources during the adolescent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Keyes
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Noah T Kreski
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Megan E Patrick
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
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Kaasbøll J, Sigurdson JF, Skokauskas N, Sund AM. Cohort profile: The Youth and Mental Health Study (YAMHS) - a longitudinal study of the period from adolescence to adulthood. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247036. [PMID: 33606731 PMCID: PMC7895392 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this article is to provide a detailed description of the Youth and Mental Health Study (YAMHS),a population-based, representative (cluster sampling), prospective cohort study that was conducted to investigate risk and resilience factors for mental health conditions, specifically depressive symptoms and disorders, from adolescence to adulthood. The baseline data were collected in 1998 (T1) in two counties in central Norway from 2464 adolescents (response rate 88.3%, mean age 13.7 years). The first follow-up was conducted in 1999 (T2) (n = 2432, response rate of 87.1%, mean age 14.9 years). A subgroup of individuals was assessed at T2 (n = 345) with clinical interviews, and this subgroup was reassessed in 2005 (T3) (n = 265, 70.1%, 20 years). The last follow-up (of participants assessed at T1 and T2) was conducted in 2012 (T4) (n = 1266, 51.9%, 27.2 years). Demographics, depressive symptoms, general psychopathology, suicidal ideation and attempts and psychological and somatic factors were recorded. Among adolescents of both sexes, psychosocial variables were correlated with and predicted depressive symptom severity. The strongest predictors were sex (female), the levels of depressive symptoms the preceding year, and the total number of stressful events. The association between stressful life events and depressive symptoms was moderated by physical activity, while the relationship between stressful events and coping style was mediated by depressive symptoms. The rate of use of specialised mental health services among the depressed was low. The lifetime prevalence of depressive disorders was 23% at 15 years, and the most common disorder was minor depression. Adolescents who attempted suicide were more often victims of violence and less resilient than were non-suicide attempters. The existing longitudinal data from the cohort will be further analysed. Follow-up data will be obtained from existing national registries by links created with individual identification numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannike Kaasbøll
- Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare (RKBU Central Norway), Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Health Research, SINTEF Digital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Johannes Foss Sigurdson
- Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare (RKBU Central Norway), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Norbert Skokauskas
- Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare (RKBU Central Norway), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anne Mari Sund
- Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare (RKBU Central Norway), Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, St. Olav’s Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
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Abdollahzadeh Rafi M, Hasanzadeh Avval M, Yazdani AA, Bahrami F. The Influence of Religiosity on the Emotional-Behavioral Health of Adolescents. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2020; 59:1870-1888. [PMID: 30565166 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-018-00747-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Religion is a multidimensional structure. Former studies examined only one or a few dimensions of the religion and the study that has looked comprehensively to the topic was not found. Considering this feature, the impact of religion on the emotional-behavioral health of adolescents should be investigated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of religiosity on the emotional-behavioral health of adolescents. Data were collected using religiosity, trauma resilience scale, emotional abuse, and Achenbach's Youth Self Report questionnaires in a 511-person sample of adolescents (318 girls and 193 boys). The results showed that various dimensions of religiosity are positively correlated with emotional-behavioral health of adolescents. A positive correlation was found between individual and familial factors with emotional-behavioral health of adolescents. Religiosity directly affects the emotional-behavioral health of adolescents. It also indirectly affects the emotional-behavioral health of adolescents through familial and individual factors. These findings show the important role of individual and familial factors in the impact of religiosity on the emotional-behavioral health of adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Abas Ali Yazdani
- University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fazel Bahrami
- University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Wickersham A, Leightley D, Archer M, Fear NT. The association between paternal psychopathology and adolescent depression and anxiety: A systematic review. J Adolesc 2020; 79:232-246. [PMID: 31986478 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2020.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Paternal psychopathology is associated with various adolescent outcomes. With emotional disorders presenting a significant public health concern in the adolescent age group, the aim of this systematic review was to synthesize evidence on the relationship between paternal mental health and adolescent anxiety or depression. METHODS PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Ovid MEDLINE, Global Health, and PsycINFO were searched for articles which primarily aimed to investigate the relationship between paternal mental health (exposure) and adolescent anxiety or depression (outcome). Articles were assessed for risk of bias, and findings are presented in a narrative synthesis. The protocol is registered on PROSPERO (CRD42018094076). RESULTS Findings from the fourteen included studies indicated that paternal depression is associated with adolescent depression and anxiety. Findings relating to other paternal mental health disorders were inconclusive. Results largely suggested that adolescent depression and anxiety is equally associated with paternal and maternal mental health. The included studies were mostly cross-sectional, and the quality of included studies was mixed. Attempts to focus on the 11-17 year age range were hampered by the variability of age ranges included in studies. CONCLUSIONS Further longitudinal research is needed to clarify the association between paternal mental health disorders other than depression, and adolescent anxiety or depression. Mechanisms in this relationship should also be further explored, and could be informed by existing models on younger children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Wickersham
- King's Centre for Military Health Research, King's College London, United Kingdom; Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, United Kingdom; South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom.
