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Divanoglou N, Komninou D, Stea EA, Argiriou A, Papatzikas G, Tsakalof A, Pazaitou-Panayiotou K, Georgakis MK, Petridou E. Association of Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphisms with Serum Vitamin D Levels in a Greek Rural Population (Velestino Study). Lifestyle Genom 2021; 14:81-90. [PMID: 34139712 DOI: 10.1159/000514338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM An alarming increase in vitamin D deficiency even in sunny regions highlights the need for a better understanding of the genetic background of the vitamin D endocrine system and the molecular mechanisms of gene polymorphisms of the vitamin D receptor (VDR). In this study, the serum levels of 25(OH)D3 were correlated with common VDR polymorphisms (ApaI, BsmI, FokI, and TaqI) in 98 subjects of a Greek homogeneous rural population. METHODS 25(OH)D3 concentration was measured by ultra-HPLC, and the VDR gene polymorphisms were identified by quantitative real-time PCR followed by amplicon high-resolution melting analysis. RESULTS Subjects carrying either the B BsmI (OR: 0.52, 95% CI: 0.27-0.99) or t TaqI (OR: 2.06, 95%: 1.06-3.99) allele presented twice the risk for developing vitamin D deficiency compared to the reference allele. Moreover, subjects carrying 1, 2, or all 3 of these genotypes (BB/Bb, Tt/tt, and FF) demonstrated 2-fold (OR: 2.04, 95% CI: 0.42-9.92), 3.6-fold (OR: 3.62, 95% CI: 1.07-12.2), and 7-fold (OR: 6.92, 95% CI: 1.68-28.5) increased risk for low 25(OH)D3 levels, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal a cumulative effect of specific VDR gene polymorphisms that may regulate vitamin D concentrations explaining, in part, the paradox of vitamin D deficiency in sunny regions, with important implications for precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Divanoglou
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Despina Komninou
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni A Stea
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, CERTH-ΙΝAΒ Centre for Research & Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anagnostis Argiriou
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, CERTH-ΙΝAΒ Centre for Research & Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Grigorios Papatzikas
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Centre for Computational Biology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Tsakalof
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larisa, Greece
| | | | - Marios K Georgakis
- Department of Hygiene Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital of Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Eleni Petridou
- Department of Hygiene Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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2
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Khan NA, Stopsack KH, Allott EH, Gerke T, Giovannucci EL, Mucci LA, Kantoff PW. Intratumoral Sterol-27-Hydroxylase ( CYP27A1) Expression in Relation to Cholesterol Synthesis and Vitamin D Signaling and Its Association with Lethal Prostate Cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2019; 28:1052-1058. [PMID: 30867220 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-18-1083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Higher intratumoral cholesterol synthesis is associated with a worse prognosis in prostate cancer. The vitamin D-regulated enzyme sterol-27-hydroxylase (CYP27A1) converts cholesterol to 27-hydroxycholesterol, potentially lowering intracellular cholesterol levels. We hypothesized that low CYP27A1 expression is associated with high cholesterol synthesis, low vitamin D signaling, and higher risk of lethal prostate cancer. METHODS In 404 patients from the prospective prostate cancer cohorts within the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS) and the Physicians' Health Study (PHS), we assessed intratumoral CYP27A1 expression and proxies of cholesterol synthesis using transcriptome profiling, prediagnostic plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D; n = 132], and intratumoral vitamin D receptor protein expression (VDR; n = 300). Patients were followed for metastases and prostate cancer mortality (lethal cancer; median follow-up, 15.3 years). RESULTS CYP27A1 expression was lower in tumors with higher Gleason grade and higher expression of cholesterol synthesis enzymes, including the second rate-limiting enzyme, SQLE. We did not detect consistent associations between CYP27A1 and 25(OH)D, VDR, or CYP24A1 mRNA expression. Lower CYP27A1 was associated with higher risk of lethal cancer in both cohorts, independent of SQLE [adjusted OR for lowest vs. highest quartile of CYP27A1, 2.64; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.24-5.62]. This association was attenuated when additionally adjusting for Gleason grade (OR, 1.76; 95% CI, 0.75-4.17). CONCLUSIONS Low CYP27A1 expression was associated with higher cholesterol synthesis and a higher risk of lethal disease. IMPACT These observations further support the hypothesis that intratumoral cholesterol accumulation through higher synthesis and decreased catabolism is a feature of lethal prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabeela A Khan
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Konrad H Stopsack
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York. .,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Emma H Allott
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Histopathology and Morbid Anatomy, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Travis Gerke
