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Ramsey KA, McGuire JF. Advancements in the phenomenology, assessment, and treatment of Tourette syndrome. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2024; 37:57-64. [PMID: 38226540 PMCID: PMC10922452 DOI: 10.1097/yco.0000000000000922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Tourette syndrome (TS) and chronic tic disorders, collectively referred to as TS, are relatively common childhood onset neuropsychiatric conditions associated with functional impairment and distress. Over the past several years, clinical research has contributed to the advancement of the field's understanding of mechanisms and clinical correlates of TS. This progress has led to the development of key assessment tools and the implementation of novel interventions for individuals with TS. RECENT FINDINGS This article provides a review of innovative TS research focusing on four key themes: investigation of clinical phenomenology of TS; validation of assessment tools for TS; dissemination of current evidence-based treatments for TS; and exploration of new intervention programs. SUMMARY Cumulatively, this growing body of work presents considerable progress and provides a path forward to improve the assessment and treatment of TS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kesley A Ramsey
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
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Batschelett MA, Huddleston DA, Crocetti D, Horn PS, Mostofsky SH, Gilbert DL. Biomarkers of tic severity in children with Tourette syndrome: Motor cortex inhibition measured with transcranial magnetic stimulation. Dev Med Child Neurol 2023; 65:1321-1331. [PMID: 36938698 PMCID: PMC10509315 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.15578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
AIM To compare transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)-derived measures of primary motor cortex (M1) physiology between children with and without Tourette syndrome, and to dimensionally analyze TMS measures with Tourette syndrome-related symptom severity. METHOD We used a cross-sectional experimental design. Sixty 8- to 12-year-old children participated (30 with Tourette syndrome: three females, mean age 10 years 10 months, standard deviation [SD] 1 year 3 months; 30 typically developing children: seven females, mean age 10 years 7 months, SD 1 year 3 months). In the group with Tourette syndrome, 15 (one female, mean age 10 years 11 months, SD 1 year 3 months) had comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), rated with the Conners, Third Edition and the parent-reported ADHD rating scales. Tic severity was rated with the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale and urge severity with the Individualized Premonitory Urge for Tics Scale. M1 short-interval cortical inhibition (SICI) and intracortical facilitation were compared between diagnostic groups and, within the group with Tourette syndrome, correlated with symptom severity using linear mixed-effects models for repeated measures. RESULTS Accounting for ADHD, we found no difference in SICI or intracortical facilitation in those with Tourette syndrome versus typically developing children (p > 0.1). In the group with Tourette syndrome, reduced M1 SICI predicted greater total (p = 0.012) and global (p = 0.002) tic severity. There were no associations with urge severity (p > 0.5). INTERPRETATION Reduced M1 SICI is robustly associated with increased tic, but not urge, severity. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS Increased tic severity is associated with reduced motor cortex short-interval cortical inhibition (SICI). Children with Tourette syndrome with increased urge severity also show increased tic severity. However, reduced motor cortex SICI is associated with tic, but not urge, severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell A Batschelett
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David A Huddleston
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Deana Crocetti
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Paul S Horn
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Stewart H Mostofsky
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Donald L Gilbert
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Hartmann A, Andrén P, Atkinson-Clement C, Czernecki V, Delorme C, Debes NM, Szejko N, Ueda K, Black K. Tourette syndrome research highlights from 2021. F1000Res 2022; 11:716. [PMID: 35923292 PMCID: PMC9315233 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.122708.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
We summarize selected research reports from 2021 relevant to Tourette syndrome that the authors consider most important or interesting. The authors welcome article suggestions and thoughtful feedback from readers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hartmann
- Department of Neurology, APHP, Sorbonne University, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, 75013, France,
| | - Per Andrén
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cyril Atkinson-Clement
- Paris Brain Institute (ICM), Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, APHP, Paris, 75013, France
| | - Virginie Czernecki
- Department of Neurology, APHP, Sorbonne University, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, 75013, France
| | - Cécile Delorme
- Department of Neurology, APHP, Sorbonne University, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, 75013, France
| | | | - Natalia Szejko
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Keisuke Ueda
- Department of Psychiatry, Neurology, Radiology and Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Kevin Black
- Department of Psychiatry, Neurology, Radiology and Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
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Ramsey KA, De Nadai AS, Espil FM, Ricketts E, Stiede JT, Schild J, Specht MW, Woods DW, Bennet S, Walkup JT, Chang S, Piacentini J, McGuire JF. Urge intolerance predicts tic severity and impairment among adults with Tourette syndrome and chronic tic disorders. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:929413. [PMID: 36032236 PMCID: PMC9399515 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.929413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with Tourette Syndrome and Persistent Tic Disorders (collectively TS) often experience premonitory urges-aversive physical sensations that precede tics and are temporarily relieved by tic expression. The relationship between tics and premonitory urges plays a key role in the neurobehavioral treatment model of TS, which underlies first-line treatments such as the Comprehensive Behavioral Intervention for Tics (CBIT). Despite the efficacy of CBIT and related behavioral therapies, less than 40% of adults with TS respond to these treatments. Further examination of the relationship between premonitory urges, tic severity, and tic impairment can provide new insights into therapeutic targets to optimize behavioral treatment outcomes. This study examined whether urge intolerance-difficulty tolerating premonitory urges-predicted tic severity and tic-related impairment among adults with TS. METHODS Participants were 80 adults with TS. Assessments characterized premonitory urge, distress tolerance, tic severity, and tic impairment. We used structural equation modeling (SEM) to examine the construct of urge intolerance-comprised of premonitory urge ratings and distress tolerance ratings. We first evaluated a measurement model of urge intolerance through bifactor modeling, including tests of the incremental value of subfactors that reflect premonitory urge severity and distress tolerance within the model. We then evaluated a structural model where we predicted clinician-rated tic severity and tic impairment by the latent variable of urge intolerance established in our measurement model. RESULTS Analyses supported a bifactor measurement model of urge intolerance among adults with TS. Consistent with theoretical models, higher levels of urge intolerance predicted greater levels of clinician-rated tic severity and tic impairment. CONCLUSION This investigation supports the construct of urge intolerance among adults with TS and distinguishes it from subcomponents of urge severity and distress tolerance. Given its predictive relationship with tic severity and tic impairment, urge intolerance represents a promising treatment target to improve therapeutic outcomes in adults with TS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kesley A Ramsey
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for OCD, Anxiety, and Related Disorders for Children (COACH), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | | | - Flint M Espil
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Emily Ricketts
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jordan T Stiede
- Department of Psychology, Behavior Therapy and Research Lab, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Jennifer Schild
- Department of Psychology, Choices Youth Psychopathology Lab, Suffolk University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Matthew W Specht
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill-Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Douglas W Woods
- Department of Psychology, Behavior Therapy and Research Lab, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Shannon Bennet
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill-Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - John T Walkup
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Susanna Chang
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - John Piacentini
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Joseph F McGuire
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for OCD, Anxiety, and Related Disorders for Children (COACH), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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