| | - Daniel Leightley
- King's Centre for Military Health Research, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Archer
- King's Centre for Military Health Research, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola T Fear
- King's Centre for Military Health Research and Academic Department of Military Mental Health, King's College London, United Kingdom
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Shomaker LB, Cox S, Lehman DP, Kelly NR, Thompson KA, Mehari RM, Brady SM, Galescu OA, Demidowich AP, Chen KY, Tanofsky-Kraff M, Yanovski JA. Depressive symptoms in adolescent girls at-risk for type 2 diabetes and their parents. PSYCHOL HEALTH MED 2019; 25:530-540. [PMID: 31684760 DOI: 10.1080/13548506.2019.1687914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Few studies have characterized the relation between parent's depression symptoms and adolescent's depression symptoms in adolescents at-risk for type 2 diabetes (T2D). We evaluated the associations of parental depression symptoms with the depression symptoms and metabolic functioning of adolescent offspring at-risk for T2D. One-hundred sixteen parents and adolescent girls with a family history of diabetes completed surveys of depression symptoms. Adolescents' degree of metabolic risk for T2D was estimated from body mass index (BMI; kg/m2) standard score, percent adiposity from dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scan, and whole body insulin sensitivity index determined from glucose/insulin concentrations during a two-hour oral glucose tolerance test. Parents' and adolescents' depression symptoms were significantly associated, even after accounting for race/ethnicity, age, puberty, body composition, and parental diabetes/BMI. Adjusting for similar covariates, parent depression symptoms also were positively related to adolescents' BMI standard score and had a trend-level association with adiposity. There was an inverse relation between parental depression symptoms and adolescent insulin sensitivity, which was entirely accounted for by adolescent body composition. The associations of parental depression symptoms with more elevated depression symptoms and higher BMI in adolescents at-risk for T2D has potential implications for interventions addressing these co-morbid health conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren B Shomaker
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies and Colorado School of Public Health, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA.,Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Section on Growth and Obesity, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, USA.,Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Department of Defense (DOD), Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), Bethesda, USA
| | - Shelby Cox
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA
| | - Devon P Lehman
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies and Colorado School of Public Health, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA
| | - Nichole R Kelly
- Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Section on Growth and Obesity, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, USA.,Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Department of Defense (DOD), Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), Bethesda, USA.,Department of Counseling Psychology and Human Services and the Prevention Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, USA
| | - Katherine A Thompson
- Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Section on Growth and Obesity, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, USA
| | - Rim M Mehari
- Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Section on Growth and Obesity, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, USA
| | - Sheila M Brady
- Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Section on Growth and Obesity, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, USA
| | - Ovidiu A Galescu
- Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Section on Growth and Obesity, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, USA
| | - Andrew P Demidowich
- Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Section on Growth and Obesity, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, USA
| | - Kong Y Chen
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, USA
| | - Marian Tanofsky-Kraff
- Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Section on Growth and Obesity, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, USA.,Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA
| | - Jack A Yanovski
- Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Section on Growth and Obesity, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, USA
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Changes in Anxiety and Depression Symptoms Predict Sexual Risk Behaviors Among Young Men Living in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. AIDS Behav 2018; 22:1435-1445. [PMID: 29168066 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-017-1991-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Young men are important targets in HIV prevention in Tanzania and throughout sub-Saharan Africa. Anxiety and depression are common among youth and may be important predictors of HIV risk behaviors; evidence of these relationships in high-risk populations is needed. Using baseline and 1 year follow-up assessments from an HIV prevention trial we assessed the association between changes in symptoms of anxiety and depression and follow-up sexual risk behaviors (condom use and sexual partner concurrency) controlling for baseline sexual risk behaviors among 1113 male members of social groups known as "camps" in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Anxiety and depression were measured using the HSCL-25 and condom use and sexual partner concurrency were assessed through self-report. In separate models, increases in anxiety and depression were associated with sexual partner concurrency and with lower levels of condom use. In a combined model, both anxiety and depression appeared to independently affect concurrency but only depression was independently associated with condom use, with the association between anxiety and condom use being likely attributable to covariance with depression symptoms. The results of this study indicate the importance of screening and providing treatment for depression and anxiety disorders in high HIV-prevalence contexts, and the need to develop effective HIV prevention interventions targeting young men living with anxiety and depression.
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de la Vega D, Piña A, Peralta FJ, Kelly SA, Giner L. A Review on the General Stability of Mood Disorder Diagnoses Along the Lifetime. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2018; 20:29. [PMID: 29607445 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-018-0891-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to review the most recent literature regarding diagnostic stability of mood disorders, focusing on epidemiological, clinical-psychopathological, and neurobiological data for unipolar and bipolar affective disorders. RECENT FINDINGS Unipolar depression follows a chronic course in at least half of all cases and presents a considerable diagnostic stability across all age ranges. Studies using latent class analysis are allowing improved profiling of depressive subtypes and assessment of their prevalence. Advances have been made in our understanding of the neurobiological underpinnings of depression, with data highlighting the roles of amyloid deposits, the ApoE4 allele, and atrophy of the anterior hippocampus or frontal cortex. The diagnostic instability of bipolar disorder is manifest in the early years, seen in both the extent of diagnostic delay and the high rate of diagnostic conversion from unipolar depression. Regarding disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, we have little data to date, but those which exist indicate a high rate of comorbidity and minimal diagnostic stability for this disorder. Diagnostic stability varies substantially among mood disorders, which would be related to the validity of current diagnostic categories and our diagnostic accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego de la Vega
- Servicio Andaluz de Salud, Unidad de Hospitalización de Salud Mental, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental del Hospital Virgen Macarena, 41009, Seville, Spain.