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Edward L Giovannucci
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lorelei A Mucci
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Philip W Kantoff
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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3
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Chandler PD, Giovannucci EL, Scott JB, Bennett GG, Ng K, Chan AT, Hollis BW, Emmons KM, Fuchs CS, Drake BF. Null association between vitamin D and PSA levels among black men in a vitamin D supplementation trial. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014; 23:1944-7. [PMID: 24974387 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-14-0522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Black men exhibit a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency as well as a higher incidence of prostate cancer and higher mortality rates from prostate cancer than Whites. There are few data about the effect of vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) supplementation on prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in healthy Black men. METHODS During three winters from 2007 to 2010, 105 Black men (median age, 48.9 years) of Boston, MA were randomized into a four-arm, double-blind trial for 3 months of placebo, 1,000, 2,000, or 4,000 U of vitamin D3. At baseline and 3 months, free and total PSA was measured. RESULTS With vitamin D supplementation, no significant differences in free and total PSA were observed; free PSA, -0.0004 ng/mL (P = 0.94) and total PSA, -0.004 ng/mL (P = 0.92) for each additional 1,000 U/d of vitamin D3. CONCLUSION Within an unselected population of healthy Black men without a cancer diagnosis, we found no effect of vitamin D supplementation on free or total PSA. IMPACT These findings support prior findings of no change in PSA with vitamin D supplementation and emphasize the need for new methods to assess the influence of vitamin D supplementation on prostate cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulette D Chandler
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Edward L Giovannucci
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Jamil B Scott
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Gary G Bennett
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Kimmie Ng
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bruce W Hollis
- Division of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Karen M Emmons
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Center for Community-Based Research, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Charles S Fuchs
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bettina F Drake
- Department of Surgery, Division of Public Health Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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4
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Wagner D, Trudel D, Van der Kwast T, Nonn L, Giangreco AA, Li D, Dias A, Cardoza M, Laszlo S, Hersey K, Klotz L, Finelli A, Fleshner N, Vieth R. Randomized clinical trial of vitamin D3 doses on prostatic vitamin D metabolite levels and ki67 labeling in prostate cancer patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 98:1498-507. [PMID: 23463655 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2012-4019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Vitamin D3 might benefit prostate cancer (PCa) patients because prostate cells can locally synthesize the active hormone calcitriol. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to determine the effects of oral vitamin D3 on vitamin D metabolites and PCa proliferative activity in prostate tissue. DESIGN AND SETTING We conducted a double-blind randomized clinical trial at surgical oncology clinics in Toronto, Canada. PATIENTS PCa patients (Gleason 6 or 7) participated in the study. Of 66 subjects who were enrolled, 63 completed the dosing protocol. INTERVENTION Vitamin D3 (400, 10 000, or 40 000 IU/d) was orally administered before radical prostatectomy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We evaluated vitamin D metabolite levels and Ki67 labeling in surgical prostate tissue. Safety measures, PTH, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) were also assessed. RESULTS Prostate tissue and serum levels of vitamin D metabolites, including calcitriol, increased dose dependently (P < .03) and were significantly higher in the 40 000-IU/d group than in every other dose group (P < .03). Prostate vitamin D metabolites correlated positively with serum levels (P < .0001). Ki67 measures did not differ significantly among vitamin D dose groups. However, cross-sectional analysis indicated that the calcitriol level attained in prostate was inversely associated with Ki67 intensity and Ki67 (3+) percent positive nuclei in PCa and benign tissue (P < .05). Safety measures did not change adversely with dosing. Compared with the 400-IU/d group, serum PTH and PSA were lower in the combined higher-dose groups at the end of the study (P < .02). CONCLUSIONS Oral vitamin D3 raised prostate calcitriol levels (level 1 evidence) and modestly lowered both PSA and PTH. Although Ki67 expression did not differ among dose groups, its levels correlated inversely with prostate calcitriol. These suggestions of clinical benefit justify continued clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Wagner
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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5
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Abstract