| | - Ana Piña
- Servicio Andaluz de Salud, Unidad de Hospitalización de Salud Mental, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental del Hospital Virgen Macarena, 41009, Seville, Spain
| | - Francisco J Peralta
- Servicio Andaluz de Salud, Unidad de Hospitalización de Salud Mental, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental del Hospital Virgen Macarena, 41009, Seville, Spain
| | - Sam A Kelly
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lucas Giner
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
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Joint trajectories of depression and perfectionism across adolescence and childhood risk factors. Dev Psychopathol 2017; 30:461-477. [DOI: 10.1017/s0954579417000979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe codevelopment of symptoms of depression and socially prescribed perfectionism across adolescence (age 12–17) and non–age-overlapping childhood predictors (age 10–11) of joint trajectory group membership were examined in a sample of 700 Canadian youth. Results indicated that most adolescents (75.8%) followed a trajectory of low depression symptoms (low stable), whereas 15.7% followed an increasing trajectory (increasing), and 8.5% followed a trajectory that began high and decreased over time (high decreasing). More girls than boys were found in the increasing and high decreasing depression trajectories. Adolescents followed three distinct trajectories of socially prescribed perfectionism: 41.6% were in a low stable group, 40.5% in a moderate increasing group, and 17.9% in a high increasing group. Eight percent followed a high-risk dual trajectory of increasing depression and high increasing socially prescribed perfectionism. This joint trajectory was predicted by being bullied, anxious, and relationally aggressive (compared to the low-risk trajectory of low stable depression and perfectionism) at ages 10 and 11. These same predictors, along with poorer family functioning and lower family income, differentiated the joint high decreasing depression/high increasing perfectionism group from the low/low joint group, which comprised of 3.8% of the sample. The developmental progression was best characterized as depression leading to socially prescribed perfectionism. Implications for clinical practice are discussed.
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Ivarsson T, Saavedra F, Granqvist P, Broberg AG. Traumatic and Adverse Attachment Childhood Experiences are not Characteristic of OCD but of Depression in Adolescents. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2016; 47:270-80. [PMID: 26115697 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-015-0563-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We investigated whether adverse attachment experience might contribute to the development of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). We interviewed 100 adolescents, 25 each with primary OCD, depressive disorder (DD), OCD plus DD and general population controls (CTRs) using the adult attachment interview to assess attachment experiences (AEs), including traumatic and adverse AE (TAE). Adolescents with OCD, OCD+DD and DD had little evidence of secure base/safe haven parental behaviour and their childhood attachment needs judged to be rejected as compared to the controls. Overprotection was not characteristic of OCD, and parents using the child for their own needs (elevated levels of involving/role reversal) occurred only in DD, with low levels in OCD, OCD+DD and CTR. Traumatic experiences, often multiple, and/or attachment related were reported significantly more often in the DD group, and was less common in OCD+DD, CTR and particularly in the OCD group. In OCD, little TAE was reported and adverse AE were less serious and seem unlikely to contribute directly to OCD aetiology. In DD and to some degree in OCD+DD serious AE/TAE may have some etiological significance for the depressive states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tord Ivarsson
- Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Eastern and Southern Norway, Postboks 4623, Nydalen, 0405, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Fanny Saavedra
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Pehr Granqvist
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders G Broberg
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
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Wallander JL. Commentary: Dennis D. Drotar Distinguished Research Award: Reflections on People and Contexts Influencing a Research Career. J Pediatr Psychol 2015; 40:1001-7. [PMID: 26384218 DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsv089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jan L Wallander
- Psychological Sciences and Health Sciences Research Center, University of California, Merced
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Agerup T, Lydersen S, Wallander J, Sund AM. Associations Between Parental Attachment and Course of Depression Between Adolescence and Young Adulthood. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2015; 46:632-42. [PMID: 25319511 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-014-0506-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A study of the associations of maternal, paternal and peer attachment with the course of depression from adolescence to young adulthood. In the Youth and Mental Health study 242 adolescents completed the Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Present and Lifetime version for depressive disorders at age 15 and 20. Attachment was measured with the inventory for parent and peer attachment, separately for mother, father, and peers, at age 15. Multinomial logistic regression, indicated insecure attachment relationships with both parents, but not with peers, and were associated with the course of depression. Less secure attachment to mothers was associated with becoming depressed. Less secure attachment to both parents was associated with becoming well and remaining depressed. These results suggest attachment relationships with parents as potential influences on the course of depression and may provide important framework for clinical work with adolescents and young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tea Agerup
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway,
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