Vitamin D insufficiency is a global issue that has significant implications for health. The classical role of vitamin D in bone mineralisation is well known; vitamin D deficiency leads to rickets, osteomalacia or osteoporosis. The role of vitamin D in an immune system is less known. Vitamin D is not an actual vitamin but a secosteroid hormone produced in the skin from 7-dehydrocholesterol after exposure to sunlight UVB radiation. Nutrition and supplements are main sources of vitamin D in wintertime in northern countries as sunlight exposure is inadequate for the production. For activation vitamin D needs to be hydroxylated in liver to form 25-hydroxyvitamin D and in kidney to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, the most active hormone in Ca absorption in the gut. For determination of vitamin D status serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level, the major circulating form of the hormone is to be measured. Vitamin D regulates gene expression through binding with vitamin D receptors, which dimerises with retinoid X receptor. This complex binds to vitamin D-responsive elements inside the promoter regions of vitamin D-responsive genes. Vitamin D has a key role in innate immunity activation; the production of antimicrobial peptides (cathelicidin and defensins) following Toll-like receptor stimulation by pathogen lipopeptides is dependent on sufficient level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Clinically, there is evidence of the association of vitamin D insufficiency and respiratory tract infections. There is also some evidence of the prevention of infections by vitamin D supplementation. Randomised controlled trials are warranted to explore this preventive effect.
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6
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Maund SL, Barclay WW, Hover LD, Axanova LS, Sui G, Hipp JD, Fleet JC, Thorburn A, Cramer SD. Interleukin-1α mediates the antiproliferative effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in prostate progenitor/stem cells. Cancer Res 2011; 71:5276-86. [PMID: 21653679 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-2160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D(3) is a promising preventative and therapeutic agent for prostate cancer, but its implementation is hampered by a lack of understanding about its mechanism of action. Upon treatment with 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) [1,25(OH)(2)D(3), vitamin D(3)], the metabolically active form of vitamin D(3), adult prostate progenitor/stem cells (PrP/SC) undergo cell-cycle arrest, senescence, and differentiation to an androgen receptor-positive luminal epithelial cell fate. Microarray analyses of control- and vitamin D(3)-treated PrP/SCs revealed global gene expression signatures consistent with induction of differentiation. Interestingly, one of the most highly upregulated genes by vitamin D(3) was the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1α (IL-1α). Systems biology analyses supported a central role for IL-1α in the vitamin D(3) response in PrP/SCs. siRNA-mediated knockdown of IL-1α abrogated vitamin D(3)-induced growth suppression, establishing a requirement for IL-1α in the antiproliferative effects of vitamin D(3) in PrP/SCs. These studies establish a system to study the molecular profile of PrP/SC differentiation, proliferation, and senescence, and they point to an important new role for IL-1α in vitamin D(3) signaling in PrP/SCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia L Maund
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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7
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Murillo G, Nagpal V, Tiwari N, Benya RV, Mehta RG. Actions of vitamin D are mediated by the TLR4 pathway in inflammation-induced colon cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 121:403-7. [PMID: 20214986 PMCID: PMC2905474 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2009] [Revised: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Many chronic inflammatory diseases are associated with increased risk of developing cancer. In the colon, strong support for a link between chronic inflammation and cancer extends, in part, from population-based studies of persons with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Patients with IBD are at increased risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC). The general consensus is that IBD results from the combined effects of genetics and environment factors known to affect the immune system. Vitamin D, an important regulator of the immune system, has been linked to IBD. Despite the strong potential reported for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25-OH)2D), its effects on calcium metabolism limits its application. Recently, less active vitamin D metabolites, cholecalciferol and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), have gained considerable attention as promising agents against IBD-related colon cancer. Yet, their anti-proliferative properties and mechanism of action remain to be better defined. We present several signaling pathways commonly regulated by vitamin D compounds and highlight their regulation on TLR4. The efficacy of 25(OH)D and 1alpha-hydroxyviatmin D5 are evaluated using the azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced IBD-related colon carcinogenesis model. In summary, vitamin D supplementation may provide a cost-effective approach to reduce IBD related colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Murillo
- Division of Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention, IIT Research Institute, Chicago, IL 60616, USA.
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8
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Abstract
Irradiation of human skin with ultraviolet B (280-320 nm) initiates the photochemical conversion of 7-dehydrocholesterol via previtamin D3 to vitamin D3. Vitamin D3 needs for its activation two hydroxylation steps in the liver and kidney. The final product, hormonally active 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol), arrives via the circulation to its target tissues and acts in a genomic or nongenomic manner. It has been found that human skin irradiated with ultraviolet B also is able to produce calcitriol in substantial amounts. This cutaneous vitamin D3 pathway is unique and, most likely, of considerable relevance for healthy and diseased skin. It is well known that topical application of calcitriol and its analogs can improve hyperproliferative skin diseases. Some studies have convincingly demonstrated that calcitriol and other vitamin D analogs may also be used for the treatment of immunological, inflammatory, and infectious skin diseases. More recently, it has been found that calcitriol or vitamin D analogs have photoprotective effects and can reduce UV-induced deoxyribonucleic acid damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo Lehmann
- Department of Dermatology, Dresden University of Technology, Germany.
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9
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Abstract
Evidence of the role of vitamin D in the regulation of T and B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, and keratinocytes continues to accumulate and provides a link between vitamin D and many autoimmune diseases, including Crohn's disease, juvenile diabetes mellitus, multiple sclerosis, asthma, and rheumatoid arthritis. Considering the influence of vitamin D on the immune system, it may have potential as a treatment for immune-mediated diseases, even if additional research is required to better quantify dosage. But the biggest obstacle to its clinical use is its potent hypercalcemic effect. The calcium status of the host may influence the effect of vitamin D on immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Maruotti
- Rheumatology Clinic Mario Carrozzo, D'Avanzo Hospital, Viale degli Aviatori 1, I-71100 Foggia, Italy
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10
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Ellfolk M, Norlin M, Gyllensten K, Wikvall K. Regulation of human vitamin D(3) 25-hydroxylases in dermal fibroblasts and prostate cancer LNCaP cells. Mol Pharmacol 2009; 75:1392-9. [PMID: 19286836 DOI: 10.1124/mol.108.053660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we examined whether 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (calcitriol), phenobarbital, and the antiretroviral drug efavirenz, drugs used by patient groups with high incidence of low bone mineral density, could affect the 25-hydroxylase activity or expression of human 25-hydroxylases in dermal fibroblasts and prostate cancer LNCaP cells. Fibroblasts express the 25-hydroxylating enzymes CYP2R1 and CYP27A1. LNCaP cells were found to express two potential vitamin D 25-hydroxylases-CYP2R1 and CYP2J2. The presence in different cells of nuclear receptors vitamin D receptor (VDR), pregnane X receptor (PXR), and constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) was also determined. Phenobarbital suppressed the expression of CYP2R1 in fibroblasts and CYP2J2 in LNCaP cells. Efavirenz suppressed the expression of CYP2R1 in fibroblasts but not in LNCaP cells. CYP2J2 was slightly suppressed by efavirenz, whereas CYP27A1 was not affected by any of the two drugs. Calcitriol suppressed the expression of CYP2R1 in both fibroblasts and LNCaP cells but had no clear effect on the expression of either CYP2J2 or CYP27A1. The vitamin D(3) 25-hydroxylase activity in fibroblasts was suppressed by both calcitriol and efavirenz. In LNCaP cells, consumption of substrate (1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D(3)) was used as indicator of metabolism because no 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) product could be determined. The amount of 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D(3) remaining in cells treated with calcitriol was significantly increased. Taken together, 25-hydroxylation of vitamin D(3) was suppressed by calcitriol and drugs. The present study provides new information indicating that 25-hydroxylation of vitamin D(3) may be regulated. In addition, the current results may offer a possible explanation for the impaired bone health after treatment with certain drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ellfolk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Uppsala, Sweden
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11
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Lehmann B. Role of the vitamin D3pathway in healthy and diseased skin - facts, contradictions and hypotheses. Exp Dermatol 2009; 18:97-108. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2008.00810.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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12
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Tang W, Norlin M, Wikvall K. Regulation of human CYP27A1 by estrogens and androgens in HepG2 and prostate cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 2007; 462:13-20. [PMID: 17482558 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2007.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2006] [Revised: 03/16/2007] [Accepted: 04/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of the human CYP27A1 gene by estrogens and androgens was studied in human liver-derived HepG2 and prostate cells. Our results show that the promoter activity, enzymatic activity and mRNA levels of CYP27A1 in HepG2 cells are downregulated by estrogen in presence of ERalpha or ERbeta. Similar effects by estrogen were found in RWPE-1 prostate cells. In contrast, estrogen markedly upregulated the transcriptional activity of CYP27A1 in LNCaP prostate cancer cells. 5alpha-Dihydrotestosterone and androgen receptor upregulated the transcriptional activity of CYP27A1 in HepG2 cells. Progressive deletion experiments indicate that the ERbeta-mediated effects in HepG2 and LNCaP cells are conferred to the same region (-451/+42) whereas ERalpha-mediated effects on this promoter are more complex. The results indicate that the stimulating effect of androgen in HepG2 cells is conferred to a region upstream from -792 in the CYP27A1 promoter. In summary, we have identified the human CYP27A1 gene as a target for estrogens and androgens. The results imply that expression of CYP27A1 may be affected by endogenous sex hormones and pharmacological compounds with estrogenic or androgenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanjin Tang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biochemistry, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
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13
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Wietrzyk J, Chodyński M, Fitak H, Wojdat E, Kutner A, Opolski A. Antitumor properties of diastereomeric and geometric analogs of vitamin D3. Anticancer Drugs 2007; 18:447-57. [PMID: 17351397 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0b013e3280143166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Analogs of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 with a reversed configuration at C-1 or C-24 and E or Z geometry of the double bond at C-22 in the side chain or at C-5 in the triene system were examined for their antiproliferative activity in vitro against a spectrum of various human cancer cell lines. The analogs coded PRI-2201 (calcipotriol), PRI-2202 and PRI-2205, such as calcitriol and tacalcitol (used as a referential agents), revealed antiproliferative activity against human HL-60, HL-60/MX2, MCF-7, T47D, SCC-25 and mouse WEHI-3 cancer cell lines. The toxicity studies in vivo showed that PRI-2202 and PRI-2205 are less toxic than referential agents. Even at total doses of 2.5-5.0 mg/kg distributed during 5 successive days, no changes in body weight were observed. Calcitriol and tacalcitol showed toxicity in the same protocol at 100 times lower doses. Calcipotriol was lethal to all mice after administration of a total dose of 5.0 mg/kg. The analog PRI-2205 appeared to be more active in mouse Levis lung cancer tumor growth inhibition than calcitriol, calcipotriol or PRI-2202. This analog did not reveal calcemic activity at doses which inhibit tumor growth in vivo nor at higher doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Wietrzyk
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław bPharmaceutical Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland.
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14
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Scarth JP. Modulation of the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor (GH-IGF) axis by pharmaceutical, nutraceutical and environmental xenobiotics: an emerging role for xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes and the transcription factors regulating their expression. A review. Xenobiotica 2006; 36:119-218. [PMID: 16702112 DOI: 10.1080/00498250600621627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor (GH-IGF) axis has gained considerable focus over recent years. One cause of this increased interest is due to a correlation of age-related decline in plasma GH/IGF levels with age-related degenerative processes, and it has led to the prescribing of GH replacement therapy by some practitioners. On the other hand, however, research has also focused on the pro-carcinogenic effects of high GH-IGF levels, providing strong impetus for finding regimes that reduce its activity. Whereas the effects of GH/IGF activity on the action of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzyme systems is reasonably well appreciated, the effects of xenobiotic exposure on the GH-IGF axis has not received substantial review. Relevant xenobiotics are derived from pharmaceutical, nutraceutical and environmental exposure, and many of the mechanisms involved are highly complex in nature, not easily predictable from existing in vitro tests and do not always predict well from in vivo animal models. After a review of the human and animal in vivo and in vitro literature, a framework for considering the different levels of direct and indirect modulation by xenobiotics is developed herein, and areas that still require further investigation are highlighted, i.e. the actions of common endocrine disruptors such as pesticides and phytoestrogens, as well as the role of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes and the transcription factors regulating their expression. It is anticipated that a fuller appreciation of the existing human paradigms for GH-IGF axis modulation gained through this review may help explain some of the variation in levels of plasma IGF-1 and its binding proteins in the population, aid in the prescription of particular dietary regimens to certain individuals such as those with particular medical conditions, guide the direction of long-term drug/nutraceutical safety trials, and stimulate ideas for future research. It also serves to warn athletes that using compounds touted as performance enhancing because they promote short-term GH release could in fact be detrimental to performance in the long-run.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Scarth
- The Horseracing Forensic Laboratories (HFL), Fordham, UK.
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15
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Ellfolk M, Norlin M, Wikvall K. Isolation and properties of the CYP2D25 promoter: Transcriptional regulation by vitamin D3 metabolites. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 345:568-72. [PMID: 16690021 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.04.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2006] [Accepted: 04/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that hepatic production of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 may be suppressed by 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. However, the molecular details of these observations have not been clarified. In the current study, the 5'-flanking DNA sequence of CYP2D25, a porcine microsomal vitamin D 25-hydroxylase, was isolated and analyzed. The CYP2D25 promoter contains a putative vitamin D response element (VDRE). The promoter activity was markedly suppressed by 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in presence of vitamin D receptor (VDR). The data suggest that VDR-mediated inhibition of 25-hydroxylase(s) by vitamin D3 metabolites at the transcriptional level may play an important role in the regulation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 production in liver and other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ellfolk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biochemistry, University of Uppsala, Box 578, S-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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Tokar EJ, Webber MM. Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3) Inhibits Growth and Invasion by Up-regulating Nuclear Receptors and 25-Hydroxylase (CYP27A1) in Human Prostate Cancer Cells. Clin Exp Metastasis 2005; 22:275-84. [PMID: 16158255 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-005-8393-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2005] [Accepted: 06/06/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence suggests an inverse relationship between prostate cancer and serum vitamin D levels. We examined the ability of cholecalciferol (vitamin D(3)), a calcitriol precursor, to inhibit or reverse cellular changes associated with malignant transformation and invasion and explored its mechanisms of action. The RWPE2-W99 human prostate epithelial cell line, which forms slow-growing tumors in nude mice, was used because it mimics the behavior of the majority of primary human prostate cancers. Cholecalciferol, at physiological levels: (i) inhibited anchorage-dependent and -independent growth; (ii) induced differentiation by decreasing vimentin expression with a concomitant decrease in motility/chemotaxis; (iii) decreased MMP-9 and MMP-2 activity with concomitant decrease in invasion; and (iv) exerted its effects by up-regulating vitamin D receptor (VDR), retinoid-X receptor-alpha (RXR-alpha), and androgen receptor (AR) in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, we found that RWPE2-W99 prostate cancer cells, similar to RWPE-1 cells (Tokar and Webber. Clin Exp Metast 2005; 22: 265-73), constitutively express the enzyme 25-hydroxylase CYP27A1 which is markedly up-regulated by cholecalciferol. Cholecalciferol has effects similar to those of calcitriol on growth, MMP activity, and VDR. The ability of CYP27A1 to catalyze the conversion of cholecalciferol to 25(OH)D(3) and of 25(OH)D(3) to calcitriol has been reported. RWPE2-W99 cells, similar to RWPE-1 cells, appear to have the rare ability to locally convert cholecalciferol to the active hormone calcitriol. Because it can inhibit cellular changes associated with malignant transformation and invasion, we propose that cholecalciferol may be an effective agent for the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik J Tokar
- Department of Zoology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1312, USA
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